Misplaced Pages

#780219

70-482: The manuscript was made in England around the year 1185. The manuscript consists of 124 pages, 106 of which have circular miniature illuminations measuring 21.5cm high by 15.5cm wide. The manuscript is written in a black letter minuscule book hand . The current binding dates to the nineteenth century. The manuscript is considered to be the earliest example of the so-called Transitional Family line of bestiaries. It combines

140-597: A ' coot ,' which is known for "staying only in one place and remaining very clean", an example that the text claims Christians should model themselves after especially in the regard to the Church. Folio 61 verso-62 recto features birds that represent the Jewish people, hinting at anti-Semitic themes which are repeated throughout this manuscript. Another example is on 67 verso to 68 recto where they are compared to 'sinful' goats that were unable to be converted. This article about

210-416: A book on biology or natural history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Black letter Blackletter (sometimes black letter or black-letter ), also known as Gothic script , Gothic minuscule or Gothic type , was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 until the 17th century. It continued to be commonly used for Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish until

280-516: A compilation of the 2nd-century Greek Alexandrian Physiologus bestiary as well as Imago mundi of Honorius Augustodunensis , the Etymologiae of St. Isidore of Seville , extracts from the Book of Genesis , and other works included in various bestiaries of its time. It also contains the text of a sermon on Saint Joseph , which was previously assumed to be written by Saint Augustine . Stylistically,

350-522: A habit, but rather as a mere disposition and one that is in the process of being eliminated. Medieval illuminated manuscripts circulated with colorful schemas for developing proper attitudes, with scriptural allusions modelled on nature: the tree of virtues as blossoming flowers or vices bearing sterile fruit, The Renaissance writer Pietro Bembo is credited with reaffirming and promoting the Christian perfection of classical humanism. Deriving all from love (or

420-423: A highly legible script which the humanists called littera antiqua ("the ancient letter"), wrongly believing that it was the script used by the ancient Romans . It was in fact invented in the reign of Charlemagne , although only used significantly after that era, and actually formed the basis for the later development of blackletter. Blackletter script should not be confused with either the ancient alphabet of

490-485: A need for a more rapid writing technology led to the development of this script. The rounded forms of Carolingian became angular flicks of the quill, and both letters and words became compressed. Early Gothic is characterized by a number of factors. There are no capital letters for this script. Instead Roman Rustic , Roman Square or Uncial letters were used. Versals were most often Lombardic Capitals usually painted in bright colors. Other features are split ascenders,

560-470: A religion but a Hellenistic philosophy, Epicurean ethics prescribes a therapeutic approach to the vices with the goal of attaining a life of pleasure with the aid of the virtues. Most of the techniques used in Epicureanism involve challenging false beliefs and attaining beliefs that are aligned with nature. In this, Epicureanism posits an entirely naturalistic, non-religious theory of virtue and vice based on

630-646: A series of books and had a typeface created specifically for it. In the 19th century, the use of antiqua alongside Fraktur increased, leading to an Antiqua-Fraktur dispute which lasted until the Nazis mandated an end to the use of Fraktur in 1941. By then, Fraktur had been the most common and well-known blackletter style in Germany for a long time, and as a result all kinds of blackletter (including Schwabacher, Textualis, and so on) tend to be called Fraktur in German. German cursiva

700-412: A storied 'a', both the standard 'r' and a half 'r' 〈ꝛ〉 used after letters with bowls. The long 's' 〈ſ〉 is used primarily, but there are examples of the short 's' in some manuscripts. Punctuation is limited, usually only full stops and commas, and they are usually rendered at the mid-line. As the script continued to evolve and become ever more angular, vertical and compressed, it began its transition to

770-474: Is virtue . The modern English term that best captures its original meaning is the word vicious , which means "full of vice". In this sense, the word vice comes from the Latin word vitium , meaning "failing or defect". Depending on the country or jurisdiction, vice crimes may or may not be treated as a separate category in the criminal codes . Even in jurisdictions where vice is not explicitly delineated in

SECTION 10

#1732859125781

840-409: Is a common feature in rotunda , but breaking is not. Italian Rotunda also is characterized by unique abbreviations, such as ⟨q⟩ with a line beneath the bow signifying qui , and unusual spellings, such as ⟨x⟩ for ⟨s⟩ ( milex rather than miles ). Italian cursive developed in the 13th century from scripts used by notaries. The more calligraphic form

910-433: Is a hybrid form of the script. It is a mixture of textualis and cursiva , developed in the early 15th century. From textualis , it borrowed vertical ascenders, while from cursiva , it borrowed long ⟨f⟩ and ⟨ſ⟩ , single-looped ⟨a⟩ , and ⟨g⟩ with an open descender (similar to Carolingian forms). The Donatus-Kalender (also known as Donatus-und-Kalender or D-K)

980-450: Is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered morally wrong in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character trait, a defect, an infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy habit. Vices are usually associated with a fault in a person's character or temperament rather than their morality. Synonyms for vice include fault, sin , depravity, iniquity, wickedness, and corruption. The antonym of vice

1050-429: Is also alien to blackletter typefaces. Words from other languages, especially from Romance languages including Latin, are usually typeset in antiqua instead of blackletter. The practice of setting foreign words or phrases in antiqua within a blackletter text does not apply to loanwords that have been incorporated into the language. English blackletter developed from the form of Carolingian minuscule used there after

1120-472: Is essentially competitive, all the worst evils come into being. In Christian theology, it originally led to the Fall of Man , and, as a purely diabolical spiritual vice, it outweighs anything else often condemned by the Church. The Roman Catholic Church distinguishes between vice, which is a habit of sin, and the sin itself, which is an individual morally wrong act. In Roman Catholicism, the word sin also refers to

1190-463: Is known as minuscola cancelleresca italiana (or simply cancelleresca , chancery hand ), which developed into a book hand , a script used for writing books rather than charters, in the 14th century. Cancelleresca influenced the development of bastarda in France and secretary hand in England. A textualis form, commonly known as Gotisch or "Gothic script", was used for general publications from

1260-558: Is portrayed as having characteristics attributed to the devil on 19 recto. The same is true of how the wolf is depicted throughout the manuscript as hunters of the Sheep of Christ. The imagery of "evil" animals such as wolves and wild donkeys is in stark comparison to how creatures such as the horse are depicted as symbols of humility as seen on folio 44 verso-45 recto. The deer here is associated with Christ, especially as it trampled as snake as on folio 29 verso to 30 recto. Imaginary animals such as

1330-418: Is similar to the cursive scripts in other areas, but forms of ⟨a⟩ , ⟨s⟩ and other letters are more varied; here too, the letter ⟨w⟩ is often used. A hybrida form, which was basically cursiva with fewer looped letters and with square proportions similar to textualis , was used in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 18th century, the pointed quill (in contrast to

1400-505: Is the name for the metal type design that Gutenberg used in his earliest surviving printed works, dating from the early 1450s. The name is taken from two works: the Ars grammatica of Aelius Donatus , a Latin grammar, and the Kalender (calendar). It is a form of textura. While an antiqua typeface is usually a compound of roman types and italic types since the 16th-century French typographers,

1470-598: The Führer , I make the following announcement: It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced. Today

SECTION 20

#1732859125781

1540-453: The Führer , talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools. Vice A vice

1610-529: The Augustinian Worksop Priory Church of Saint Mary and Saint Cuthbert, by Philip Apostolorum, a canon of Lincoln Cathedral , along with a map of the world and many other books, on September 20, 1187. This was intended for use by the monks at the priory. Later owners of the manuscript include the dukes of Hamilton , the Prussian government, as well as the designer William Morris who acquired

1680-530: The Letterlike Symbols range (plus long s at U+017F). Fonts supporting the range include Code2001 , Cambria Math , Noto Sans Math, and Quivira (textura style). This block of characters is intended for use in setting mathematical texts, which contrast blackletter characters with other letter styles. Outside of mathematics, the character set has seen some limited decorative use, but it lacks punctuation and other characters necessary for running text, and

1750-709: The Norman Conquest , sometimes called "Romanesque minuscule". Textualis forms developed after 1190 and were used most often until approximately 1300, after which it became used mainly for de luxe manuscripts. English forms of blackletter have been studied extensively and may be divided into many categories. Textualis formata ("Old English" or "blackletter"), textualis prescissa (or textualis sine pedibus , as it generally lacks feet on its minims), textualis quadrata (or psalterialis ) and semi-quadrata , and textualis rotunda are various forms of high-grade formata styles of blackletter. The University of Oxford borrowed

1820-466: The Sarvastivadin tradition of Buddhism , there are 108 defilements, or vices, which are prohibited. These are subdivided into 10 bonds and 98 proclivities. The 10 bonds are the following: Avoiding vice is an important theme in Jewish ethics , especially within musar literature . Christians believe there are two kinds of vice: The first kind of vice, though sinful, is believed less serious than

1890-479: The University of Paris , littera parisiensis , which also is small in size and designed to be written quickly, not calligraphically. French cursiva was used from the 13th to the 16th century, when it became highly looped, messy, and slanted. Bastarda , the "hybrid" mixture of cursiva and textualis , developed in the 15th century and was used for vernacular texts as well as Latin. A more angular form of bastarda

1960-503: The hydra are also depicted. Sirens which are a mixture of fish, bird, and woman as depicted on folio 16 verso to 17 recto personify lust and were here depicted as luring sailors to their deaths. Symbolism contained in this text such as on 9 verso to 10 recto features an antelope trapped by its horns as a hunter takes advantage of its situation, which the manuscript regards as indicating both vice and temptation . Serpents resembling dragons were also seen as symbols of temptation, vice, and

2030-531: The littera parisiensis in the 13th century and early 14th century, and the littera oxoniensis form is almost indistinguishable from its Parisian counterpart; however, there are a few differences, such as the round final ⟨s⟩ forms, resembling the number ⟨8⟩ , rather than the long ⟨s⟩ used in the final position in the Paris script. Printers of the late 15th and early 16th centuries commonly used blackletter typefaces, but under

2100-447: The textura hands. Textualis , also known as textura or "Gothic bookhand", was the most calligraphic form of blackletter, and today is the form most associated with "Gothic". Johannes Gutenberg carved a textualis typeface—including a large number of ligatures and common abbreviations—when he printed his 42-line Bible . However, textualis was rarely used for typefaces after this. According to Dutch scholar Gerard Lieftinck,

2170-443: The 13th century, and soon replaced littera oxoniensis as the standard university script. The earliest cursive blackletter form is Anglicana , a very round and looped script, which also had a squarer and angular counterpart, Anglicana formata . The formata form was used until the 15th century and also was used to write vernacular texts. An Anglicana bastarda form developed from a mixture of Anglicana and textualis , but by

Worksop Bestiary - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-501: The 14th century as a simplified form of textualis , with influence from the form of textualis as used for writing charters . Cursiva developed partly because of the introduction of paper , which was smoother than parchment . It was therefore, easier to write quickly on paper in a cursive script. In cursiva , descenders are more frequent, especially in the letters ⟨f⟩ and ⟨s⟩ , and ascenders are curved and looped rather than vertical (seen especially in

2310-569: The 16th century, the principal cursive blackletter used in England was the Secretary script , which originated in Italy and came to England by way of France. Secretary script has a somewhat haphazard appearance and its forms of the letters ⟨a⟩ , ⟨g⟩ , ⟨r⟩ , and ⟨s⟩ are unique, unlike any forms in any other English script. The legacy of these English cursive Gothic forms survived in common use as late as

2380-522: The 1870s, Finnish until the turn of the 20th century, Latvian until the 1930s, and for the German language until the 1940s, when Hitler officially discontinued it in 1941. Fraktur is a notable script of this type, and sometimes the entire group of blackletter faces is referred to as Fraktur. Blackletter is sometimes referred to as Old English , but it is not to be confused with the Old English language, which predates blackletter by many centuries and

2450-417: The 18th century in the court hand used for some legal records. French textualis was tall and narrow compared to other national forms, and was most fully developed in the late 13th century in Paris. In the 13th century there also was an extremely small version of textualis used to write miniature Bibles, known as "pearl script". Another form of French textualis in this century was the script developed at

2520-508: The Fall: The first three terraces of purgatory expiate the sins which can be considered to arise from love perverted, that is, sins which arise from the heart of the sinner being set upon something which is wrong in the eyes of God. Those being purged here must have their love set upon the right path. The fourth terrace of purgatory expiates the sins which can be considered to arise from love defective, that is, love which, although directed towards

2590-482: The Gothic language nor with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called Gothic . It is difficult to be specific about the time at which Early Gothic (or Proto Gothic ) was born and later died, because it was an interim script spanning Carolingian Minuscule and the Gothic textura scripts. It can generally be said that it was used in the 11th and 12th centuries. As universities began to populate Europe,

2660-548: The Unicode standard for setting non-mathematical material in blackletter is to use ordinary Latin code points with a dedicated blackletter font. Mathematical Fraktur: Mathematical Bold Fraktur: Note: (The above may not render fully in all web browsers.) The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP letterhead is printed in Fraktur. "For general attention, on behalf of

2730-598: The Worksop Bestiary is a part of a larger group of similar "sister" manuscripts all based on the Greek Physiologus. Other very similar manuscripts to the Worksop Bestiary include: In comparison to the Worksop Bestiary, the Alnwick Bestiary (formerly Northumberland Bestiary MS.447) features eight illuminations of Adam 's creation and ends with a section on fish that is different from both the Worksop Bestiary or

2800-426: The animal was used for medicinal purposes. The turtle doves depicted on 65 verso to 66 recto were used to model Christian monogamous relations since they mate for life - symbolism of the marriage of Christ and Church. According to 57 verso to 58 recto, bees are considered a type of bird and are regarded as reliable hard workers. On folios 64 verso and 65 recto, there is a section about an unknown type of bird called

2870-516: The bestiary. The manuscript is divided into sections, classifying animals as beasts, birds, and fish, all derived from the Physiologus. Animals are associated with Biblical virtues and vices . Three unique sections of the Worksop Bestiary that can be found in no other known bestiaries include: St. Isidore's De aquis, De terra, and a sermon on Joseph ascribed to St. Augustine. The manuscript often deviates from natural uses of color and form, such as in

Worksop Bestiary - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-400: The blackletter typefaces never developed a similar distinction. Instead, they use letterspacing (German Sperrung ) for emphasis. When blackletter is letterspaced, ligatures like ⟨ch⟩ , ⟨ck⟩ , ⟨tz⟩ or ⟨ſt⟩ remain together without additional letterspacing ( ⟨ſt⟩ is dissolved, though). The use of bold text for emphasis

3010-602: The book shortly before his death in 1896 for £900. Later, the book was purchased by Richard Bennett of Manchester , from whom the Pierpont Morgan library acquired the text in 1902. Much like the British Library 's MS. Royal 12 manuscript, the Worksop Bestiary features similar content, with extracts from the De imagine mundi, Genesis , Isidore 's De pecoribus et iumentis and De Avibus, as well as other sermons that are irrelevant to

3080-574: The common people, such as ballads , chivalric romances, and jokebooks. Chaucer 's works had been printed in blackletter in the late 15th century, but were subsequently more usually printed in Roman type. Horace Walpole wrote in 1781 that "I am too, though a Goth, so modern a Goth that I hate the black letter, and I love Chaucer better in Dryden and Baskerville than in his own language and dress." English cursiva ( Cursiva Anglicana ) began to be used in

3150-401: The correct subjects is too weak to drive the sinner to act as they should. Those being purged here must have their love strengthened so as to drive them correctly. The fifth, sixth, and seventh terraces of purgatory expiate the sins which can be considered to arise from love excessive, that is, love which although directed towards ends which God considers good is directed towards them too much for

3220-400: The devil in general as shown on folio 77 verso and 78 recto, which depicts a serpent-like dragon killing an elephant. One realistic element, however, can be seen on 22 verso to 23 recto, where the elephant illumination demonstrates Persians and Indians used wooden towers on the backs of elephants called howdahs during times of battle. Other notable sections such as the beaver indicate that

3290-685: The fifteenth century on, but became restricted to official documents and religious publications during the seventeenth century. Its use persisted into the nineteenth century for editions of the State Translation of the Bible , but otherwise became obsolete. Mathematical blackletter characters are separately encoded in Unicode in the Mathematical alphanumeric symbols range at U+1D504-1D537 and U+1D56C-1D59F (bold), except for individual letters already encoded in

3360-465: The illustrations for the unicorn, satyr, and crow, and onager , which are stylistically very similar in their use of unrealistic colors in the Aberdeen Bestiary . For example, the unicorn on 13 recto is illustrated in a deep blue color as it approaches the virgin in the scene, who is depicted as a trap for the hunters to catch the unicorn. Other unnatural features can be seen in the wild donkey which

3430-460: The influence of Renaissance tastes, Roman typefaces grew in popularity, until by about 1590 most presses had converted to them. However, blackletter was considered to be more readily legible (especially by the less literate classes of society), and it therefore remained in use throughout the 17th century and into the 18th for documents intended for widespread dissemination, such as proclamations and Acts of Parliament , and for literature aimed at

3500-459: The lack thereof) his schemas were added as supplements in the newly invented technology of printing by Aldus Manutius in his editions of Dante's Divine Comedy dating from early in the 16th century. The poet Dante Alighieri listed the following seven deadly vices , associating them structurally as flaws in the soul's inherent capacity for goodness as made in the Divine Image yet perverted by

3570-530: The legal code, the term vice is often used in law enforcement and judicial systems as an umbrella term for crimes involving activities that are considered inherently immoral , regardless of the legality or objective harm involved. In the United Kingdom, the term vice is commonly used in law and law enforcement to refer to criminal offences related to prostitution and pornography . In the United States,

SECTION 50

#1732859125781

3640-426: The letter ⟨d⟩ ). The letters ⟨a⟩ , ⟨g⟩ and ⟨s⟩ (at the end of a word) are very similar to their Carolingian forms. However, not all of these features are found in every example of cursiva , which makes it difficult to determine whether or not a script may be called cursiva at all. Lieftinck also divided cursiva into three styles: littera cursiva formata

3710-589: The longest. Schwabacher typefaces dominated in Germany from about 1480 to 1530, and the style continued in use occasionally until the 20th century. Most importantly, all of the works of Martin Luther , leading to the Protestant Reformation , as well as the Apocalypse of Albrecht Dürer (1498), used this typeface. Johann Bämler , a printer from Augsburg , probably first used it as early as 1472. The origins of

3780-489: The mid-16th century. Its use was so common that often any blackletter form is called Fraktur in Germany. Characteristics of Fraktur are: Here is the entire alphabet in Fraktur (minus the long s and the sharp s ⟨ß⟩ ), using the AMS Euler Fraktur typeface: Cursiva refers to a very large variety of forms of blackletter; as with modern cursive writing , there is no real standard form. It developed in

3850-527: The name remain unclear; some assume that a typeface-carver from the village of Schwabach—one who worked externally and who thus became known as the Schwabacher —designed the typeface. German-made Textualis type is usually very heavy and angular, and there are few characteristic features that are common to all occurrences of the script. One common feature is the use of the letter ⟨w⟩ for Latin ⟨vu⟩ or ⟨uu⟩ . Textualis

3920-472: The pinnacle of blackletter use was reached in the 14th and 15th centuries. For Lieftinck, the highest form of textualis was littera textualis formata , used for de luxe manuscripts. The usual form, simply littera textualis , was used for literary works and university texts. Lieftinck's third form, littera textualis currens , was the cursive form of blackletter, extremely difficult to read and used for textual glosses , and less important books. Textualis

3990-462: The quill with a wide flat tip) was adopted for blackletter handwriting. In the early 20th century, the Sütterlin script was introduced in the schools. Italian blackletter also is known as rotunda , as it was less angular than those produced by northern printing centers. The most common form of Italian rotunda was littera bononiensis , used at the University of Bologna in the 13th century. Biting

4060-422: The second. Vices recognized as spiritual by Christians include blasphemy ( holiness betrayed), apostasy ( faith betrayed), despair ( hope betrayed), hatred ( love betrayed), and indifference (scripturally, a "hardened heart"). Christian theologians have reasoned that the most destructive vice equates to a certain type of pride or the complete idolatry of the self. It is argued that through this vice, which

4130-464: The sinner to gain bliss from them, and also so that the sinner is distracted from the love of other things of which God approves. Their love must be cooled to a more sensible level. The Qur'an and many other Islamic religious writings provide prohibitions against acts that are seen as immoral. Ibn abi Dunya , a 9th-century scholar and tutor to the caliphs, described 6 censures (prohibitions against vices) in his writings: < Although not strictly

4200-410: The state that befalls one upon committing a morally wrong act. In this section, the word always means the sinful act. It is the sin, and not the vice, that deprives one of God's sanctifying grace and renders one deserving of God's punishment . Thomas Aquinas taught that "absolutely speaking, the sin surpasses the vice in wickedness". On the other hand, even after a person's sins have been forgiven ,

4270-920: The term is also used to refer to crimes related to drugs , alcohol, and gambling . A vice squad, also called a vice unit or a morality squad , is generally, though not always, a police division, whose focus is to restrain or suppress moral crimes. Though what is considered or accepted as a moral crime by society often varies considerably according to local laws or customs between nations, countries, or states, it often includes activities such as gambling , narcotics , prostitution and pornography . Religious police , for example Islamic religious police units or sharia police in certain Muslim countries, are morality squads that also monitor, for example, dress codes , observance of store-closures during prayer time, consumption of unlawful beverages or foods , unrelated males and females socializing , and homosexual behaviour. In

SECTION 60

#1732859125781

4340-424: The underlying habit (the vice) may remain. Just as vice was created in the first place by repeatedly yielding to the temptation to sin, so vice may be removed only by repeatedly resisting temptation and performing virtuous acts; the more entrenched the vice, the more time and effort needed to remove it. Saint Thomas Aquinas says that following rehabilitation and the acquisition of virtues, the vice does not persist as

4410-523: The very similar Bright Royal Library's MS. 12. There are similarities in the fish sections of the Worksop Bestiary and the Ashmole Bestiary, but overall, these two manuscripts show very different artistic techniques. The newer Radford Bestiary is considered to be a copy of the Worksop Bestiary. The book is now held by the Morgan Library & Museum , New York (MS. 81). The manuscript was presented to

4480-478: Was first used in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently became more elaborate and decorated, and it was generally reserved for liturgical works. Johann Gutenberg used a textualis typeface for his famous Gutenberg Bible in 1455. Schwabacher , a blackletter with more rounded letters, soon became the usual printed typeface , but it was replaced by Fraktur in the early 17th century. Fraktur came into use when Emperor Maximilian I (1493–1519) established

4550-758: Was first used to describe this script in 15th-century Italy , in the midst of the Renaissance , because Renaissance humanists believed this style was barbaric, and Gothic was a synonym for barbaric . Flavio Biondo , in Italia Illustrata (1474), wrote that the Germanic Lombards invented this script after they invaded Italy in the 6th century. Not only were blackletter forms called Gothic script , but any other seemingly barbarian script, such as Visigothic , Beneventan , and Merovingian , were also labeled Gothic . This in contrast to Carolingian minuscule ,

4620-456: Was most widely used in France, the Low Countries, England , and Germany . Some characteristics of the script are: Schwabacher was a blackletter form that was much used in early German print typefaces. It continued to be used occasionally until the 20th century. Characteristics of Schwabacher are: Fraktur is a form of blackletter that became the most common German blackletter typeface by

4690-481: Was the most legible and calligraphic style. Littera cursiva textualis (or libraria ) was the usual form, used for writing standard books, and it generally was written with a larger pen, leading to larger letters. Littera cursiva currens was used for textbooks and other unimportant books and it had very little standardization in forms. Hybrida is also called bastarda (especially in France), and as its name suggests,

4760-491: Was unable to effectively keep up. Its large size consumed a lot of manuscript space in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the 11th century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-12th century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in northeastern France and the Low Countries . The term Gothic

4830-644: Was used in Burgundy , the lettre de forme or lettre bourgouignonne , for books of hours such as the Très Riches Heures of John, Duke of Berry . Despite the frequent association of blackletter with German , the script was actually very slow to develop in German-speaking areas. It developed first in those areas closest to France and then spread to the east and south in the 13th century. The German-speaking areas are, however, where blackletter remained in use

4900-747: Was written in the insular script or in Futhorc . Along with Italic type and Roman type , blackletter served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography . Carolingian minuscule was the direct ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter developed from Carolingian as an increasingly literate 12th-century Europe required new books in many different subjects. New universities were founded, each producing books for business , law , grammar , history and other pursuits, not solely religious works, for which earlier scripts typically had been used. These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Labor-intensive Carolingian, though legible,

#780219