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89-638: The WCTU was originally organized on December 23, 1873, in Hillsboro, Ohio , and starting on December 26 Matilda Gilruth Carpenter led a successful campaign to close saloons in Washington Court House, Ohio . WCTU was officially declared at a national convention in Cleveland, Ohio , November 18–20, 1874. It operated at an international level and in the context of religion and reform, including missionary work and women's suffrage . Two years after its founding,

178-503: A mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison and lifetime electronic monitoring) for the most aggravated forms of child sexual abuse (usually of a child under age 12). {Chapter 117, 18 U.S.C. 2422(b)} forbids the use of the United States Postal Service or other interstate or foreign means of communication, such as telephone calls or use of the internet, to persuade or entice a minor (defined as under 18 throughout

267-405: A "sexual indecency with a child" law that prohibits any person over age 18 from soliciting sexual activity from anyone under 15 (or believed to be under 15). This means that while sexual activity between a 14-year-old and an 18- or 19-year-old may be legal in and of itself, soliciting it could still be charged as a class D felony. Sexual penetration (intercourse or "deviate sexual activity") between

356-802: A "significant relationship". According to the Code of the District of Columbia, a relationship is considered "significant" if one of the partners is: Each U.S. state has its own general age of consent. As of August 1, 2018, the age of consent in each state in the United States is either 16 years of age, 17 years of age, or 18 years of age. The most common age of consent is 16, which is a common age of consent in most other Western countries. These state laws are discussed in detail below. Most of these state laws refer to statutory rape using names other than "statutory rape" in particular. Such laws may refer to: "carnal knowledge of

445-497: A WCTU convention at Pakipaki specifically by and for Māori. Many Māori women signed WCTU-initiated national franchise petitions. Specifically, the 1892 WCTU petition was signed by Louisa Matahau of Hauraki and Herewaka Poata from Gisborne , and the 1893 petition was also signed by Matilda Ngapua from Napier and four other Māori women using European names instead. The WCTU played a significant role in New Zealand, because it

534-461: A White Ribbon Recruit (WRR) ceremony, in which babies are dedicated to the cause of temperance through a white ribbon being tied to their wrists, with their adult sponsors pledging to help the child live a life free from alcohol and other drugs. At its founding in 1874, the stated purpose of the WCTU was to create a "sober and pure world" by abstinence, purity, and evangelical Christianity. Annie Wittenmyer

623-468: A close association with the Knights of Labor , sharing goals for class harmony, sober and disciplined workers, and a day of rest. Concern for workers' conditions and the effect on family life led many members to also critique the exploitation of capital, as well as demand a living wage . Although the WCTU had chapters throughout North America with hundreds of thousands of members, the "Christian" in its title

712-602: A consequence of its stated purposes, the WCTU was also very interested in a number of social reform issues, including labor, prostitution , public health , sanitation , and international peace . As the movement grew in numbers and strength, members of the WCTU also focused on suffrage . The WCTU was instrumental in organizing woman's suffrage leaders and in helping more women become involved in American politics. Local chapters, known as "unions", were largely autonomous, though linked to state and national headquarters. Willard pushed for

801-658: A fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence. However, in Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions , the Supreme Court held that in the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants, the generic federal definition of "sexual abuse of a minor" requires the age of the victim to be less than 16. Article 120b of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( 10 U.S.C.   § 920b ), to which essentially only members of

890-533: A major (18+) and a minor under 14 is a rape, punishable by a minimum 25-year sentence. Under 18, there is a defense for sexual contact if the younger (<14) minor is not more than 4 years younger if 12 or above, or not more than 3 years younger if under 12. For acts involving penetration, the exception is 3 years for all ages below 14. Title 5 – Criminal Offenses. Subtitle 2 – Offenses Against The Person. Chapter 14 – Sexual Offenses. Subchapter 1 – General Provisions. § 5-14-103 – Rape. § 5-14-126 – Sexual assault in

979-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 41.5% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the city was 38.7 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 22.4% were from 45 to 64; and 20.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

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1068-405: A minor", "child molestation", "corruption of a minor", "sexual misconduct", or "unlawful carnal knowledge". The laws of Georgia, Missouri, North Carolina, Mississippi, and Tennessee specifically refer to "statutory rape", with each state defining it differently. Nevada criminalizes "statutory sexual seduction" while Pennsylvania criminalizes "statutory sexual assault". In most states there is not

1157-425: A minor; this is considered one form of sexual tourism . 2423(f) refers to Chapter 109A as its bright line for defining "illicit sexual conduct" as far as non-commercial sexual activity is concerned. For the purposes of age of consent, the only provision applicable is {Chapter 109A, 18 U.S.C. 2243(a)} . 2243(a) refers to situations where such younger person is under the age of 16 years, has attained 12 years of age, and

1246-604: A native New Englander that moved to Minnesota in the 1800s and served as president of the Minnesota WCTU chapter from 1897–1909 delivered her 1900 "President's Address", where she expounded on the methods the Minnesota chapter of the WCTU would utilize to accomplish its variety of goals within the state. Scovell adopted what was at the time a "progressive" approach to the issue of immigrants, particularly German and Scandinavian in Minnesota, indulging in alcohol and stated: We must have

1335-579: A regiment of American workers, who will learn the German language, love the German people, work among the German children and young people until we get them to love clear brains better than beer. There must be others who for the love of country and dear humanity will learn the Scandinavian language and be real neighbors to the many people of this nationality who have come to make homes in America. Again others must learn

1424-479: A single age in which a person may consent, but rather consent varies depending upon the minimum age of the younger party, the minimum age of the older party, or the differences in age. Some states have a single age of consent. Thirty U.S. states have age gap laws which make sexual activity legal if the ages of both participants are close to one another, and these laws are often referred to as " Romeo and Juliet laws ". Other states have measures which reduce penalties if

1513-625: A world vice-president. As early as 6 August 1884, under the leadership of Eliza Ann Palmer Brown in Invercargill , a WCTU branch had started in New Zealand. Arriving in January 1885, a prominent American missionary, Mary Leavitt , traveled to Auckland, New Zealand to spread the message of the WCTU. For the next eight years, Leavitt traveled around New Zealand establishing WCTU branches and advocating for women to, "protect their homes and families from liquor, by claiming their rightful voice" and work to end

1602-475: Is "That I may give my best service to home and country, I promise, God helping me, Not to buy, drink, sell, or give alcoholic liquors while I live. From other drugs and tobacco I'll abstain, And never take God's name in vain." The Youth Temperance Council is the final type of group meant for youths and is aimed at teenagers. Its pledge is "I promise, by the help of God, never to use alcoholic beverages, other narcotics, or tobacco, and to encourage everyone else to do

1691-450: Is 13, 14, or 15 years of age and at least four years younger than the offender, or aids, induces, causes, or encourages a person who is 13, 14, or 15 years of age and at least four years younger than the offender to engage in sexual penetration with another person... Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the ... : Indecent Exposure : The age of consent in Arizona is 18. However, there exist in

1780-539: Is located within the city. Ages of consent in the United States In the United States , each state and territory sets the age of consent either by statute or the common law applies, and there are several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators. Depending on the jurisdiction, the legal age of consent is between 16 and 18. In some places, civil and criminal laws within

1869-451: Is not punishable under any federal law (such as 18 U.S.C. 2243(a) mentioned above) then the local state's age-of-consent laws would apply to the crime. The Protect Act § 503 of 1992 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2251 to 18 U.S.C. § 2260) makes it a federal crime to possess or create sexually explicit images of any person under 18 years of age regardless of consent. The non-commercial possession of an explicit picture or video clip of

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1958-539: Is said that many jurisdictions will "pick and choose" which cases they want to investigate and prosecute." In some states, it is common to only prosecute the male in events where both parties in a heterosexual relationship are below the age of consent. Smith and Kercher wrote that there had been "large inconsistencies" among the decisions of prosecution and sentencing of these cases, and there had been accusations that minority males who have sex with minority girls resulting in pregnancy or who have sex with white girls have faced

2047-602: The equal protection clause of the Constitution, on the theory that men lack the disincentives (associated with pregnancy) that women have, to engage in sexual activity, and the law may thus provide men with those disincentives in the form of criminal sanctions. The Assimilative Crimes Act ( 18 U.S.C.   § 13 ) incorporates local state criminal law when on federal reservations such as Bureau of Land Management property, military posts and shipyards, national parks, national forests, inter alia . Consequently, if an act

2136-560: The right to vote in 1893 . Some prominent New Zealand suffragists and WCTU members include Kate Sheppard , Learmonth Dalrymple , Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia , Elizabeth Caradus , Kate Milligan Edger , Christina Henderson , Annie Schnackenberg , Anne Ward , and Lily Atkinson . The WCTU formed in Canada in 1874, in Owen Sound, Ontario . and spread across Canada. The Newfoundland branch played an important part in campaigning for women's suffrage on

2225-546: The sex offender registry . In 2017, Alabama Circuit Judge Glenn Thompson, of Morgan County in the north of the state, ruled that this law was unconstitutional. The age of consent is 16, provided the older partner is not in a position of authority. Alaska Statutes – Title 11. Criminal Law – Chapter 41. Offenses Against the Person – Sexual Abuse of a Minor Section 436 in the First Degree (Unclassified Felony); Section 436 in

2314-470: The "Home Protection" ballot, arguing that women, being the morally superior sex, needed the vote in order to act as "citizen-mothers" and protect their homes and cure society's ills. At a time when suffragists were viewed as radicals and alienated most American women, the WCTU offered a more traditionally feminine and "appropriate" organization for women to join. Home Protection interests also extended to Labor rights , and an openness to Socialism . WCTU had

2403-408: The "W.C.T.U. campaigned for local, state, and national prohibition, woman suffrage, protective purity legislation, scientific temperance instruction in the schools, better working conditions for labor, anti-polygamy laws, Americanization, and a variety of other reforms" despite having the image of a gospel temperance organization. The presidential addresses of the WCTU provide excellent insight as to how

2492-640: The American WCTU sponsored an international conference at which the International Women's Christian Temperance Union was formed. The World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union was founded in 1883 and became the international arm of the organization, which has now affiliates in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Finland, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea, United Kingdom, and the United States, among others. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union conducts

2581-578: The Dominion especially in the wake of the sacrifices of WW1, but did not see this realized until 1925. The WCTU formed in India was formed in the 1880s. It publishes Temperance Record and White Ribbon , remaining very active today. Hillsboro, Ohio Hillsboro is a city in and the county seat of Highland County, Ohio , United States, approximately 35 miles (56 km) west of Chillicothe and 50 miles (80 km) east of Cincinnati . The population

2670-570: The French and Italian and various dialects, even, that the truths of personal purity and total abstinence be taught to these who dwell among us. We must feel it a duty to teach these people the English language to put them in sympathy with our purposes and our institutions. For Scovell and the women of the Minnesota WCTU, speaking English and participating in established American institutions were essential to truly become "American" just as abstaining from alcohol

2759-604: The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1874. Women from St. Paul, Minneapolis, Red Wing, and Owatonna organized their first local W.C.T.U. clubs between 1875 and 1877. The Minnesota WCTU began in the fall of 1877. From this point the Minnesota WCTU began to expand throughout the state in both size and interests. The Minnesota WCTU worked hard to extol the values of the WCTU which included converting new immigrants to American culture or "Americanization." Bessie Laythe Scovell,

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2848-572: The Second Degree (Class B Felony); Section 438 in the Third Degree (Class C Felony); Section 440  : in the Fourth Degree (Class A misdemeanor) AS 11.41.436. Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Second Degree . (a) An offender commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the second degree if, (1) being 17 years of age or older, the offender engages in sexual penetration with a person who

2937-538: The United States Armed Services and enemy prisoners of war are subject, defines the age of consent as 16 years but allows an exemption for people who are married to minors 12–15 years old. There is also a mistake-in-age defense if the minor is over 12, but not if the minor is under 12. Within the United States, service members are subject to both the UCMJ and the applicable state law when "off-post". Depending upon

3026-469: The United States, the WCTU was divided along ideological lines. The first president of the organization, Annie Wittenmyer, believed in the singleness of purpose of the organization—that is, that it should not put efforts into woman suffrage, prohibition, etc. This wing of the WCTU was more concerned with how morality played a role during the temperance movement. With that in mind, it sought to save those whom they believed to be of lower moral character. For them,

3115-535: The WCTU formed in September 1890. Early supporters included Reverend Mr. A.D. Morton, the Methodist minister of Gower Street Church, and local women such as Emma Peters, Lady Jeanette Thorburn , Jessie Ohman , Maria C. Williams, Elizabeth Neyle , Margaret Chancey, Ceclia Fraser , Rev. Mrs. Morton , Mrs. E.H. Bulley , Tryphenia Duley , Sarah (Rowsell) Wright and Fanny Stowe . The WCTU agitated for women's suffrage in

3204-412: The WCTU said that golf should not be allowed on Sundays. The WCTU was also involved with efforts to alleviate poverty by discouraging the purchase of alcohol products. Through journal articles, the WCTU tried to prove that abstinence would help people move up in life. A fictional story in one of their journal articles illustrates this fact: Ned has applied for a job, but he is not chosen. He finds that

3293-405: The WCTU was an explicitly religious organization and worked with religious groups in social reform, it protested wine use in religious ceremonies. During an Episcopal convention, it asked the church to stop using wine in its ceremonies and to use unfermented grape juice instead. A WCTU direct resolution explained its reasoning: wine contained "the narcotic poison, alcohol, which cannot truly represent

3382-471: The WCTU, although this is often in passing. Predominant black activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was very active in the union, pushing for WTCU adoption of the anti-lynching cause. However, in the end Willard favoured the desires of white Southern women and this campaign fell to the side-lines. In 1889 Harper formally requested that "in dealing with colored people... Christian courtesy be shown." The WTCU did receive criticism from black activists, most notably

3471-519: The White Ribbon Ceremony, but their children must be under six years of age. The mother pledges "I promise to teach my child the principles of total abstinence and purity", and the child gets a white ribbon tied to its wrist. The Loyal Temperance Legion (LTL), is another temperance group aimed at children. It is for children aged six to twelve who are willing to pay dues annually to the LTL. Its motto

3560-537: The World's WCTU leave it open to cynical criticism in the 21st century, but there is little doubt that at the end of the 19th century, "they did believe earnestly in the efficacy of women's temperance as a means for uplifting their sex and transforming the hierarchical relations of gender apparent across a wide range of cultures." Amongst the presidents of the Cape Colony WCTU was Georgiana Solomon , who eventually became

3649-478: The age of 18 without an intent to share or sell the picture), face fines and a statutory minimum of 15 years to 30 years maximum in prison. While mandatory minimum offenses do not apply to mere possession of child pornography, it is almost always the case that a person in possession of child pornography is also necessarily guilty of either receipt of child pornography, which carries a five-year mandatory minimum sentence, or production of child pornography, which carries

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3738-450: The age of consent from 14 to 16 in 1995, and Hawaii, which changed it from 14 to 16 in 2001. Age-of-consent laws historically only applied when a female was younger than her male partner. By 2015, ages of consent were gender independent. Until the late 20th century many states had provisions requiring that the teenage girl must be of "chaste character" in order for the sexual conduct to be considered criminal. In 1998, Mississippi became

3827-556: The alcohol problem was one of moral nature and was not caused by the institutions that facilitated access to alcohol. The second president of the WCTU, Frances Willard, demonstrated a sharp distinction from Wittenmyer. Willard had a much broader interpretation of the social problems at hand. She believed in "a living wage; in an eight-hour day ; in courts of conciliation and arbitration; in justice as opposed to greed in gain; in Peace on Earth and Good-Will to Men." This division illustrated two of

3916-403: The average family size was 2.93. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.9 males. The median income for a household in the city

4005-453: The blood of Christ." The WCTU also favored banning tobacco. In 1919, the WCTU expressed to Congress its desire for the total abolition of tobacco within five years. Under Willard, the WCTU supported the White Life for Two program. Under this program, men would reach women's higher moral standing (and thus become woman's equal) by engaging in lust-free, alcohol-free, tobacco-free marriages. At

4094-640: The brunt of enforcement. The age of consent in Alabama is 16. See Rape law in Alabama . From the articles of the Code of Alabama : 13A-6-70 : 13A-6-67 : 13A-6-62 : 13A-6-64 : The State Legislature passed Act 2010-497 making it a crime for any school employee to have any sexual relations with a student under the age of 19. A school employee includes a teacher, school administrator, student teacher, safety or resource officer, coach, and other school employee. Age of

4183-448: The chapter) to be involved in a criminal sexual act . The act has to be illegal under state or federal law to be charged with a crime under 2422(b), and can even be applied to situations where both parties reside within the same state but use an instant messenger program whose servers are located in another state. {Chapter 117, 18 U.S.C. 2423(a)} forbids transporting a minor (defined as under 18) in interstate or foreign commerce with

4272-494: The city has a total area of 5.43 square miles (14.06 km ), all land. Hillsboro is located at the junction of U.S. Routes 50 and 62 and State Routes 73 , 124 , 138 , and 247 . As of the census of 2010, there were 6,605 people, 2,755 households, and 1,612 families living in the city. The population density was 1,216.4 inhabitants per square mile (469.7/km ). There were 3,181 housing units at an average density of 585.8 per square mile (226.2/km ). The racial makeup of

4361-572: The city was 44.9% male and 55.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,368 people, 2,686 households, and 1,633 families living in the city. The population density was 1,227.1 inhabitants per square mile (473.8/km ). There were 2,971 housing units at an average density of 572.5 per square mile (221.0/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 90.58% White , 6.39% African American , 0.20% Native American , 1.07% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.38% from other races , and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.94% of

4450-420: The city was 90.0% White , 5.8% African American , 0.3% Native American , 0.8% Asian , 0.2% from other races , and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population. There were 2,755 households, of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.7% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had

4539-518: The customers." In Minnesota there was stiff resistance to this public display and "in Anoka, Minnesota, 'heroic women endured the insults of the saloon-keeper and his wife who poured cold water upon the women from an upper window while they prayed on the sidewalk below. Sometimes beer was thrown on the sidewalk so that they could not kneel there but they prayed.'" As a result, Minnesotan women were motivated and "formed local societies, which soon united to become

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4628-521: The dangers of alcohol. The WCTU perceived alcohol as a cause and consequence of larger social problems rather than as a personal weakness or failing. The WCTU also advocated against tobacco. The American WCTU formed a "Department for the Overthrow of the Tobacco Habit" as early as 1885 and frequently published anti-tobacco articles in the 1880s. Agitation against tobacco continued through to the 1950s. As

4717-428: The grounds that women were vital in the struggle for prohibition. In 1885 Letitia Youmans founded an organization which was to become the leading women's society in the national temperance movement. Youmans is often credited with spreading the organization across the country. One notable member was Edith Archibald of Nova Scotia. Notable Canadian feminist Nellie McClung was also involved. The Newfoundland chapter of

4806-700: The ideologies present in the organization at the time, conservatism and progressivism. To some extent, the Eastern Wing of the WCTU supported Wittenmyer and the Western Wing had a tendency to support the more progressive Willard view. Membership within the WCTU grew greatly every decade until the 1940s. By the 1920s, it was in more than forty countries and had more than 766,000 members paying dues at its peak in 1927. Classification of WCTU Committee Reports by Period and Interests Percentages total more than 100 percent due to several interests in some committee reports. In

4895-478: The inclusion of women of religions other than Christianity. But, it was always primarily, and still is, a Christian women's organization. The WCTU's work extended across a range of efforts to bring about personal and social moral reform. In the 1880s, it worked on creating legislation to protect working girls from the exploitation of men, including raising Age of Consent laws. It also focused on keeping Sundays as Sabbath days and restrict frivolous activities. In 1901

4984-490: The intent of engaging in criminal sexual acts in which a person can be charged. This subsection is ambiguous on its face and seems to apply only when the minor is transported across state or international lines to a place where the conduct is already illegal to begin with. The United States Department of Justice seems to agree with this interpretation. {Chapter 117, 18 U.S.C. 2423(b)} forbids traveling in interstate or foreign commerce to engage in "illicit sexual conduct" with

5073-425: The last state to remove the chastity provision from its code. The laws were designed to prosecute persons much older than their victims rather than teenagers close in age; therefore prosecutors rarely pursued teenagers in relationships with other teenagers even though some laws made close-in-age teenage relationships illegal. After the 1995 Landry and Forrest study concluded that men aged 20 and older produced half of

5162-433: The legislation defenses to prosecution if the defendant is close-in-age to the minor or a spouse of the minor. Note: these are not close-in-age exceptions but defenses in court. Arizona Revised Statute 13-1405(A) (Defenses) The age of consent is 16, with some close-in-age exemptions. Details: The minimum age is 16 for anyone age 20 or older. Under 20, the younger person must not be less than 14. However, there exists

5251-645: The older person is more than 4 years older than the 12-to-15-year-old (children under 12 are handled under 18 U.S.C. 2241(c) under aggravated sexual abuse). So, the age is 12 years if one is within 4 years of the 12-to-15-year-old's age, 16 under all other circumstances. This law is also extraterritorial in nature to U.S. Citizens and Residents who travel outside of the United States. Although legislation tends to reflect general societal attitudes regarding male versus female ages of consent, Richard Posner notes in his Guide to America's Sex Laws: The U.S. Supreme Court has held that stricter rules for males do not violate

5340-630: The one in 1893 scheduled to coincide with the Chicago World's Fair ; the London Convention in 1895; the 1897 one in Toronto; and the Glasgow one in 1910. The first six round-the-world missionaries were Mary C. Leavitt , Jessie Ackermann , Alice Palmer , Mary Allen West , Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew , and Katharine Bushnell . The ambition, reach and organizational effort involved in the work undertaken by

5429-461: The organization seamlessly blended issues of grass-roots organizing, temperance, education, immigration and cultural assimilation. One prominent state chapter was the Minnesota Women's Christian Temperance Union. The Minnesota chapter's origin is rooted in nation's anti-saloon crusades of 1873 and 1874 where women all throughout the United States "joined together outside saloons to pray and harass

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5518-561: The organization to be the largest organization of women in the world by 1890. She remained president until her death in 1898. Its members were inspired by the Greek writer Xenophon , who defined temperance as "moderation in all things healthful; total abstinence from all things harmful." In other words, should something be good, it should not be indulged in to excess; should something be bad for you, it should be avoided altogether — thus their attempts to rid society of what they saw (and still see) as

5607-535: The organization's second decade (1884-1894), many departments were launched which focused on special needs. These included: The WCTU remains an internationally active organization. In American culture, although "temperance norms have lost a great deal of their power" and there are far fewer dry communities today than before ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, there is still at least one WCTU chapter in almost every U.S. state and in 36 other countries around

5696-434: The over-consumption of alcohol through gaining the vote. Working alongside Leavitt was Anne Ward , a New Zealand social worker and temperance activist, who served as the first national president of the WCTU in New Zealand. Māori women were also active members of the WCTU in New Zealand. In 1911, during the presidency of Fanny Cole , Hera Stirling Munro , Jean McNeish of Cambridge and Rebecca Smith of Hokianga organised

5785-449: The person under the age of eighteen (such as a cell phone photograph of a naked sexual partner who is under the age of eighteen, or a picture of the photographer if they are under 18) may still constitute a serious federal child pornography felony. The sentence for a first time offender convicted of producing child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2251 (such as taking a suggestive cell phone picture of an otherwise legal sexual partner under

5874-409: The population. There were 2,686 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and

5963-441: The potential employer has judged him to be like his Uncle Jack. Jack is a kindly man but he spends his money on drink and cigarettes. Ned has also been seen drinking and smoking. The employer thinks that Ned Fisher lacks the necessary traits of industriousness which he associates with abstinence and self-control. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union grew rapidly. The WCTU adopted Willard's "Do Everything" philosophy, which meant that

6052-475: The relevant status of forces agreement , United States service members are also subject to the local criminal laws of the host nation for acts committed off-post. The age of consent in Washington, D.C. (formally called the District of Columbia) is 16 with a close-in-age exemption for those within four years of age. However, sexual relations between people 18 or older and people under 18 are illegal if they are in

6141-721: The same age range open to prosecution. On June 26, 2003, both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal (between non-commercial, consenting adults in private) in all U.S. states, District of Columbia, and territories, under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas . In State v. Limon (2005), the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state's "Romeo and Juliet" law , which prescribed lesser penalties for heterosexual than homosexual acts of similar age of consent-related offenses. Since 2005, states have been enacting Jessica's Law statutes, which provide for lengthy penalties (often

6230-713: The same state conflict with each other. While the unrestricted age of consent is between 16 and 18 in all U.S. states, the laws have widely varied across the country in the past. In 1880, the ages of consent were set at 10 or 12 in most states, with the exception of Delaware where it was 7. The ages of consent were raised across the U.S. during the late 19th century and the early 20th century. By 1920, 26 states had an age of consent at 16, 21 states had an age of consent at 18, and one state (Georgia) had an age of consent at 14. Small adjustments to these laws occurred after 1920. The last two states to raise their age of general consent from under 16 to 16 or higher were Georgia, which raised

6319-566: The same, fulfilling the command, 'keep thyself pure'." The World's WCTU (WWCTU) is one of the most prominent examples of internationalism, evidenced by the circulation of the Union Signal around the globe; the International Conventions that were held with the purpose of focusing "world attention on the temperance and women's questions, and the appointment of "round-the-world missionaries." Examples of international Conventions include

6408-429: The same." Current issues for the WCTU include alcohol, which the organization considers to be North America 's number one drug problem, as well as illegal drugs , and abortion . The WCTU has warned against the dangers of tobacco since 1875. They continue to this day in their fight against those substances they see as harmful to society . The last edition of the WCTU's quarterly journal, titled The Union Signal ,

6497-435: The student and consent is not a defense. So thus, the age of consent of 16 cannot be used. 13A-6-81 : 13A-6-82 : Any individual convicted of these offenses, regardless if they received prison time or not, will have to register as a Sex Offender for the remainder of their life. There was also a law which prohibited K-12 teachers from having sex with students under age 19, and violators could face prison time or get on

6586-450: The teenage pregnancies of girls between 15 and 17, states began to more stringently enforce age-of-consent laws to combat teenage pregnancy in addition to preventing adults from taking advantage of minors. A backlash among the public occurred when some teenagers engaging in close-in-age relationships received punishments perceived by the public to be disproportionate, and thus age-gap provisions were added to reduce or eliminate penalties if

6675-517: The time, the organization also fought to ban alcohol use on military bases, in Native American reservations, and within Washington's institutions. Ultimately, Willard succeeded in increasing the political clout of the organization because, unlike Annie Wittenmyer, she strongly believed that the success of the organization would only be achieved through the increased politicization of its platform. In

6764-421: The two parties are close in age, and others provide an affirmative defense if the two parties are close in age. Even though state laws regarding the general age of consent and age gap laws differ, it is common for people in the United States to assume that sexual activity with someone under 18 is statutory rape. In 2011, Smith and Kercher wrote, "Because of the large number of potential statutory rape cases, it

6853-478: The two parties are close in age. Brittany Logino Smith and Glen A. Kercher of the Criminal Justice Center of Sam Houston State University wrote that these laws are often referred to as "Romeo and Juliet laws", though they defined Romeo and Juliet as only referring to an affirmative defense against prosecution. Previously some of these statutes only applied to heterosexual sex, leaving homosexual sex in

6942-457: The well-known reformer Ida B. Wells, who condemned Willard for her statements regarding black drunkenness. In general, black women faced similar pressures within the WCTU that they did in wider society, but this did not stop them from contributing to the movement. In 1893, the WCTU switched focus toward prohibition, which was ultimately successful when the 18th amendment to the US Constitution

7031-644: The world. Since 1976 the city hosts the "Festival of the Bells" during the fourth of July weekend. Hillsboro has a public library, a branch of the Highland County District Library. Hillsboro City Schools operates two public elementary schools, one middle school, and Hillsboro High School . Parochial schools in Hillsboro include Hillsboro Christian Academy and St. Mary Catholic Elementary School. The Central Campus of Southern State Community College

7120-469: The world. Requirements for joining the WCTU include paying membership dues and signing a pledge to abstain from alcohol . The pledge of the Southern Californian WCTU, for example, is "I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt liquors, including beer, wine, and hard cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in

7209-401: Was $ 25,998, and the median income for a family was $ 34,750. Males had a median income of $ 30,984 versus $ 22,665 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,400. About 13.5% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.6% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over. Hillsboro has produced steel alloy bells, which were shipped around

7298-519: Was 6,481 at the 2020 census . Hillsboro was platted in 1807, and most likely named for the hills near the original town site. One of the late 19th century's largest reform organizations, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union that went on to play important roles in achieving women's suffrage and prohibition, was founded in Hillsboro in 1873. According to the United States Census Bureau ,

7387-409: Was its first president. Wittenmyer was conservative in her goals for the movement focusing only on the question of alcohol consumption and avoiding involvement in politics. The constitution of the WCTU called for "the entire prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage." Frances Willard , a noted feminist, was elected the WCTU's second president in 1879 and Willard grew

7476-447: Was largely limited to those with an evangelical Protestant conviction and the importance of their role has been noted. The goal of evangelizing the world, according to this model, meant that very few Catholics, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists or Hindus were attracted to it, "even though the last three had a pronounced cultural and religious preference for abstinence". As the WCTU grew internationally, it developed various approaches that helped with

7565-409: Was necessary to be virtuous. By linking language to culture and institutions, Scovell and the WCTU recognized that a multicultural approach would be necessary to communicate values to new immigrants, but did not conclude that multiculturalism was a value in itself. The WCTU viewed the foreign European cultures as a corrupter and despoiler of virtue, hence the excessive drinking. That is ultimately why it

7654-472: Was paramount the immigrants learned English and assimilated. The WCTU, while a predominantly white organisation, did boast a significant black and indigenous membership. In 1901 Eliza Pierce, a Native American woman, started her own New York chapter of the union, which was featured in The Sunday Herald in 1902. Moreover, there are many references to African American members in the literature surrounding

7743-562: Was passed. After prohibition was instituted, WCTU membership declined. Over the years, different prohibition and suffrage activists had suspected that brewer associations gave money to anti-suffrage activities. In 1919, there was a Senate investigation that confirmed their suspicions. Some members of the United States Brewers Association were openly against the woman's suffrage movement. One member stated, "We have defeated woman's suffrage at three different times." Although

7832-729: Was published in 2015, the main focus of which was current research and information on drugs. Other national organizations also continue to publish. The WCTU also attempts to encourage young people to avoid substance abuse through participation in three age-divided suborganizations: White Ribbon Recruits for pre-schoolers, the Loyal Temperance Legion (LTL) for elementary school children, and the Youth Temperance Council (YTC) for teenagers. The White Ribbon Recruits are mothers who will publicly declare their dedication to keeping their babies drug-free. To do this, they participate in

7921-499: Was the only public organisation in the country that could provide women political and leadership experience and training, and as a result, well over half of suffragists at the time were members of the organisation. One of the most notable New Zealand suffragists was Kate Sheppard, who was the leader of the WCTU's franchise department, and advised women in the WCTU to work closely with members of Parliament in order to get their ideas in political discourse. This eventually led to women winning

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