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97-665: Wittlich is the middle centre for a feeder area of 56 municipalities in the Eifel and Moselle area with a population of roughly 64,000. With some 18,000 inhabitants, Wittlich is the biggest town between Trier and Koblenz and the fourth biggest between Mainz and the Belgian border. The town lies in the South Eifel on the River Lieser in a side valley of the Moselle on the northern edge of

194-574: A forced labour camp for French prisoners of war and a subcamp of the Hinzert concentration camp were established in the town. The latter held mostly Polish, Italian and Luxembourgish prisoners, and John Mersch, the pre-war United States vice-consul in Luxembourg . In 2009, the town of Wittlich was included in the programme Aktive Stadtzentren (“Active Town Centres”) of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate . Since then, some investors have been interested in

291-529: A residential system . It was introduced in 1933 to explain the spatial distribution of cities across the landscape. The theory was first analyzed by German geographer Walter Christaller , who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places' providing economic services to surrounding areas. Christaller explained that a large number of small settlements will be situated relatively close to one another for efficiency, and because people don't want to travel far for everyday needs, like getting bread from

388-422: A K=3, 37-centre CP system: It was once thought that central place theory is not compatible with spatial interaction models (SIM). It is paradoxical however that some times towns or shopping centres are planned with CPT, and subsequently evaluated with SIM. Openshaw and Veneris (2003) succeeded in linking these two major regional theories in a clear and theoretically consistent way: using the data they derived from

485-519: A bakery. But people would travel further for more expensive and infrequent purchases or specialized goods and services which would be located in larger settlements that are farther apart. To develop the theory, Christaller made the following simplifying assumptions: All areas have: Therefore, the trade areas of these central places who provide a particular good or service must all be of equal size The theory then relied on two concepts: threshold and range . The result of these consumer preferences

582-460: A city in the delivery of medical care. Christaller also erred in the assumption that cities "emerge". In California and much of the United States, many cities were situated by the railroads at the time the tracks were laid. In California, towns founded by the railroads were 12 miles apart, the amount of track a section crew could maintain in the 1850s; larger towns were 60 miles apart, the distance

679-497: A common misunderstanding about heraldry , in which left and right – or sinister and dexter – are told from the armsbearer's point of view, not the viewer's. The example of the arms shown at the town's own website shows the crenellated (“embattled”) tower on top of the escutcheon ; however, the example at Heraldry of the World shows the arms without this. This same webpage also shows a coat of arms for Wittlich which apparently appeared in

776-554: A different vocabulary; it calls the colours by their everyday names. In its original sense, tincture refers only to the group conventionally referred to as "colours". But as the word "colour" seems inapplicable to the heraldic furs, and no other term clearly encompasses all three classes, the word "tincture" has come to be used in this broader sense, while "colour" has acquired the more restricted sense originally given to "tincture". Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term

873-410: A half of the market area of each of the six neighbouring lower-order places, as they are located on the edges of hexagons around the high-order settlements. This generates a hierarchy of central places which results in the most efficient transport network. There are maximum central places possible located on the main transport routes connecting the higher order center. The transportation principle involves

970-528: A label or collar blazoned as "white" rather than "argent" appears on a supporter blazoned argent or or. The use of "white" in place of "argent" would be consistent with the Victorian practice of heraldic blazon that discouraged repeating the name of a tincture in describing a coat of arms, but if it were merely intended as a synonym of "argent", this placement would clearly violate the rule against placing metal on metal or colour on colour (see below). This difficulty

1067-420: A lion passant gules, armed and langued argent", one might say, "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant of the field , armed and langued of the third ." Similar phrases include "of the last" and "of the like". Alternately, descriptions such as "gold" and "silver" might be substituted for "or" and "argent" on a subsequent occurrence. Another rule of blazon relating to tinctures suggests

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1164-598: A metal or a colour), and horizon blue . Silver gray has appeared in the heraldry of both the Army and the Air Force . Bronze appears as a colour in the arms of the Special Troops Battalion of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. There seems to be some confusion about the colour crimson , as in some cases it is treated as a separate tincture, while in others it is used to specify the shade of gules to be employed by

1261-701: A much larger threshold population and demand. He deduced that settlements would tend to form in a triangular/hexagonal lattice, as it is the most efficient pattern to serve areas without any overlap. In the orderly arrangement of an urban hierarchy, seven different principal orders of settlement have been identified by Christaller, providing different groups of goods and services. Settlement are regularly spaced - equidistant spacing between same order centers, with larger centers farther apart than smaller centers. Settlements have hexagonal market areas, and are most efficient in number and functions. The different layouts predicted by Christaller have K -values which show how much

1358-447: A much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour; and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules. Three more tinctures were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities: sanguine , a blood red, murrey , a dark red or mulberry colour; and tenné , an orange or dark yellow to brownish colour. These were termed "stains" by some of

1455-423: A range of different colours is found in nature; for instance, a popinjay proper is green, even though wild parrots occur in a variety of colours. In some cases, a charge depicted in a particular set of colours may be referred to as "proper", even though it consists entirely of heraldic tinctures; a rose proper , whether red or white, is barbed vert and seeded or . The most extensive use of non-heraldic colours

1552-542: A regular basis. Sanguine from the Latin sanguineus , "blood red", one the so-called "stains" in British armory, is a dark blood red between gules and purpure in hue. It probably originated as a mere variation of red and may in fact represent the original hue of purpure , which is now treated as a much bluer colour than when it first appeared in heraldry. It was long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on

1649-494: A specialty, and also to link specialties that needed to cooperate and locate near each other, such as hematology, oncology, and pathology, or cardiology, thoracic surgery and pulmonology. Her work is important for the study of physician location—where physicians choose to practice and where their practices will have a sufficient population size to support them. The income level of the population determines whether sufficient physicians will practice in an area and whether public subsidy

1746-491: A steam engine could travel before needing water. Older towns were founded a day's horse ride apart by the Spanish priests who founded early missions. In medical care regions described by Smith, there is a hierarchy of services, with primary care ideally distributed throughout an area, middle sized cities offering secondary care, and metropolitan areas with tertiary care. Income, size of population, population demographics, distance to

1843-442: Is avoided if "white" is considered a colour in this particular instance, rather than a synonym of "argent". This interpretation has neither been accepted nor refuted by any heraldic authority, but a counter-argument is that the labels are not intended to represent a heraldic tincture, but are in fact white labels proper. Other exceptional colours have occasionally appeared during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: The arms of

1940-454: Is coloured as it naturally appears is blazoned proper (Fr. propre ), or "the colour of nature". Strictly speaking, proper is not a tincture in itself, and if, as is sometimes the case, a charge is meant to be depicted in particular colours that are not apparent from the word "proper" alone, they may be specified in whatever detail is necessary. Certain charges are considered "proper" when portrayed with particular colours, even though

2037-450: Is designated by a letter or abbreviation. Historically, particularly between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, the tinctures were sometimes associated with the planets, precious stones, virtues, and elements. However, in contemporary heraldry they are not assigned any particular meaning. The use of tinctures dates back to the formative period of European heraldry in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The range of tinctures and

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2134-504: Is from Latin viridis , "green". The alternative name in French, sinople , is derived from the ancient city of Sinope in Asia Minor ( Turkey ), which was famous for its pigments. Purpure (Fr. purpure or pourpre , Ger. Purpur ) is from Latin purpura , in turn from Greek porphyra , the dye known as Tyrian purple . This expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced

2231-468: Is given. In most heraldic tradition, the various metals and colours have no fixed appearance, hue, or shade. The heraldic artist is free to choose a lighter or darker blue or green, a deeper or brighter red; to choose between depicting or with yellow or any of various gold paints, to depict argent as white or silver. Recently the College of Arms explained, "there are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If

2328-548: Is more often represented by white, in part because of the tendency for silver paint to oxidize and darken over time, and in part because of the pleasing effect of white against a contrasting colour. Notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour. The five common colours in heraldry are gules , or red; sable , or black; azure , or blue; vert , or green; and purpure , or purple. Gules (Fr. gueules , Ger. Rot )

2425-463: Is needed to maintain the health of the population. The distribution of medical care in California followed patterns having to do with the settlement of cities. Cities and their hinterlands having characteristics of the traffic principle (see K=4 above) usually have six thoroughfares through them—the thoroughfares including highways, rivers, railroads, and canals. They are most efficient and can deliver

2522-449: Is not, and internal commas are entirely omitted. The first so-called "rule" of heraldry is the rule of tincture : metal should not be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour , for the sake of contrast. The main duty of a heraldic device is to be recognized, and the dark colours or light metals are supposed to be too difficult to distinguish if they are placed on top of other dark or light colours, particularly in poor light. Though this

2619-616: Is of uncertain derivation; outside of the heraldic context, the modern French word refers to the mouth of an animal. Sable (Ger. Schwarz ) is named for a type of marten , known for its dark, luxuriant fur. Azure (Fr. azur or bleu , Ger. Blau ) comes through the Arabic lāzaward , from the Persian lāžavard both referring to the blue mineral lapis lazuli , used to produce blue pigments. Vert (Fr. vert or sinople , Ger. Grün )

2716-448: Is possible to overcome the static aspect of CPT. Veneris (1984) developed a theoretical model which starts with (a) a system of evenly distributed ("medieval") towns; (b) new economic activities are located in some towns thus causing differentiation and evolution into a hierarchical ("industrial") city system; (c) further differentiation leads into a post-hierarchical ("postindustrial") city system. This evolution can be modelled by means of

2813-405: Is probably associated with "landscape heraldry", a common feature of British and German armory during the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the early part of the nineteenth. Although rarely used for the field itself, landscapes were often granted as augmentations , typically depicting a fortress successfully captured or defended, or a particular ship, or a battle in which the armiger to whom

2910-482: Is surrounded by 7, rather than 6, settlements. Each satellite is 10–15 miles from Cambridge and each lies on a major road leading out of Cambridge: As all of the satellite settlements are on transport links, this is a good example of a K=4 CPT model (although in this case it is K=4.5 due to 7 rather than 6 settlements). Another example of the use of CPT was in the delineation of Medical Care Regions in California. A hierarchy of primary, secondary and tertiary care cities

3007-402: Is that Christaller's original formulation is incorrect in several ways (Smith). These errors become apparent if we try to make CPT "operational", that is if we try to derive numerical data out of the theoretical schemata. These problems have been identified for by Veneris (1984) and subsequently by Openshaw and Veneris (2003), who provided also theoretically sound and consistent solutions, based on

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3104-400: Is that a system of centers of various sizes will emerge. Each center will supply particular types of goods forming levels of hierarchy. In the functional hierarchies, generalizations can be made regarding the spacing, size and function of settlements. The higher the order of the goods and services (more durable, valuable and variable), the larger the range of the goods and services, the longer

3201-457: Is the control principle in this hierarchy. The validity of the place theory may vary with local factors, such as climate, topography, history of development, technological improvement and personal preference of consumers and suppliers. However, it is still possible to discern Christaller patterns in most distributions of urban centres, even though these patterns will often be distorted by the terrain or imperfect because of suboptimal (with regard to

3298-479: Is the practical genesis of the rule, the rule is technical and appearance is not used in determining whether arms conform to the rule. Another reason sometimes given to justify this rule is that it was difficult to paint enamel colours over other enamel colours, or with metal over metal. This "rule" has at times been followed so pedantically that arms that violate it were called armes fausses "false arms" or armes à enquérir "arms of enquiry"; any violation

3395-511: Is used to depict ermine. There is considerable variation in the shape of ermine spots; in the oldest depictions, they were drawn realistically, as long, tapering points; in modern times they are typically drawn as arrowheads, usually topped by three small dots. Vair (Ger. Feh ) derives its name from Latin varius , "variegated". It is usually depicted as a series of alternating shapes, conventionally known as panes or "vair bells", of argent and azure, arranged in horizontal rows, so that

3492-487: Is white. When the pattern of vair is used with other colours, the field is termed vairé or vairy of the tinctures used. Normally vairé consists of one metal and one colour, although ermine or one of its variants is sometimes used, with an ermine spot appearing in each pane of that tincture. Vairé of four colours (Ger. Buntfeh , "gay-coloured" or "checked vair") is also known, usually consisting of two metals and two colours. Several variant shapes exist, of which

3589-706: The Jewish Autonomous Region in Russia have a field of aquamarine . The Canadian Heraldic Authority granted arms containing rose as a colour in 1997. In 2002, the Authority granted arms including copper , treated as a metal, to the municipality of Whitehorse, Yukon . Ochre , both red and yellow, appears in South African heraldry ; the national coat of arms , adopted in 2000, includes red ochre , while (possibly yellow but more likely red) ochre appears in

3686-608: The Tractatus de Armis omits purple. A fourteenth-century English treatise, possibly by the same author as the Tractatus de Armis , does make the distinction between colours and metals and lists the seven in contemporary use in addition to the colour tawny , which it states is used only in France and the Holy Roman Empire . The Accedence of Armory , written by Gerard Legh in 1562, also distinguishes between colours and metals, listing

3783-569: The Victorian era , when heraldic scholars and artists began looking to earlier and simpler periods of armorial design for inspiration. In the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on Norman French . With respect to the heraldic tinctures, French heraldry, which is often cited by heraldic authors, uses similar terminology. However, German heraldry, also highly influential, uses

3880-630: The Wittlich Depression . This stretch of country is bounded in the west by the low mountains of the Moselle Eifel and in the east by the Moselle valley. Wittlich's Stadtteile or Ortsbezirke (districts or suburbs), besides the main centre, also called Wittlich, are Bombogen, Dorf, Lüxem, Neuerburg, and Wengerohr, each of which was a self-administering municipality. until 7 June 1969. The oldest known remnants of human settlement activity come from

3977-681: The 700th-anniversary celebrations in 1991. In the middle ages, the prince-electors of Trier constructed a castle in Wittlich, Burg Ottenstein. This castle was replaced in the 18th century by a hunting lodge, Schloss Philippsfreude , which was destroyed during the times of the French Revolution . In 1912, Germany's first youth prison was built in Wittlich, which also still borders on the Justizvollzugsanstalt Wittlich (“Wittlich Correctional Facility”). During World War II , in 1940,

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4074-654: The Anglo-Norman De Heraudie , which has been dated to between 1280–1300 or 1341–45, the Italian Tractatus de Insigniis et Armis , published in 1358, the Tractatus de Armis , which dates from shortly after 1394, or the mid-fifteenth century Bradfer-Lawrence Roll . In addition, while De Heraudie and the Bradfer-Lawrence list the seven common metals and colours of contemporary heraldry, the Tractatus de Insigniis combines red and purple and omits green, and

4171-521: The Koblenz-Trier railway line. Franklin Fueling Systems GmbH manages a major distribution warehouse supplying fueling and service station equipment to all of Europe, Middle East and Africa. Central place theory Central place theory is an urban geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and range of market services in a commercial system or human settlements in

4268-429: The Latin aurum , "gold". It may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artist's discretion; "yellow" has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or. Argent (Ger. Weiß , Weiss , Silber , or silbern ) is similarly derived from the Latin argentum , "silver". Although sometimes depicted as metallic silver or faint grey, it

4365-576: The Netherlands provide an isotropic plane on which settlements have developed and in certain areas 6 small towns can be seen surrounding a larger town, especially in the Noord-Oostpolder and Flevoland. The Fens of East Anglia in the UK also provide a large expanse of flat land with no natural barriers to settlement development. Cambridge is a good example of a K=4 Transport Model Central Place, although it

4462-581: The Tudor officer of arms Thomas Wriothesley , for example, use for purpure a reddish-purple shade which would now be described as murrey . Over time, variations on these basic tinctures were developed, particularly with respect to the furs. Authorities differ as to whether these variations should be considered separate tinctures, or merely varieties of existing ones. Two additional colours appeared, and were generally accepted by heraldic writers, although they remained scarce, and were eventually termed stains , from

4559-692: The arms of the University of Transkei . In the United States , heraldry is not governed by any official authority; but the United States Army , which makes extensive use of heraldry, does have its own authority, the United States Army Institute of Heraldry . The armorial designs of the Institute of Heraldry include a number of novel tinctures, including buff (employed variously as either

4656-483: The artist. Similar issue exists about a blue-green colour referred to as teal or turquoise which is either treated separate or as a specific shade of azure or céleste. Differing from most heraldic practice, the Institute of Heraldry often specifies the exact shades to be used in depicting various arms. Buff is also used by the Canadian Heraldic Authority , who treat it as a colour. A charge that

4753-471: The augmentation was granted was involved. Such landscapes, usually appearing on a chief, might be blazoned with great particularity as to the things portrayed and the colours used to portray them. Officially, these landscapes appeared on a field of argent, but it was common, and perhaps expected, for the artist to add further details, such as the sky and clouds, by which the field might be wholly obscured. The use of landscapes in heraldry fell out of fashion during

4850-529: The belief that they were used to signify some dishonour on the part of the bearer. Other colours have appeared occasionally since the eighteenth century, especially in continental heraldry, but their use is infrequent, and they have never been regarded as particularly heraldic, or numbered among the tinctures that form the basis of heraldic design. The frequency with which different tinctures have been used over time has been much observed, but little studied. There are some general trends of note, both with respect to

4947-419: The blazon, but no other words. In the elaborate calligraphy appearing on most grants of arms, all of the tinctures are capitalized, as indeed are the names of the charges, but this is purely a matter of decorative style, and in no way does the manner of capitalization used in the original grant affect how the arms may be described on other occasions. A long-standing heraldic tradition has been to avoid repeating

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5044-521: The carrot that the gatekeeper had used instead of the bolt, which he could not find; all swine in the town were accordingly punished with burning – meaning, in effect, a huge pork barbecue). In October, Wittlich also holds Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest Oktoberfest . Wittlich also has a public access channel , the Offener Kanal Wittlich , which several times weekly reports on local news, events and suchlike. In Wittlich, counting only workers on

5141-424: The corner of a largest hexagon around low value the high-order settlement. Each high-order settlement gets one-third of each satellite settlement (which are 6 in total), thus K  = 1 + 6 ×  1 ⁄ 3  = 3. However, in this K = 3 marketing network the distance traveled is minimized. According to K' 4 transport principle, the market area of a higher-order place includes

5238-601: The distance people are willing to travel to acquire them. Although, higher goods can increase the price of lower goods or knock off versions of the higher goods. At the base of the hierarchy pyramid are shopping centres, newsagents etc. which sell low order goods. These centres are small. At the top of the pyramid are centres selling high order goods. These centres are large. Examples for low order goods and services are: newspaper stalls, groceries, bakeries and post offices. Examples for high order goods and services include jewelry, large shopping malls and arcades. They are supported by

5335-404: The early 14th century, on the other hand, showed a two-key charge quite similar to the one in today's arms, thus providing the model for the coat of arms now borne by the town. The crenellated tower on top of the escutcheon was only “rediscovered” much later. Wittlich fosters partnerships with the following places: Wittlich's Shrovetide festivities – Fastnacht – are outfitted each year by

5432-445: The furs ermine , which represents the winter fur of a stoat , and vair , which represents the fur of a red squirrel . The use of other tinctures varies depending on the time period and heraldic tradition in question. Where the tinctures are not depicted in full colour, they may be represented using one of several systems of hatching , in which each tincture is assigned a distinct pattern, or tricking , in which each tincture

5529-402: The importance of a city. Smith recognized that although population size was important to the area served by a city, the number of kinds of services offered there was more important as a measure of the importance of a city in attracting consumers. In applying CPT to describe the delivery of medical care in California, Smith counted the number of physician specialties to determine the importance of

5626-512: The lining of crowns and caps. In fact, furs occur infrequently in German and Nordic heraldry. The colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as metals , colours , and furs . The metals are or and argent , representing gold and silver respectively, although in practice they are often depicted as yellow and white. Or (Ger. Gelb , Gold , or golden ) derives its name from

5723-483: The lowest cost services because transportation is cheaper. Those having settled on the market principle (K=3 above) have more expensive services and goods, as they were founded at times when transportation was more primitive. In Appalachia, for example, the market principle still prevails and rural medical care is much more expensive. CPT is often criticized as being "unrealistic". However, several studies show that it can describe existing urban systems. An important issue

5820-456: The manner of depicting and describing them has evolved over time, as new variations and practices have developed. The earliest surviving coloured heraldic illustrations, from the mid-thirteenth century, show the use of the two metals, five colours, and two furs. Since that time, the great majority of heraldic art has employed these nine tinctures. The distinction between colours and metals is not made in many medieval heraldic treatises, including

5917-415: The marketing principle. According to K = 7 administrative principle (or political-social principle), settlements are nested according to sevens. The market areas of the smaller settlements are completely enclosed within the market area of the larger settlement. Since tributary areas cannot be split administratively, they must be allocated exclusively to a single higher-order place. Efficient administration

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6014-404: The metals and colours dates to the beginning of the art. In this earliest period, there were only two furs, ermine and vair. Ermine represents the fur of the stoat , a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. Vair represents the winter coat of the red squirrel , which is blue-grey above and white below. These furs were commonly used to line the cloaks and robes of

6111-409: The minimization of the length of roads connecting central places at all hierarchy levels. In this system of nesting, the lower order centres are all located along the roads linking the higher order centres. This alignment of places along a road leads to minimization of road length. However, for each higher order centre, there are now four centres of immediate lower order, as opposed to three centres under

6208-439: The more influential heraldic writers and supposed to represent some sort of dishonour on the part of the bearer, but there is no evidence that they were ever so employed and they probably originated as mere variations of existing colours. Nevertheless, the belief that they represented stains upon the honour of an armiger served to prevent them receiving widespread use, and it is only in recent times that they have begun to appear on

6305-403: The most common is known as potent (Ger. Sturzkrückenfeh , "upside-down crutch vair"). In this form, the familiar "vair bell" is replaced by a T-shaped figure, known as a "potent" due to its resemblance to a crutch. Other furs sometimes encountered in continental heraldry, which are thought to be derived from vair, include plumeté or plumetty and papelonné or papellony . In plumeté ,

6402-404: The names of tinctures multiple times in any given blazon. If it is possible to mention multiple charges of the same tincture at once, followed by the name of the tincture, then this problem is avoided, but when it is impossible to combine elements of the same tincture in this manner, more creative descriptions may be used. For example, instead of "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent,

6499-426: The next service center, all had an influence on the number and kind of specialists located in a population center. (Smith, 1977, 1979) For example, orthopedic surgeons are found in ski areas, obstetricians in the suburbs, and boutique specialties such as hypnosis, plastic surgery, psychiatry are more likely to be found in high income areas. It was possible to estimate the size of population (threshold) needed to support

6596-402: The nobility. Both ermine and vair give the appearance of being a combination of metal and colour, but in heraldic convention they are considered a separate class of tincture that is neither metal nor colour. Over time, several variations of ermine and vair have appeared, together with three additional furs typically encountered in continental heraldry, known as plumeté , papelonné , and kürsch ,

6693-450: The official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artists to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate." Most heraldic authors do not capitalize the names of the various tinctures, although a few do (sometimes inconsistently), and some who do not capitalize

6790-413: The old Coffee Hag albums . It might be described as “Argent two keys per saltire, the wards to chief, the one in bend sinister surmounting the other, azure.” In other words, the field tincture was silver (“argent”) instead of red (“gules”), and the keys were not only blue instead of silver, but also crossed to form an X (“per saltire”). Whichever way the keys are arranged, they symbolize Saint Peter, who

6887-425: The operationalization of CPT, they experimented with several SIM. Following a thorough investigation via computer simulation, they reached important theoretical and practical conclusions. Smith was able to delineate medical care regions (the range), describe the hierarchy of medical services, the population base required of each medical specialty (threshold), the efficiency of regions, and the importance of how an area

6984-427: The optimal distribution of centres) historical development decisions. Economic status of consumers in an area is also important. Consumers of higher economic status tend to be more mobile and therefore bypass centers providing only lower order goods. The application of central place theory must be tempered by an awareness of such factors when planning shopping center space location. Purchasing power and density affect

7081-420: The origins of which are more mysterious, but which probably began as variations of vair. Ermine (Fr. hermine , Ger. hermelin ) is normally depicted as a white field powdered with black spots, known as "ermine spots", representing the ermine's black tail. The use of white instead of silver is normal, even when silver is available, since this is how the fur naturally appears; but occasionally silver

7178-411: The other tinctures recommend capitalizing or in order to avoid confusion with the conjunction. However, there are relatively few occasions in which the conjunction "or" would appear in the blazon of a coat of arms, and if properly worded, which meaning is intended should be readily apparent from the context. Another convention has been to capitalize only the first word or the first tincture appearing in

7275-402: The panes are depicted as feathers; in papelonné they are depicted as scales, resembling those of a butterfly's wings (whence the name is derived). These can be modified with the colour, arrangement, and size variants of vair, though those variants are much less common. In German heraldry there is also a fur known as Kürsch , or "vair bellies", consisting of panes depicted hairy and brown. Here

7372-414: The panes of one tincture form the upper part of the row, while those of the opposite tincture are on the bottom. Succeeding rows are staggered, so that the bases of the panes making up each row are opposite those of the other tincture in the rows above and below. As with ermine, the argent panes may be depicted as either white or silver; silver is used more often with vair than with ermine, but the natural fur

7469-713: The part of the bearer. Murrey , from the Greek morum , "mulberry", it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Murrey is also the official colour of the Order of the Bath ribbon. Tenné or tenny or tawny , from Latin tannare , "to tan". It is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was occasionally used in continental heraldry, but in England largely confined to livery . The use of heraldic furs alongside

7566-420: The passage of time, and noted preferences from one region to another. In medieval heraldry, gules was by far the most common tincture, followed by the metals argent and or , at least one of which necessarily appeared on the majority of arms (see below). Among the colours, sable was the second most common, followed by azure . Vert , although present from the formative period of heraldic design,

7663-413: The phrase "vair bellies" may be a misnomer, as the belly of the red squirrel is always white, although its summer coat is indeed reddish brown. Several other tinctures are occasionally encountered, usually in continental heraldry: The heraldic scholar A. C. Fox-Davies proposed that, in some circumstances, white should be considered a heraldic colour, distinct from argent . In a number of instances,

7760-402: The placing of a comma after each occurrence of a tincture. In recent years, the College of Arms has regularly dispensed with many of these practices, believing them to cause confusion, and in new grants of arms, the names of tinctures are repeated on each instance that they occur. The names of all tinctures and charges are capitalized, although the word "proper", indicating the colour of nature,

7857-469: The planning of " new towns ". In this new town, the hierarchy of business centers is evident. One main shopping center provides mostly durable goods (higher order); district and local shopping centers supply, increasingly, convenience (lower order) goods. These centers provided for in the new town plan are not free from outside competition. The impacts of surrounding existing centers on the new town centers cannot be ignored. The newly reclaimed polders of

7954-427: The seven in contemporary use as well as proper , the natural colour of any animal, bird, or herb. Legh rejects tawny as non-existent and sanguine or murrey , a reddish-brown tincture, as a mistake for purpure . The tinctures are not standardised, with any shade being acceptable so long as it cannot be confused with another tincture. Purpure , in particular, has been depicted in a range of shades; many grants by

8051-508: The social welfare contribution rolls, 14,500 people have jobs. This rises to more than 16,000 if officials and the self-employed are counted, making Wittlich's job density about 852 for each thousand inhabitants, and putting Wittlich itself in the very highest group of towns in Rhineland-Palatinate. Wittlich's importance as an economic and tourism centre is favoured by its location on two autobahns and by its mainline railway station on

8148-400: The spacing of centers and hierarchical arrangements. Sufficient densities will allow, for example, a grocery store, a lower order function, to survive in an isolated location. Factors shaping the extent of market areas: Market area studies provide another technique for using central place theory as a retail location planning tool. The hierarchy of shopping centers has been widely used within

8245-443: The sphere of influence of the central places takes in — the central place itself counts as 1 and each portion of a satellite counts as its portion: According to the marketing principle K = 3, the market area of a higher-order place (node) occupies one-third of the market area of each of the consecutive lower size place (node) that lies on its neighbour; the lower size nodes (6 in numbers and second larger circles) are located at

8342-470: The third millennium BC. In Roman times there stood right on the River Lieser, where the autobahn bridge is now, a stately villa rustica or countryside villa. In 1065, Wittlich had its first documentary mention. In 1300, Archbishop-Elector Diether von Nassau of Trier granted Wittlich town rights. It had long been assumed, however, that Wittlich had already been granted town rights in 1291, leading to

8439-516: The three major CPT theories: stage (a) is a system of von Thünen "isolated states"; stage (b) is a Christallerian hierarchical system; stage (c) is a Löschian post-hierarchical system. Furthermore, stage (b) corresponds to Christopher Alexander 's "tree" city, while (c) is similar to his "lattice" system (following his dictum "the city is not a tree"). According to Margot Smith, Walter Christaller erred in his development of CPT in 1930 by using size of population and number of telephones in determining

8536-745: The town of Wittlich. The council is made up of 32 honorary council members, and a full-time mayor as chairman. Recent municipal elections have yielded the following results: The German blazon reads: In rotem Feld parallel nebeneinander zwei aufrecht, mit dem Schlüsselbart nach oben voneinander abgekehrte silberne Schlüssel mit übereinandergelegten Griffen, wobei der linke über dem rechten angeordnet ist. Die Mauerkrone ist Zierelement des Wappens: ein Zinnenturm mit offenem Tor in der Mitte zwischen Mauern und Zinnen. The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Gules two keys palewise addorsed,

8633-539: The two Carnival clubs, Schääl Saidt e.V. and Narrenzunft Rot-Weiß e.V. (“Fools’ Guild”). On the third weekend in August, the Säubrennerkirmes (“Sow Burner Fair”) is held; it is one of Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest folk festivals and was begun in 1951, based on the mediaeval Säubrennersage (a legend that tells of a sow that inadvertently allowed a siege force to enter Wittlich, sack it and burn it down after she ate

8730-403: The wards to chief and the bow of the dexter surmounting that of the sinister, argent, ensigning the shield a tower with an open gateway and flanking walls, the whole embattled, of the second. The German blazon identifies the “left” key as the one that surmounts the other, although the example shown at the town's own website clearly shows the dexter key surmounting the sinister. This may arise from

8827-443: The whole, French heraldry is known for its use of azure and or , while English heraldry is characterized by heavy use of gules and argent , and unlike French heraldry, it has always made regular use of vert , and occasional, if not extensive, use of purpure . German heraldry is known for its extensive use of or and sable . German and Nordic heraldry rarely make use of purpure or ermine , except in mantling , pavilions, and

8924-420: Was a very distant fifth choice, while vert remained scarce. Among commoners, azure was easily the most common tincture, followed by or , and only then by gules , argent , and sable , which was used more by commoners than among the nobility; vert , however, was even scarcer in common arms. Purpure is so scarce in French heraldry that some authorities do not regard it as a "real heraldic tincture". On

9021-541: Was described, and the population size and income needed to support each medical care specialty in California determined. The central place theory has been criticized for being static; it does not incorporate the temporal aspect in the development of central places. Furthermore, the theory holds up well when it comes to agricultural areas, but not industrial or postindustrial areas due to their diversified nature of various services or their varied distribution of natural resources. Newer theoretical developments have shown that it

9118-577: Was presumed to be intentional, to the point that one was supposed to enquire how it came to pass. One of the most famous armes à enquérir was the shield of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , which had gold crosses on silver. This use of white and gold together is also seen on the arms of the King of Jerusalem , the flag and arms of the Vatican, and the bishop's mitre in the arms of Andorra. These uses of gold on silver indicate

9215-448: Was relatively scarce. Over time, the popularity of azure increased above that of sable , while gules , still the most common, became less dominant. A survey of French arms granted during the seventeenth century reveals a distinct split between the trends for the arms granted to nobles and commoners. Among nobles, gules remained the most common tincture, closely followed by or , then by argent and azure at nearly equal levels; sable

9312-427: Was settled to the delivery of medical care, that is, according to traffic, market or administrative principles. Tincture (heraldry) Tinctures are the colours, metals, and furs used in heraldry . Nine tinctures are in common use: two metals, or (gold or yellow) and argent (silver or white); the colours gules (red), azure (blue), vert (green), sable (black), and purpure (purple); and

9409-596: Was the patron saint of the Electorate of Trier , to which Wittlich belonged until 1794. The current tinctures were the ones borne by Trier, whereas the ones in the Coffee Hag image were those borne by the House of Wittelsbach . The town's first great seal, from the time just after Wittlich had been raised to town, showed a crenellated tower over an open gate between two turrets, each with a roundle high on its wall. The court seal from

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