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42-408: On 15 November 1988, white supremacist Barend Strydom carried out a shooting spree at Strijdom Square in central Pretoria , South Africa, killing eight people and injuring 16 others. Seven of the victims were black, while one was Indian . Strydom was later convicted and sentenced to death for the attack, but was released from prison as a political prisoner by F. W. de Klerk in 1992, and amnestied by

84-444: A race war and that his actions were necessary for the survival of his people. He told the police he was sorry he had not killed more. Strydom made jokes and laughed in court, joking that he shot one of his victims because she "used up oxygen". During the proceedings, two psychologists and a psychiatrist testified that Strydom was "eccentric but not insane" and knew what he was doing. Strydom showed no remorse for his actions during

126-457: A "cooling-off period" is arbitrary. Serial killers commit murders in separate events, at different times. Mass murderers are defined by one incident, with no distinctive period between the murders. How to distinguish a spree killer from a mass murderer, or a serial killer, is subject to considerable debate, and the terms are not consistently applied even within the academic literature. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics has defined

168-562: A bus. After Kritzinger was sentenced, Strydom read out a statement of support for him, and described him as a prisoner of war . Kritzinger had previously expressed support for the Wit Wolwe, Strydom's nonexistent far right group. In 2008, Strydom testified at the Boeremag trial , after he was called to the stand to defend Adriaan van Wy. He stated during his testimony that he still believed black people were not human. The head prosecutor in that case

210-463: A killing spree may last weeks or months, e.g. the case of Andrew Cunanan , who murdered five people over three months. The general definition of spree murder is two or more murders committed by a person (or people) with no cooling-off period, in contrast to serial murder , where there is a period of time between killings. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has found the category to be of no real value to law enforcement because quantifying

252-535: A large statue of Strijdom's disembodied head, which was considered its signature feature. The Delmas Treason Trial was ongoing in Pretoria at the time. Barend Hendrik Strydom (born 1965), was born in Wenen, Natal , South Africa . Strydom's mother killed herself at the age of 23, when he was 18 months old. At the time of the suicide, she was alone with Strydom, who was found with blue strangulation marks on his neck. Strydom

294-468: A location due to its namesake. Once at the square he opened fire at random at any black person he saw. He shot one man outside the State Theatre, before crossing Church Street and headed back towards Prinsloo street. On the corner of Church Street and Prinsloo street he shot an additional two people. He walked three more blocks, shooting people all the while, before turning down Struben Street and entering

336-464: A mass murderer and Cunanan a serial killer. In Controversial Issues in Criminology , Fuller and Hickey write that "[t]he element of time involved between murderous acts is primary in the differentiation of serial, mass, and spree murderers", later elaborating those spree killers "will engage in the killing acts for days or weeks" while the "methods of murder and types of victims vary". Andrew Cunanan

378-524: A medical doctor. After a strict selection program, one can specialize for 4.5-years in psychiatry. During this specialization, the resident has to do a 6-month residency in the field of social psychiatry, a 12-month residency in a field of their own choice (which can be child psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, somatic medicine, or medical research). To become an adolescent psychiatrist, one has to do an extra specialization period of 2 more years. In short, this means that it takes at least 10.5 years of study to become

420-531: A minimum of two months of neurology during their first year of residency, referred to as an "internship". After completing their training, psychiatrists are eligible to take a specialty board examination to become board-certified. The total amount of time required to complete educational and training requirements in the field of psychiatry in the United States is twelve years after high school. Subspecialists in child and adolescent psychiatry are required to complete

462-567: A psychiatrist which can go up to 12.5 years if one becomes a children's and adolescent psychiatrist. In Pakistan , one must complete basic medical education, an MBBS, then get registered with the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) as a general practitioner after a one-year mandatory internship, house job. After registration with PMDC, one has to take the FCPS-I exam. After that, they pursue four additional years of training in psychiatry at

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504-478: A real group, which had started in the 1970s. Strydom also said that he had meditated and prayed a number of days before the attack and said that God had not given him any sign to not to carry out the attack. On 15 November 1988 Strydom, age 23, dressed in camouflage and carrying a 9mm Vektor pistol, two magazines, and 200 loose bullets, travelled to central Pretoria . At about 3 p.m., Strydom parked his car on Prinsloo Street and walked to Strijdom Square, chosen as

546-579: A spree killing as "killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders". The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment lists five different categories of spree killers and cites Mark O. Barton as an example of the second one. He is also noted alongside mass murderers, such as Patrick Sherrill , in the respective entry about mass murder. In The Anatomy of Motive , John E. Douglas cites Charles Starkweather and Andrew Cunanan (who murdered five people over three months) as examples of spree killers, while Jack Levin calls Starkweather

588-439: A wide variety of settings. Some are full-time medical researchers , many see patients in private medical practices, and consult liaison psychiatrists see patients in hospital settings where psychiatric and other medical conditions interact. While requirements to become a psychiatric physician differ from country to country, all require a medical degree . In India , a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree

630-433: Is given as an example of spree killing, while Charles Whitman is mentioned in connection with mass murder and Jeffrey Dahmer with serial killing. In Serial Murder, Ronald M. Holmes and Stephen   T. Holmes defines spree murder as "the killing of three or more people within a 30-day period" and add that killing sprees are "usually accompanied by the commission of another felony." They cite Charles Starkweather and

672-451: Is open to both neurologists and psychiatrists. Some psychiatrists specialize in helping certain age groups. Pediatric psychiatry is the area of the profession working with children in addressing psychological problems. Psychiatrists specializing in geriatric psychiatry work with the elderly and are called geriatric psychiatrists or geropsychiatrists. Those who practice psychiatry in the workplace are called occupational psychiatrists in

714-467: Is the basic qualification needed to do psychiatry. After completing an MBBS (including an internship), they can attend various PG medical entrance exams and get a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) in psychiatry, which is a 3-year course. Diploma course in psychiatry or DNB psychiatry can also be taken to become a psychiatrist. In the Netherlands , one must complete medical school after which one is certified as

756-520: The Beltway Snipers as examples of spree killers. They define serial murder as "the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days, with a significant cooling-off period between the killings." Under this definition, Andrew Cunanan would be categorized as a serial killer and not a spree killer. In Sexual Homicide , Ressler, Burgess and Douglas gave more emphasis to killings being at more than one location, and less precision about

798-605: The College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan . Training includes rotations in general medicine, neurology, and clinical psychology for three months each, during the first two years. There is a mid-exam intermediate module and a final exam after four years. In the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), psychiatrists are required to obtain a medical degree, followed by a minimum of six years of specialized training. Then, they must achieve fellowship at

840-631: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1994. Located in the center of Pretoria, what later became Strijdom Square was initially known as the Market Square. The location hosted several important marketplaces and acted as a center of economic activity. As a result, the square became an important location in Pretoria. In the 1970s, a monument was erected in the square to commemorate South African prime minister J. G. Strijdom , known for his support of racial segregation and his baaskap policy. The square contained

882-594: The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists and attain the qualification of 'specialist in psychiatry' from the Medical Council. Certified psychiatrists are included in the registry. The fees charged by specialist psychiatrists vary. In private clinics, the cost of a consultation starts from HK$ 1,500. Compared to private clinics, the fees for specialist outpatient services of the Hospital Authority are lower, but

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924-642: The Republic of Ireland to achieve registration as a basic medical practitioner. Training in psychiatry can then begin and it is taken in two parts: three years of basic specialist training culminating in the MRCPsych exam, followed by three years of higher specialist training referred to as "ST4-6" in the UK and "Senior Registrar Training" in the Republic of Ireland. Candidates with MRCPsych degree and complete basic training must reinterview for higher specialist training. At this stage,

966-485: The Sato Engineering building. Once inside he walked over to a counter and began to reload his gun. The shooting ended when a black taxi driver, Simon Mukondoleli, followed him into Sato Engineering, and tapped Strydom on the shoulder. Once Strydom turned around, Mukondoleli grabbed Strydom's pistol from the counter and pointed it at him. Strydom raised his hands and said "You've got me." Both men then walked back out into

1008-538: The US or Canada and frequently takes around 8–9 years following graduation from medical school. Those with a CC(S)T will be able to apply for consultant posts. Those with training from outside the EU/EEA should consult local/native medical boards to review their qualifications and eligibility for equivalence recognition (for example, those with a US residency and ABPN qualification). In the United States and Canada, one must first attain

1050-486: The US, are certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) and require Maintenance of Certification Program to continue. These include the following: Further, other specialties that exist include: The United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties in the United States offers certification and fellowship program accreditation in the subspecialties of behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry , which

1092-942: The United States and occupational psychology is the name used for the most similar discipline in the UK. Psychiatrists working in the courtroom and reporting to the judge and jury, in both criminal and civil court cases, are called forensic psychiatrists , who also treat mentally disordered offenders and other patients whose condition is such that they have to be treated in secure units. Other psychiatrists may also specialize in psychopharmacology , psychotherapy , psychiatric genetics , neuroimaging , dementia -related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , sleep medicine , pain medicine , palliative medicine , eating disorders , sexual disorders , women's health , global mental health , early psychosis intervention , mood disorders and anxiety disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder . Psychiatrists work in

1134-485: The clinical assessment process, psychiatrists may employ a mental status examination ; a physical examination ; brain imaging such as a computerized tomography , magnetic resonance imaging , or positron emission tomography scan; and blood testing . Psychiatrists use pharmacologic , psychotherapeutic , and/or interventional approaches to treat mental disorders. The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties that require additional ( fellowship ) training, which, in

1176-412: The crimes of both McBride and Strydom as "atrocious", but that their release was to help black-white political negotiations move forward. Simon Mukondoleli was later killed in an attack in 1991, possibly related to his work as a private investigator. On the 30th anniversary of the attack, on 15 November 2018, the names of the victims were read aloud in a ceremony. A commemorative plaque was dedicated in

1218-629: The degree of M.D. or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine , followed by practice as a psychiatric resident for another four years (five years in Canada). This extended period involves comprehensive training in psychiatric diagnosis, psychopharmacology, medical care issues, and psychotherapies. All accredited psychiatry residencies in the United States require proficiency in cognitive behavioral, brief , psychodynamic , and supportive psychotherapies . Psychiatry residents are required to complete at least four post-graduate months of internal medicine or pediatrics, plus

1260-428: The development of special interests such as forensic or child/adolescent takes place. At the end of 3 years of higher specialist training, candidates are awarded a Certificate of Completion of (Specialist) Training (CC(S)T). At this stage, the psychiatrist can register as a specialist, and the qualification of CC(S)T is recognized in all EU/EEA states. As such, training in the UK and Ireland is considerably longer than in

1302-503: The proceedings and claimed that he acted according to the will of god. When asked how an elderly woman could threaten him, he stated "She threatened my existence because she was black and because she was alive." His legal defense was that he had committed justifiable homicide . During his trial Strydom became a "cult figure" to the extreme right wing in South Africa. On 25 May 1989, Strydom was sentenced to 30 years for attempted murder and

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1344-468: The shooting, on 8 November 1988, he had gone to a black squatter camp and shot and killed a black woman, injuring another, in what he called a "practice run" for the shooting. After the attack, Strydom claimed he was a member of a group called the White Wolves ( Afrikaans : Wit Wolwe ), but this was later dismissed as a fictitious organization invented by Strydom. Other sources claimed the Wit Wolwe were

1386-429: The spree is still in progress. The term rampage killer has also been used sometimes to describe spree killers, especially when a single individual perpetrator: A rampage involves the (attempted) killing of multiple persons at least partly in public space by a single physically present perpetrator using (potentially) deadly weapons in a single event without any cooling-off period. Psychiatrist As part of

1428-624: The square, created by Bradley Steyn, who had witnessed the massacre as a teenager. The ceremony was attended by Carl Niehaus , a spokesperson for the UMkhonto we Sizwe Military Veterans' Association , and two family members of the victims. The square itself was later renamed Lillian Ngoyi Square, after South African anti-apartheid activist Lilian Ngoyi . Strydom was investigated for his support and leadership in right wing extremist causes in 2003, after his release. This came after he showed support for De Wet Kritzinger, who shot and killed 3 black people on

1470-419: The street, where Strydom was then arrested by several policemen. Strydom smiled throughout the shooting. Eight people were killed and 16 were injured in the aftermath. One of the wounded victims was paralyzed from the waist down. Seven of the victims were black, while one was Indian . After his arrest, Strydom said he felt nothing for the victims. He claimed he committed the shooting because he wanted to start

1512-420: The time span, saying that a single event can last a short or long time, citing Christopher Wilder 's seven-week "murder event" or "killing spree". Douglas wrote that the identity of serial killers is generally unknown until they are caught, and a mass murderer's identity is learned only after they have committed the crime. The identity of the spree killer, on the other hand, usually becomes known by police while

1554-479: The waiting time can be as long as two years. For Eligible Persons, the first consultation fee is HK$ 135, and each subsequent consultation fee is HK$ 80. Additionally, the cost for each type of medication is HK$ 15. In the United Kingdom , psychiatrists must hold a medical degree. Following this, the individual will work as a foundation house officer for two additional years in the UK, or one year as an intern in

1596-427: Was later taken by artist Jacques Coetzer. He was then granted amnesty in 1994 by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the grounds that his attack was politically motivated. The ANC condemned the release of Strydom. His release was controversial, as was that of Robert McBride , a black man who had killed whites . Strydom stated after his release that he would do it again "if necessary". De Klerk stated he viewed

1638-556: Was released from prison by President F. W. de Klerk as one of 150 political prisoners, part of an attempt to reduce white South African criticism of de Klerk's concessions to the ANC . On the day Strydom was released, 29 September 1992, unknown persons poured a large quantity of red dye into the Strijdom Square fountain. At the time it was unknown if the action was done by people in support of or against Strydom's actions though responsibility

1680-403: Was sentenced to death on the murder charges, to be carried out by hanging . The presiding judge stated Strydom's actions were "worse than those of terrorists", as he had laughed in the faces of his victims while shooting them instead of leaving bombs. Strydom's defense attorney stated he would appeal his sentence. In 1990, the government declared a moratorium on capital punishment . In 1992, he

1722-520: Was the same official who had sentenced Strydom to death. Shooting spree Note: Varies by jurisdiction Note: Varies by jurisdiction A spree killer is someone who commits a criminal act that involves two or more murders in a short time, often in multiple locations. There are different opinions about what durations of time a killing spree may take place in. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics has spoken of "almost no time break between murders", but some academics consider that

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1764-514: Was told she died in a revolver accident, which he believed until after the shooting. He had been a member of extremist right wing organizations since the age of 16, and was encouraged in his views by his father. Strydom viewed black people as animals. He joined the South African Police , but was dismissed after photographing himself holding a knife and the severed head of a black motorist at the scene of an automobile accident. A week prior to

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