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71-560: Established in 1917, the U.S. Department of Labor Library was created with the consolidation of the libraries of the former Children's Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics . The Library's collection documents the history of labor, labor unions and the growth and development of the labor movement in a national and international perspective. The Wirtz Library won the John Sessions Memorial Award for library service to labor from

142-508: A home class on nursing for poor immigrant families on New York City 's Lower East Side at the Hebrew Technical School for Girls . Shortly after that, she began to care for sick Lower East Side residents as a visiting nurse. Along with another nurse, Mary Brewster, she moved into a spartan room near her patients in order to care for them better. Around that time, she coined the term " public health nurse " to describe nurses whose work

213-451: A new National Adoption Strategic Plan. Around the same time, President Clinton encouraged HHS to develop a plan for doubling the number of adoptions and permanent placements from foster care during the next five years. HHS responded by issuing a report, with the Bureau's assistance, that outlined a series of policy- and practice-related steps toward achieving this goal. These recommendations became

284-595: A nurse. She briefly attended medical school and began to teach community health classes. After founding the Henry Street Settlement, she became an activist for the rights of women and minorities. She campaigned for suffrage and advocated racial integration. She was involved in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Wald died in 1940 at the age of 73. Wald

355-653: A particular emphasis on child sexual abuse . Both of the Children's Bureau's present-day data collection systems, the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) and the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), were developed during this period. Enhanced data collection resulted in a deeper understanding of the families and children affected by child abuse and neglect, foster care, and adoption. This led to legislative and policy changes during

426-529: A person could afford at-home care, they deserved to be treated with the same level of respect that some who could afford it would be. Social benefits of the Henry Street Settlement Arguably one of the most significant changes to the public health sector, the Settlement did much more than provide better medical care. Primarily focusing on the care of women and children, the Settlement changed

497-575: A radio broadcast celebrating Wald's 70th birthday, Sara Delano Roosevelt read a letter from her son, President Franklin Roosevelt, in which he praised Wald for her "unselfish labor to promote the happiness and well-being of others." Author Helen Dore Boylston describes Lillian Wald and Henry Street in her third novel, Sue Barton, Visiting Nurse, where Sue Barton meets Lillian Wald in the Henry Street settlement. ( Sue Barton, Visiting Nurse (1938)) Wald

568-531: A series of annual reports on national outcomes for child welfare services, first published in 2000. The Child and Family Services Reviews (CFSRs), federal reviews of state child welfare systems based on these outcome measures, began in 2001. Findings from the first round of CFSRs provided more detailed information about states' strengths and needs, enabling the Bureau to create technical assistance and data collection systems more directly focused on areas of greatest need. Some examples include: In 2003, to commemorate

639-491: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . United States Children%27s Bureau The United States Children's Bureau is a federal agency founded in 1912, organized under the United States Department of Health and Human Services ' Administration for Children and Families . Today, the bureau's operations involve improving child abuse prevention, foster care , and adoption . Historically, its work

710-539: Is integrated into the public community. Wald advocated for nursing in public schools. Her ideas led the New York Board of Health to organize the first public nursing system in the world. Wald's nursing leadership was also critical to steering New York through the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic. During the pandemic, she chaired the Nurses' Emergency Council, which provided visiting nursing to sick families in their homes. Wald

781-534: The AFDC program. This reorganization essentially narrowed the Bureau's focus to three areas: increasing the number of foster families, helping to find permanent families for children waiting for adoption, and preventing and addressing child abuse and neglect. In response to rising numbers of children in foster care, Children's Bureau grants during the 1970s investigated in-home services to strengthen families, family-centered casework, permanency planning, family reunification,

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852-494: The American Library Association in 2009. The library's online catalog provides access to all materials acquired since 1975 and to selected pre-1975 items. The library is the recipient of the 2009 John Sessions Memorial Award . The Library was dedicated in honor of former U.S. Secretary of Labor Willard Wirtz and his wife Jane Quisenberry Wirtz on March 28, 2000. It is a federal depository library , and in 2000

923-614: The Department of Commerce and Labor , folded into the Social Security Administration in 1946 and now organized under the United States Department of Health and Human Services ' Administration for Children and Families . Most accounts of the Children's Bureau's origins point to three people, Lillian Wald , Edward Thomas Devine , and Florence Kelley , who began to discuss the idea around 1903. Their proposal (with colleagues) to President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905 reflected

994-563: The Fair Labor Standards Act and Aid to Dependent Children programs, incorporated many reforms that the Children's Bureau and its network of grassroots women's organizations had supported for years. By the time the Children's Bureau was folded into the Social Security Administration in 1946, it began to assume more of its modern role. The United States Children's Bureau is a federal agency founded in 1912 under

1065-686: The General Federation of Women's Clubs , the National Congress of Mothers , and the Daughters of the American Revolution . The proposal also was endorsed by attendees of the first White House Conference on Children and Youth in 1909. The bill establishing the Children's Bureau was passed in 1912 following a lengthy legislative effort, and it was signed by President William Howard Taft on April 9 of that year. The Children's Bureau became

1136-543: The Henry Street Settlement . The organization attracted the attention of prominent Jewish philanthropist Jacob Schiff , who secretly provided Wald with money to more effectively help the "poor Russian Jews" whose care she provided. By 1906, Wald had 27 nurses on staff, and she succeeded in attracting broader financial support from such gentiles as Elizabeth Milbank Anderson . By 1913, the staff had grown to 92 people. The Henry Street Settlement eventually developed as

1207-605: The Progressive Era 's generally heightened concern for social welfare issues, as well as the influence of the Settlement movement , of which all three were members. Also in 1905, the recently formed National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) agreed to make the establishment of a federal children's bureau its primary legislative goal. The NCLC's effort was supported by women's groups such as the National Consumers League ,

1278-633: The Public Health Service within the Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Today, these programs still exist within the Maternal and Child Health Bureau , Health Resources and Services Administration , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . The Children's Bureau continued to administer research but was no longer responsible for any direct service programs, including those related to juvenile delinquency, child welfare, or families in

1349-501: The Visiting Nurse Service of New York . Wald's vision for Henry Street was one unlike any others at the time. Wald believed that every New York City resident was entitled to equal and fair health care regardless of their social status, socio-economic status, race, gender, or age. She argued that everyone should have access to at-home care . A strong advocate for adequate bedside manner, Wald believed that regardless of whether

1420-457: The 1960s. The Children's Bureau provided early national leadership in the diagnosis and treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) to prevent mental retardation. Other special health care projects during this period included prosthetics research, epilepsy treatment, and dissemination of vaccines for polio and other childhood diseases. The Children's Bureau also contributed to a growing awareness of child abuse , or "battered child syndrome" as it

1491-482: The 20th anniversary of the first Presidential Proclamation for Child Abuse Prevention Month, OCAN launched a yearlong National Child Abuse Prevention Initiative. Since then, support for child abuse prevention efforts has continued to expand, due in part to growing evidence that home visitation programs can effectively reduce maltreatment and improve outcomes for pregnant mothers and families with young children. In 2011, another child abuse prevention initiative kicked off at

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1562-576: The Bureau formed the Special Juvenile Delinquency Project with foundations and other private partners interested in improving the prevention and treatment of delinquency. The Project sponsored public meetings and collaborated on a series of practice guides and professional standards. When the project ended in 1955, the Bureau's work in this area continued through a newly created Division of Juvenile Delinquency Service. The Children's Bureau's grant-in-aid programs grew significantly in

1633-518: The Bureau's first Network for Action meeting. Lillian Wald Lillian D. Wald (March 10, 1867 – September 1, 1940 ) was an American nurse, humanitarian and author. She strove for human rights and started American community nursing. She founded the Henry Street Settlement in New York City and was an early advocate for nurses in public schools. After growing up in Ohio and New York, Wald became

1704-685: The Bureau's first research and demonstration grants in child welfare were authorized. Early topics included methods for meeting the needs of disadvantaged preschool children and their families (a precursor to the Head Start Program ), selection of foster parents, and the well-being of adopted children and their families. In 1962, amendments to the Social Security Act authorized the Children's Bureau to make its first child welfare training grants to institutions of higher education. The focus on maternal and infant health programs continued throughout

1775-477: The Children's Bureau continued to promote the well-being of U.S. children through activities such as developing standards for day care for children of working mothers and a campaign to focus attention on children's physical and emotional needs during the war. Meanwhile, the Bureau worked with the U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children to maintain a central register of unaccompanied refugee children arriving in

1846-656: The Children's Bureau remained active in the campaign against child labor. In 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) opened the door for the Bureau to establish industry-specific child labor codes and the first federal minimum age for full-time employment. The NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in May 1935. Many of its provisions, however, were recreated in the Fair Labor Standards Act passed three years later. Throughout World War II ,

1917-558: The Children's Bureau, authorized services to help families in crisis (such as respite care and intensive in-home assistance), as well as other forms of family support and family reunification. P.L. 103-66 also established the Court Improvement Program , through which the Children's Bureau provides grants to improve state courts' handling of child welfare cases, and provided additional funds for states to improve their child welfare data collection systems. Growing awareness of

1988-651: The Children's Bureau. NCCAN centralized and coordinated the Bureau's growing focus on more effective child abuse prevention, research, state reporting laws, and systems. President Jimmy Carter signed the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act on June 17, 1980. This landmark law assigned the Children's Bureau additional responsibilities, including reporting to Congress on foster care placements, collecting and publishing data on foster care and adoption, and conducting regular audits of state child welfare programs. During President Ronald Reagan 's administration, there

2059-712: The Department of Health and Human Services, encompassing ACYF and the Children's Bureau. The same year, NCCAN was moved out from within the Children's Bureau and became a separate entity within ACYF. Chiefs during this period included: President Bill Clinton signed the Family Preservation and Support Services Program Act on August 10, 1993, as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-66). The family preservation program, administered by

2130-522: The FERA to establish the Child Health Recovery Program, providing emergency food and medical care to children in need. In December 1934, Katherine Lenroot succeeded Abbott as Chief of the Bureau. She held this position until 1952. Lenroot, Martha May Eliot , and Grace Abbott worked together to create the child-focused sections of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Social Security bill: When

2201-751: The Henry Street Neighborhood Playhouse. She was an early leader of the Child Labor Committee, which became the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC). The group lobbied for federal child labor laws and promoted childhood education. In the 1920s, the organization proposed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have banned child labor. In the 1920s, Wald was a vocal proponent of the social welfare initiatives of New York Governor Al Smith , and in 1928, she actively supported Smith's presidential campaign. Wald

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2272-412: The Social Security Act was signed in 1935, the Children's Bureau was granted authority to administer the last three of these programs. (Aid to Dependent Children was administered by the newly established Social Security Board .) The Bureau grew from distributing $ 337,371 in 1930 to dispensing nearly $ 11 million in grants by the end of the decade; its staff grew from 143 to more than 400. In the meantime,

2343-554: The Social Services Division of the Children's Bureau. National Baby Week was first observed in March 1916, at the joint suggestion of the Children's Bureau and the General Federation of Women's Clubs . The purpose was to stimulate interest in the proper care of infants and by means of exhibits and conferences, to bring to the attention of parents the standards of infant welfare which had been developed by experts who had studied

2414-591: The United States ruled it unconstitutional in June 1918. In August 1921, Lathrop stepped down as Chief, and Grace Abbott was appointed to succeed her. The Children's Bureau played a major role in the passage and administration of the Sheppard–Towner Act . This law, passed in 1921, authorized the first federal grants-in-aid for state-level children's health programs. Projects in most states included some or all of

2485-476: The United States joined the war. Wald never married. She maintained her closest relationships and attachments with women. Correspondence reveals that Wald felt closest to at least two of her companions, homemaking author Mabel Hyde Kittredge and lawyer and theater manager Helen Arthur . Ultimately, however, Wald was more engaged in her work with Henry Street than in any relationship. In regard to Wald's relationships, author Clare Coss writes that Wald "remained in

2556-418: The United States, serving approximately 1.5 million women and babies between 1943 and 1949. In 1946, the Children's Bureau was folded into the Social Security Administration as part of a massive postwar reorganization of the federal government. In this reorganization, the Bureau lost authority over all labor-related programs. On September 4, 1951, Martha May Eliot became the Bureau's fourth Chief. In 1952,

2627-483: The United States, to oversee their placement with agencies and foster families, and to establish standards for their care. The Children's Bureau's wartime Emergency Maternity and Infant Care (EMIC) program provided for medical, hospital, and nursing care for wives and babies of men in the four lowest pay grades of the Armed Forces. At the time, EMIC was the largest federally funded medical care program ever undertaken in

2698-626: The age of 16, but the school thought that she was too young. In 1889, she attended New York Hospital's School of Nursing . She graduated from the New York Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1891, then took courses at the Woman's Medical College. Wald worked for a time at the New York Juvenile Asylum (now Children's Village) , an orphanage where conditions were poor. By 1893, she left medical school and started to teach

2769-401: The decade following World War II: President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Katherine Oettinger the fifth Chief of the Children's Bureau on May 17, 1957. Oettinger's tenure as Chief (1957–1968) reflected a growing emphasis on preserving and strengthening families. Under her direction, the Bureau also advocated for greater protection for all parties in an adoption. It was during this period that

2840-555: The early years of the Great Depression , under President Herbert Hoover , the Children's Bureau helped with government efforts to document families' needs and local relief efforts. When Congress established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) in May 1933, the Children's Bureau helped to collect data for the agency to determine how the appropriations would be spent. The Bureau also worked with

2911-476: The employment opportunities that are provided to women through the Settlement and the many benefits they offer. One of the most notable benefits was the opportunity for women to have a career and to build their wealth independent of husbands or families. Employment also provided women with the opportunity to gain independence from their husbands and work outside of the home. Wald also taught women how to cook and sew, provided recreational activities for families, and

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2982-406: The end forever elusive. She preferred personal independence, which allowed her to move quickly, travel freely and act boldly." Wald's personal life and focus on independence were evident in her devotion to the Settlement and improving public health. She died of a cerebral hemorrhage on September 1, 1940. A rabbi conducted a memorial service at Henry Street's Neighborhood Playhouse. A private service

3053-686: The entry of the United States into World War I, joined the Woman's Peace Party , and helped to establish the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom . In 1915, she was elected president of the newly formed American Union Against Militarism (AUAM). She remained involved with the AUAM's daughter organizations, the Foreign Policy Organization, and the American Civil Liberties Union after

3124-488: The first national government office in the world that focused solely on the well-being of children and their mothers. Taft appointed Julia Lathrop as the first head of the Bureau. Lathrop, a noted maternalist reformer also active in the Settlement Movement, was the first woman ever to head a government agency in the United States. At its founding, the bureau was part of the Department of Commerce and Labor; when

3195-415: The following: The program ended in 1929, having helped an estimated 4 million infants and preschool children and approximately 700,000 pregnant women. Maternal and infant care and child labor were the Bureau's primary focus during its first two decades. However, other topics of research included juvenile delinquency , mother's aid, illegitimacy , foster care , and children's diseases. Notably: During

3266-590: The framework for the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA, P.L. 105-89), signed by President Clinton on November 19, 1997. The Children's Bureau was tasked with helping states bring their laws and policies into compliance with this new federal law, which focused on timely permanence, child well-being, and increased accountability of child welfare systems. Assistant Secretaries during this period: ASFA also required HHS to establish outcome measures to track State performance in protecting children. These measures were used in

3337-414: The landscape of public health care in New York City. These programs helped to cut back on the time patients spent at hospitals while also making at-home care more accessible and efficient. Wald was a strong advocate for community support. Much of the Henry Street Settlement's initial success was from Wald's diligent and persistent work at cultivating personal relationships with the Settlement's donors. Wald

3408-524: The late 1980s and early 1990s, including the establishment of a federal program to support independent living services for youth aging out of the foster care system without permanent families. In response to the HIV and crack cocaine epidemics , Congress created the Abandoned Infants Assistance program in 1988. On April 15, 1991, today's Administration for Children and Families was created within

3479-428: The needs of children living with relatives, and how to remove barriers to adoption for children with special needs. The Bureau also examined the impact of workforce issues on the foster care system and supported a growing foster parents' movement through conferences and grants. In adoption policy, the Children's Bureau's focus shifted from finding children for families to finding parents for children. Increased attention

3550-502: The newly created Welfare Administration, reflecting a growing emphasis on coordination between child welfare services and the ADC program. In keeping with President Lyndon B. Johnson 's priorities, the Bureau's work on juvenile delinquency began to evolve into a focus on prevention and positive youth development. A Youth Services Unit was created in 1966 to encourage more proactive services to help youth transition successfully into adulthood. At

3621-540: The prevalence and nature of child labor in the United States. In 1916, Congress passed the Keating-Owen Act , which discouraged child labor. Congress assigned the Children's Bureau the responsibilities of administering and enforcing this law. Chief Lathrop hired noted child-labor reformer Grace Abbott to lead the Bureau's newly created Child Labor Division in April 1917; however, the law was short-lived. The Supreme Court of

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3692-543: The problem of child abuse and neglect, and particularly child deaths, resulted in many enhancements to prevention, investigation, and prosecution efforts. In 1996, the Children's Bureau created a new program, the Community-Based Family Resource and Support grants, to encourage public and private child abuse prevention and treatment programs to work together more effectively. In 1995, the Children's Bureau convened an Adoption Program Network to provide input on

3763-493: The proliferation of "baby-saving" campaigns throughout the country at this time. The Bureau endorsed activities such as prenatal care, infant health clinics, visiting nurses, public sanitation, certified milk stations, and education of mothers. It proclaimed a "Children's Year" beginning April 6, 1918, to protect children from shortages of milk, food, and public health nurses during World War I . As part of this effort, volunteers weighed and measured millions of children, resulting in

3834-407: The publication of the nation's first age, height, and weight standards. In its first few years, the Children's Bureau published several pamphlets about prenatal, infant, and child care. These booklets were soon in high demand. By 1929, the Bureau estimated that the information in its pamphlets had benefited one-half of all U.S. babies. In 1914, Emma Octavia Lundberg became the first Director of

3905-413: The same time, the Children's Bureau continued to study ways to improve the effectiveness of juvenile court systems. In 1967, the Bureau released a revised version of its Standards for Juvenile and Family Courts . These standards, emphasizing the importance of due process for youth offenders, were cited in the groundbreaking in re Gault decision that year. On September 17, 1969, the Children's Bureau

3976-405: The several states and territories. During the height of its influence, the Bureau was directed, managed, and staffed almost entirely by women—a rarity for any federal agency in the early 20th century. It was most influential in bringing the methods of reform-oriented social research and the ideas of maternalist reformers to bear on federal government policy. New Deal legislation, including

4047-413: The subject. In order to promote the success of this work, the Bureau prepared a pamphlet entitled Baby Week Campaigns, describing the methods used in the earlier urban baby-week observances whose success had encouraged the belief that a nation-wide observance would be practicable. This pamphlet was revised to include the best original ideas and devices developed during the campaign of 1916. A similar movement

4118-617: The two departments' functions were separated in 1913, it became part of the Department of Labor. The Children's Bureau's first efforts focused on decreasing infant mortality by determining how many babies were dying, through expanded birth registration efforts, and understanding why so many babies died before their first birthday. The Bureau completed birth registration campaigns and conducted infant mortality studies in 10 cities between 1914 and 1921. These studies revealed strong connections between poverty and infant deaths. The Bureau's commitment to fighting infant mortality resonated with

4189-449: Was a continued emphasis on family-based services, special needs adoption, and child abuse prevention. Some notable examples of the Bureau's projects during the 1980s include proclamations of the first National Child Abuse Prevention Month and National Adoption Week, establishment of a National Adoption Information Clearinghouse , and creation of the Children's Justice Act program to help states improve their handling of child abuse cases, with

4260-455: Was also a strong advocate for the social benefit of having donors who dwelled within the community. These benefits included the temporary break-up of families when people were forced to spend time in the hospital, improved quality of at-home care, and reduced medical expenses by offering an alternative to hospital stays. Wald provided a unique opportunity for women and employment through the Settlement. In her letters, she speaks with donors about

4331-434: Was also concerned about the treatment of African Americans. As a civil rights activist, she insisted that all Henry Street classes be racially integrated. In 1909, she became a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The organization's first major public conference opened at the Henry Street Settlement. Wald organized New York City campaigns for suffrage, marched to protest

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4402-564: Was also held at Wald's home. A few months later, at Carnegie Hall, over 2,000 people gathered at a tribute to Wald that included messages delivered by the president, governor, and mayor. She was interred at Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester. The New York Times named Wald as one of the 12 greatest living American women in 1922, and she later received the Lincoln Medallion for her work as an "Outstanding Citizen of New York." In 1937, during

4473-555: Was born into a wealthy German-Jewish medical family in Cincinnati, Ohio . Her parents were Max D. Wald and Minnie (Schwarz) Wald. Her father was an optical dealer; her uncle, Henry Wald, M.D., was a University of Vienna-trained surgeon who began a New York City medical dynasty at Columbia University in the 1880s. In 1878, she moved with her family to Rochester, New York . She attended Miss Cruttenden's English-French Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies. She applied to Vassar College at

4544-434: Was called in the early 1960s. The Bureau held meetings with experts and drafted a model statute that states could use to require doctors and hospitals to report suspected abuse. All states enacted some form of this law by the end of 1967. The Bureau also funded grants to research causes of child abuse and effective prevention methods. In January 1963, the Children's Bureau was moved from the Social Security Administration to

4615-422: Was carried on in 1917. The work begun in these campaigns was developed even more extensively in 1918 in connection with Children's Year activities. Child labor became a focus of the Children's Bureau's efforts beginning around 1915. Between 1915 and 1930, the Bureau published 31 studies examining children's working conditions by visiting child laborers in their homes and workplaces. These studies helped to reveal

4686-594: Was designated a Millennium Library by the White House Millennium Council in recognition of its unique historical holdings. The library contains 181,000 items, including the James Taylor collection (labor history), the Folio collection (trade union serials), the department's Portrait Collection and a 30,000 volume labor law collection. This article relating to library science or information science

4757-491: Was involved in the labor movement. Out of her concern for women's working conditions, she helped to found the Women's Trade Union League in 1903 and later served as a member of the executive committee of the New York City League. In 1910, Wald and several colleagues went on a six-month tour of Hawaii, Japan, China, and Russia, a trip that increased her involvement in worldwide humanitarian issues. In 1915, Wald founded

4828-481: Was moved to a new Office of Child Development (OCD) within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 's Office of the Secretary. At that time, many of the Bureau's responsibilities were assigned to other areas of the federal government. All health programs, including maternal and child health services, crippled children's services, maternity and infant care projects, and health research, were permanently relocated to

4899-497: Was much broader, as shown by the 1912 act which created and funded it: The said bureau shall investigate and report to [the Department of Commerce and Labor] upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people, and shall especially investigate the questions of infant mortality , the birth-rate, orphanage, juvenile courts , desertion, dangerous occupations, accidents and diseases of children, employment , legislation affecting children in

4970-521: Was paid to the growing number of hard-to-place children, including those from minority groups, older children, children with disabilities, and sibling groups. The Bureau supported exploration of nontraditional adoption arrangements, such as cross-cultural, transracial, single-parent, and subsidized adoption. Passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974 created a National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) within

5041-630: Was the first president of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. She also established a nursing insurance partnership with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company that became a model for many other corporate projects. She suggested a national health insurance plan and helped to found the Columbia University School of Nursing. Wald authored two books relating to her community health work, The House on Henry Street (1911) and Windows on Henry Street (1934). Wald founded

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