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24-865: Common principles that are often associated with Wilsonianism include: Historian Joan Hoff writes, "What is 'normal' Wilsonianism remains contested today. For some, it is 'inspiring liberal internationalism ' based on adherence to self-determination; for others, Wilsonianism is the exemplar of humanitarian intervention around the world,' making U.S. foreign policy a paragon of carefully defined and restricted use of force." Amos Perlmutter defined Wilsonianism as simultaneously consisting of "liberal internationalism, self-determination, nonintervention, humanitarian intervention" oriented in support of collective security , open diplomacy, capitalism , American exceptionalism , and free and open borders , and opposed to revolution . According to University of Chicago political theorist Adom Getachew , Wilson's version of self-determination

48-493: A "peace dividend", as liberal states have relations that are characterized by non-violence, and that relations between democracies are characterized by the democratic peace theory . Liberal internationalism states that, through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations , it is possible to avoid the worst excesses of " power politics " in relations between nations. In addition, liberal internationalists believe that

72-582: A new international order, reducing the gap between the East and the West. In Egypt, Wilson's self-determination advocation led to hopes that Egypt may be freed from British control and would be afforded the opportunity to rule itself. Sarah Claire Dunstan's work also indicates that Wilson's rhetoric had an impact on marginalised groups within the United States, such as African Americans . Members of disenfranchised groups like

96-473: A subsequent speech to the United States Congress on February 8, 1918, that in the post-war peace settlement "national aspirations must be respected" and people could only be governed "by their own consent". Self-determination was not "a mere phrase" but an "imperative principle of action". Wilson's words launched an atmosphere of intense optimism and hope amongst marginalised peoples in all corners of

120-630: Is an American historian specializing in American history . He is the Donald J. McLachlan Professor of History Emeritus at Stanford University and the former director of the Bill Lane Center for the American West. Kennedy's scholarship is notable for its integration of economic analysis and cultural analysis with social history and political history . Kennedy is responsible for the recent editions of

144-563: The UN General Assembly , have also been considered examples of liberal internationalism. According to Ikenberry and Yolchi Funabashi, one of the key pillars of liberal internationalism in practice is the democratic constitution and trade-based prosperity of Japan, which makes Japan a major stabilizer of liberal international order in the Asia-Pacific. David M. Kennedy (historian) David Michael Kennedy (born July 22, 1941)

168-491: The realism represented by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Henry Kissinger . Kennedy argues that every president since Wilson has "embraced the core precepts of Wilsonianism. Nixon himself hung Wilson's portrait in the White House Cabinet Room. Wilson's ideas continue to dominate American foreign policy in the twenty-first century. In the aftermath of 9/11 they have, if anything, taken on even greater vitality." Wilson

192-614: The 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences as being key repertoires of subsequent liberal internationalism. The goal of liberal internationalism is to achieve global structures within the international system that are inclined towards promoting a liberal world order. It foresees a gradual transformation of world politics from anarchy to common institutions and the rule of law. To that extent, global free trade, liberal economics and liberal political systems are all encouraged. In addition, liberal internationalists are dedicated towards encouraging democracy to emerge globally. Once realized, it will result in

216-447: The 19th century. Prominent thinkers included Lionel Curtis , Alfred Zimmern and Norman Angell . Among policymakers, liberal internationalism influenced British Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister Lord Palmerston , and was developed in the second decade of the 20th century under U.S. President Woodrow Wilson . In this form it became known as Wilsonianism . After World War I , the foreign policy doctrine of liberal internationalism

240-515: The African-American community were enthusiastic and some members, like peoples in various colonised nations, felt an opportunity had arisen to forward their own case for self-determination. All the hopes for self-determination that Wilson raised would soon be dashed when the Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919. Versailles did not destroy the colonial system, and much of the colonial world

264-936: The US, it is often associated with the American Democratic Party . Some liberal-leaning neoconservatives shifted towards liberal internationalism in the 2010s. Commonly cited examples of liberal interventionism include NATO 's intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina ; the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia ; British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War ; and the 2011 military intervention in Libya . According to historian Timothy Garton Ash , these are distinct because of liberal motivations and limited objectives, from other larger scale military interventions. Multilateral institutions, such as UNDP , UNICEF , WHO , and

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288-539: The adoption of this foreign policy orientation by the United States during the 20th century has improved American liberty at home and ensured American hegemony in world politics, as well as facilitated the spread of liberal democracy and markets. Critics of the foreign policy doctrine (such as realists and proponents of retrenchment ) argue that it tends towards military interventionism and contributes to disorder (for example, through democracy promotion and trade liberalization). Liberal internationalism emerged during

312-516: The best way to spread democracy is to treat all states equally and cooperatively, whether they are initially democratic or not. According to Abrahamsen, liberal internationalism provides more opportunities to middle powers to advance their economic, security, and political interests. Examples of liberal internationalists include former British Prime Minister Tony Blair , U.S. President Barack Obama , and then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , and current Secretary of State Antony Blinken . In

336-500: The fact that the significance of Wilsonianism in Asia and Africa had received little attention from scholars. The reaction in the colonised world was largely the result of Wilson's Fourteen Points speech on 8 January 1918, in which Wilson advocated the formation of a "general association of nations", "for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike". He declared in

360-728: The globe. Erez Manela argues that by December 1918, shortly before the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) , Wilson was "a man of almost transcendent significance". Wilson's rhetoric certainly had an impact in Asian nations, including India, where he was hailed as "The Modern Apostle of Freedom" by Indian nationalist Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi , and in China, where Wilson's words were viewed as a crucial opportunity to improve China's situation domestically and internationally. According to Manela, many in Asia had faith that Wilson could and did intend to form

384-718: The popular history textbook, The American Pageant . He is also the current editor (since 1999) of the Oxford History of the United States series. This position was held previously by C. Vann Woodward . Earlier in his career, Kennedy won the Bancroft Prize for his first book Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger (1970), and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for his book World War I, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (1980). He

408-550: The pre-war world order, which placed the Western powers at the top and marginalised the majority of the rest of the world, to be demolished and non-European nations would be given their rightful place. Erez Manela is a key historian of the Wilsonian moment, having produced work on the topic which include case studies on the Wilsonian moment in Egypt, Korea, China, and India. He aimed to address

432-605: The twentieth century has had as lasting, as benign, or as widespread an influence." Liberal internationalism Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that supports international institutions, open markets, cooperative security, and liberal democracy. At its core, it holds that states should participate in international institutions that uphold rules-based norms , promote liberal democracy , and facilitate cooperation on transnational problems (such as environmental problems, arms control, and public health). Proponents of liberal internationalism argue that

456-461: Was a reassociation of an idea that others had previously imbued with different meanings. Wilson's version of self-determination "effectively recast self-determination as a racially differentiated principle, which was fully compatible with imperial rule." The Wilsonian moment was a time in the wake of the First World War in which many of those in the colonised world hoped that the time had come for

480-523: Was a remarkably effective writer and thinker, and his diplomatic policies had a profound influence on shaping the world. Diplomatic historian Walter Russell Mead said: "Wilson's principles survived the eclipse of the Versailles system and they still guide European politics today: self-determination, democratic government, collective security, international law, and a league of nations. Wilson may not have gotten everything he wanted at Versailles, and his treaty

504-701: Was left in disillusionment. Manela suggests this led to violent protest movements in various marginalised nations, including the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , the May Fourth Movement in China, Mahatma Gandhi 's passive resistance movement in India, and the March 1st Movement in Korea. Historian David Kennedy argues that American foreign relations since 1914 have rested on Wilsonian idealism , even if adjusted somewhat by

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528-457: Was never ratified by the Senate, but his vision and his diplomacy, for better or worse, set the tone for the twentieth century. France, Germany, Italy, and Britain may have sneered at Wilson, but every one of these powers today conducts its European policy along Wilsonian lines. What was once dismissed as visionary is now accepted as fundamental. This was no mean achievement, and no European statesman of

552-560: Was retained by the intellectual founders of the League of Nations and augmented somewhat with ideas from classical radicalism and the political party platform of the International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties . Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry have also associated liberal internationalism with foreign policy ideas promoted by Franklin D. Roosevelt . Paul K. MacDonald has linked diplomatic practices developed at

576-644: Was the Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History from 1995 to 1996. He won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for History for Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (1999). Born on July 22, 1941, in Seattle , Washington , Kennedy received his Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Stanford University and his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in American studies from Yale University . He

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