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64-548: William Sumner may refer to: William Graham Sumner (1840–1910), American professor of sociology William H. Sumner (1780–1861), American politician in Massachusetts William Keolaloa Sumner (1816–1885), Hawaiian chief [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

128-636: A seminary administered by the Company of Pastors , to be the center of public education in Protestant Geneva . With the goal of educating not only pastors but also magistrates for the republic , in 1565 the academy began the teaching of Law . During the French annexation of Geneva (1798–1813), the school was reorganized into a more universal format, with the introduction of degrees and its division in faculties . This process of modernization continued into

192-482: A sociologist , his major accomplishments were developing the concepts of diffusion , folkways , and ethnocentrism . Sumner's work with folkways led him to conclude that attempts at government-mandated reform were useless. In 1876, Sumner became the first to teach a course titled " sociology " in the English-speaking world. The course focused on the thought of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer , precursors of

256-581: A bachelor programme, one must hold a Swiss maturity diploma or a secondary diploma considered by the University of Geneva to be equivalent. If the degree was not pursued in French, applicants must pass an eliminatory French language test at the beginning of September, which consists of an oral and a written comprehension test and of a piece of argumentative writing. Tuition fees are of CHF 500 per semester. UNIGE's academic year runs from mid-September to mid-June. It

320-408: A drawer and, after a while, when I opened it there was nothing there at all." Harris E. Starr found that Sumner "never attacked religion" or "assumed a controversial attitude toward it." At the same time, Starr found that during Sumner's time as a professor he stopped attending Trinity Church, New Haven, where he had been ordained deacon. After that, Sumner attended church only occasionally. However, in

384-509: A preacher of sermons". However, Sumner "preferred the classroom to the pulpit", so he left the ministry and returned to Yale in 1872 as "professor of political and social science" until he retired in 1909. Sumner taught the first course in North America called "sociology". Other than what he said in the ordination service, there is no information about what motivated Sumner to be ordained. At his ordination, Sumner said that he thought that he

448-463: A presidential election they had that year." Sumner said that was his "whole experience in politics." From this experience, he concluded, "I did not know the rules of the game and did not want to learn." Sumner's health deteriorated steadily beginning in 1890, and after 1909, the year of his retirement, it "declined precipitously." In December 1909, while in New York to deliver his presidential address to

512-491: A professor as "simple and monotonous." "No other life could have been so well suited to my taste as this," he wrote in his autobiographical sketch. In spite of Sumner's description of his life as "simple and monotonous," he was "a champion of academic freedom and a leader in modernizing Yale's curriculum." This led Sumner into conflict with Yale's President, Noah Porter who, in 1879, asked Sumner not to use Herbert Spencer's Study of Sociology in his classes. "Sumner saw this as

576-564: A scholar and orator. He was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in his junior year and in his senior year to the secretive Skull and Bones society. Sumner avoided being drafted to fight in the American Civil War by paying a "substitute" $ 250, given to him by a friend, to enlist for three years. This and money given to him by his father and friends allowed Sumner to go to Europe for further studies. He spent his first year in

640-421: A threat to academic freedom and bluntly refused Porter's request. The faculty soon split into two factions one supporting and the other opposing Sumner's defiance." Sumner stood his ground and won out. Until his 1890 illness, Sumner wrote and spoke constantly on the economic and political issues of the day. His "acidic style" outraged his opponents, but it pleased his supporters. The rest of Sumner's life at Yale

704-547: Is a public research university located in Geneva , Switzerland. It was founded in 1559 by French theologian John Calvin as a theological seminary . It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for enlightenment scholarship. Today, it is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. In 2009,

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768-637: Is consistently ranked one of the top universities in the world. In 2023, the University of Geneva was ranked 49rd overall in the world according to the Shanghai Ranking. It was ranked 125th overall according to the QS ranking and 183rd overall according to the THE ranking. In 2006, Newsweek ranked the university 32nd in the world. The QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Geneva as follows: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked

832-482: Is divided in two semesters, each one being concluded by an examination session, held respectively at the beginning of January and at the beginning of June. An examination session is held at the end of August and beginning of September as a retake for students who failed their January or June examinations. During the three days before the start of the new academic year, the Journées d'accueil (Welcome Days) are organized by

896-518: Is home to the Geneva university championships in basketball, indoor football, rowing, badminton, outdoor football. The university also sends teams to the Swiss university championship in badminton, indoor football, skiing, basketball, fencing, football, golf, ice-hockey, table tennis and volleyball. UNIGE also provides special schedules for students wishing to pursue their high level sporting career and to study at

960-563: Is the subject of Amity Shlaes 's The Forgotten Man . Sumner's popular essays gave him a wide audience for his laissez-faire advocacy of free markets , anti-imperialism , and the gold standard . Sumner had a long-term influence over modern American conservatism as a leading intellectual of the Gilded Age . Thousands of Yale students took his courses, and many remarked on his influence. His essays were very widely read among intellectuals, and men of affairs. Among Sumner's students were

1024-543: Is the symbol of Geneva's academic life. It is located in the middle of a park and is host to the faculty of Protestant Theology and to the Faculty of Arts. Its architecture was inspired by Le Corbusier. It hosts the Rectorat and the administration of the university. It is Switzerland's biggest building dedicated to social sciences. It currently hosts the Faculty of Law, of Economics and Management, of Psychology and Education and

1088-409: Is to ease communication inside the university, to inform the students about the research being carried at UNIGE, to convey new opinions and to inform students and teachers of upcoming university events via l'Agenda . Campus is released monthly with the objective to ease communication between the scientific community and the citizens and to be a "bridge between science and city". To be enrolled in

1152-555: Is to look up C. ... I call him the Forgotten Man. Perhaps the appellation is not strictly correct. He is the man who never is thought of. He is the victim of the reformer, social speculator and philanthropist, and I hope to show you before I get through that he deserves your notice both for his character and for the many burdens which are laid upon him. Sumner's "forgotten man" and its relationship to Franklin Roosevelt 's "forgotten man"

1216-522: Is to take the first place in the ranks of American economists; and as a teacher he has no superior. The Yale University Library's guide to Sumner's papers ranks him as "Yale's most dynamic teacher of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Students clamored to enroll in his classes." Sumner's "genuine love for aspiring students, commanding personality, wide learning, splendid dogmatism, and mastery of incisive English" makes it easy to understand his reputation. Sumner himself described his life as

1280-616: The American Sociological Society , Sumner suffered his third and fatal paralytic stroke. He died April 12, 1910, in Englewood Hospital in New Jersey. Sumner spent much of his career as a muckraker, exposing what he saw as faults in society, and as a polemicist, writing, teaching, and speaking against these faults. In spite of his efforts, his career ended with pessimism about the future. Sumner said, "I have lived through

1344-587: The Anti-Imperialist League which had been formed after the war to oppose the annexation of territories. In 1899 he delivered a speech titled "The Conquest of the United States by Spain" before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University. In what is considered by some to be "his most enduring work," he lambasted imperialism as a betrayal of the best traditions, principles, and interests of

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1408-706: The Coimbra Group and the European University Association . The university has a diverse student body, with students from over 150 countries. It is also home to numerous research centers and institutes, including the Global Studies Institute, and the Institute of Global Health. The university was founded in 1559 as the Academy of Geneva ( Académie de Genève ) by French theologian John Calvin , as

1472-461: The Faculty of Translation and Interpreting . The University of Geneva is structured in various faculties and interfaculty centers which are representing teaching, research and service to society in the various disciplines. The university is composed of nine faculties : The university is composed of fourteen interfacultary centers. Amongst others: The university has also several partnerships with

1536-834: The French education model of granting academic degrees , with some minor differences: demi-licence (two years), trois-quarts de licence (three years), licence (four years), diplôme d'études approfondies and diplôme d'études superieures spécialisées (DEA/DESS) (one–two years), and doctorate (three–five years). The university now follows the requirements of the Bologna process : bachelor's (three years), master's (one–two years), in some departments or sections Master of Advanced Studies (one–two years), doctorate (three–five years). UNIGE offers more than 240 types of diplomas: about 30 bachelor's degrees, 70 masters and 78 doctorates. It also provides more than 200 programmes of continuing education in various sectors. Students at UNIGE have

1600-545: The University of Geneva studying Latin and Hebrew and the following two years in the University of Göttingen studying ancient languages, history and Biblical science. All told, in his formal education Sumner learned Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and German. In addition, after middle age he taught himself Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Polish, Danish, and Swedish. In May 1866, he went to Oxford University to study theology. At Oxford, Henry Thomas Buckle planted

1664-503: The period of national Restoration . In 1964 Sophie Kanza became the first Congolese woman to graduate from a university when she received her diploma from the University of Geneva with a degree in sociology. The University of Geneva is located in several districts in the eastern part of the city and in the nearby city of Carouge (on the left bank of the Lake Léman and the Rhône ), and

1728-501: The " forgotten man " of the middle class—a term he coined. He had a prolonged influence on American conservatism . Sumner wrote an autobiographical sketch for the fourth of the histories of the Class of 1863 Yale College . In 1925, the Rev. Harris E. Starr, class of 1910 Yale Department of Theology, published the first full-length biography of Sumner. A second full-length biography by Bruce Curtis

1792-428: The "competition for life," which can be identified as a relationship between man and man. The first is a biological relationship with nature and the second is a social link, thus sociology. Man would struggle against nature to obtain essential needs such as food or water and in turn this would create the conflict between man and man in order to obtain needs from a limited supply. Sumner believed that man could not abolish

1856-434: The 1880s. Contrary to some beliefs, Sumner did not believe that warfare was a result of primitive societies; he suggested that "real warfare" came from more developed societies. It was believed that primitive cultures would have war as a "struggle for existence," but Sumner believed that war in fact came from a "competition for life." Although war was sometimes man against nature, fighting another tribe for their resources, it

1920-554: The 21st place in the field of Pharmacy and at the 49th place in Philosophy. In every subject, the university was ranked in the world's top 200. In the 2013 QS ranking, the university was ranked 24th in the world for most international faculty and 20th in the world for most international student body. In 2023, it was ranked 26th best university overall in Europe. In 2016, 16,530 students were studying at UNIGE, of whom 61% were female. 37% of

1984-534: The American people and contrary to America's own founding as a state of equals, where justice and law "were to reign in the midst of simplicity." In this ironically titled work, Sumner portrayed the takeover as "an American version of the imperialism and lust for colonies that had brought Spain the sorry state of his own time." According to Sumner, imperialism would enthrone a new group of "plutocrats," or businesspeople who depended on government subsidies and contracts. As

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2048-673: The Pennsylvania Railroad; Graham (Yale 1897) became a lawyer in New York City. Robert Bierstedt writes that Sumner preached two sermons every Sunday at the Church of the Redeemer. They "stressed without surcease the Puritan virtues of hard work, self-reliance, self-denial, frugality, prudence, and perseverance". Furthermore, writes Bierstedt, "it may be said that Sumner spent his entire life as

2112-592: The University of Geneva are sciences (molecular biology, bio-informatics, etc.), elementary physics, astrophysics, economics, social sciences, psychology, chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics. UNIGE is home to six national research centers: in genetics (Frontiers in Genetics), in material sciences (MaNEP), in study of emotions (Affective Sciences), in chemical biology (with EPFL), in study of mental illness (Synaptic, with EPFL and Unil), in study of life path (with Unil). UNIGE also carries research in international studies since

2176-424: The University of Geneva as follows: In molecular biology, the impact of the research carried in Geneva was ranked 4th in Europe by Times Higher Education for the period 1999–2009, directly behind the University of Oxford. In physics, the 2024 Shanghai ranking placed the University of Geneva at 3rd place in continental Europe and 15th place globally. The QS 2013 subject ranking placed the University of Geneva at

2240-469: The University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries. The university holds and actively pursues teaching, research , and community service as its primary objectives. UNIGE is a member of the League of European Research Universities (including academic institutions such as Amsterdam , Barcelona , Cambridge , Heidelberg , and Milan )

2304-909: The anthropologist Albert Galloway Keller , the economist Irving Fisher , and the champion of an anthropological approach to economics, Thorstein Bunde Veblen . The World War II Liberty Ship SS  William G. Sumner was named in his honor. Yale University has maintained a professorship named in Sumner's honor. The following have been the William Graham Sumner Professor of Sociology at Yale University: Sumner's works number "around 300 items" including books and articles on "economics, political science and sociology." Books and pamphlets Collected Essays Periodical Publications (not in collections) University of Geneva The University of Geneva (French: Université de Genève )

2368-457: The best period of this country's history. The next generations are going to see wars and social calamities." Sumner was a staunch advocate of laissez-faire economics, as well as "a forthright proponent of free trade and the gold standard and a foe of socialism ." Sumner was active in the intellectual promotion of free-trade classical liberalism . He heavily criticized state socialism / state communism . One adversary he mentioned by name

2432-550: The best possible." Earlier in his life, Sumner said, he accepted from others "views and opinions" different from his father's. However, "at the present time," Sumner wrote, "in regard to those matters, I hold with him and not with the others." Sumner did not name the "matters." Sumner was educated in the Hartford public schools. After graduation, he worked for two years as a clerk in a store before going to Yale College , graduating in 1863. Sumner achieved an impressive record at Yale as

2496-411: The closing years of his life, he baptized a little grandson, and not long before his death he attended New Haven's St. John's Church to receive Holy Communion. Starr wrote that these two events "suggest that deep down in his nature a modicum of religion remained." In his book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883), Sumner argued that the "ecclesiastical prejudice in favor of the poor and against

2560-551: The creation in 2013 of the Global Studies Institute, in finance with the Geneva Finance Research Institute, and in environmental studies, with the creation in 2009 of the Institut des sciences de l'environnement . Famous discoveries have been made by researcher working at UNIGE including the discoveries of extrasolar planets by Michel Mayor , and of quantum teleportation by Nicolas Gisin. The University of Geneva

2624-700: The different buildings are sometimes very distant from each other (the Battelle buildings are for instance more than three kilometers away from the Bastions). The oldest building (1559) is the Collège Calvin , and is no longer a university building. Lectures are given in six different main locations, Les Bastions , Uni Dufour , Sciences I , II and III , Uni Mail and Uni Pignon , Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), and Battelle ; as well as in other less important locations. Built between 1868 and 1871, Uni Bastions

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2688-446: The formal academic sociology that would be established 20 years later by Émile Durkheim , Max Weber , and others in Europe. He was the second president of American Sociological Association serving from 1908 to 1909, and succeeding his longtime ideological opponent Lester F. Ward . In 1880, Sumner was involved in one of the first cases of academic freedom. Sumner and the Yale president at

2752-756: The law of "survival of the fittest," and that humans could only interfere with it and in so doing, produce the "unfit." According to Jeff Riggenbach, the identification of Sumner as a social Darwinist: ... is ironic, for he was not so known during his lifetime or for many years thereafter. Robert C. Bannister, the Swarthmore historian, ... describes the situation: "Sumner's 'social Darwinism,'" he writes, "although rooted in controversies during his lifetime, received its most influential expression in Richard Hofstadter['s] Social Darwinism in American Thought ," which

2816-415: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Sumner&oldid=933252337 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages William Graham Sumner Sumner wrote extensively on

2880-410: The nearby institutions, where students at the university may take courses. The University of Geneva had a budget of roughly 760 million CHF for the year 2016. It mostly comes from the cantonal subventions, the other notable contributors being the federal state and the tuition fees. UNIGE's library facilities are spread across four sites. The journal de l'UNIGE is released biweekly. Its purpose

2944-586: The possibility to study abroad for a semester or a year during their degree. Partner universities include Free University of Berlin , Harvard Law School , École Normale Supérieure , Trinity College Dublin , Erasmus University of Rotterdam , Université Libre de Bruxelles , King's College London , McGill University , HEC Montreal , University of Ottawa , University of Oxford , Uppsala University , Johns Hopkins University , University of Michigan , UCLA , University of Southampton , University of Sydney , University of Tokyo . The key sectors of research at

3008-407: The rich" worked "to replunge Europe into barbarism." Furthermore, Sumner asserted, this prejudice still lives, nourished by the clergy. "It is not uncommon," he said, "to hear a clergyman utter from the pulpit all the old prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich, while asking the rich to do something for the poor; and the rich comply." For exact and comprehensive knowledge Professor Sumner

3072-426: The same time. Alumni UNIGE is the alumni association of the University of Geneva, it offers a network of several thousand people to its members, as well as other advantages, such as discount prizes, special events, access to the official networking platform. Atout-lettres is the alumni association of the literature students of the university, founded in 1997. Its purpose is to prepare the professional insertion of

3136-402: The social sciences, penning numerous books and essays on ethics, American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. He supported laissez-faire economics, free markets , and the gold standard , in addition to coining the term " ethnocentrism " to identify the roots of imperialism , which he strongly opposed. As a spokesman against elitism , he was in favor of

3200-499: The sociology seed in Sumner's mind. However, Herbert Spencer was to have the "dominating influence upon Sumner's thought." Except for a stint as a clergyman, Sumner's whole career was spent at Yale. While at Oxford, Sumner was elected a tutor in mathematics. He was made a lecturer in Greek at Yale, beginning in September 1867. On December 27, 1867, at Trinity Church, New Haven, Sumner

3264-399: The students were non-Swiss, originating from 151 countries. 4,449 teachers and collaborators, of whom 49% are female, are working for UNIGE. The Bureau des sports organizes all the sports related activity at UNIGE. Free sports lessons are given every day and it suffices to show one's student card to access. Other lessons organization with the university's partners demand a small fee. UNIGE

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3328-442: The time, Noah Porter , did not agree on the use of Herbert Spencer 's "Study of Sociology" as part of the curriculum. Spencer's application of supposed "Darwinist" ideas to the realm of humans may have been slightly too controversial at this time of curriculum reform. On the other hand, even if Spencer's ideas were not generally accepted, it is clear that his social ideas influenced Sumner in his written works. William Graham Sumner

3392-466: The university to introduce the new students to the city and the facilities, tips are also given on how to succeed at university. A second chapter including city tours, outdoor concerts and animations is also organized by the student association UniAccueil (AUA) to celebrate the new academic year. Before 2005, the university applied various very different models, depending on Faculties, and sometimes even on Departments (or "Sections"). Some Faculties applied

3456-577: Was Edward Bellamy , whose national variant of socialism was set forth in Looking Backward , published in 1888, and the sequel Equality . Like many classical liberals at the time, including Edward Atkinson , Moorfield Storey , and Grover Cleveland , Sumner opposed the Spanish–American War and the subsequent U.S. effort to quell the insurgency in the Philippines . He was a vice president of

3520-423: Was "truly called" to the ministry. Sumner did not make known, at least publicly, his reasons for leaving the ministry. However, he and historians suggest that it might have been a loss of belief and/or a dim view of the church and its clergy. Clarence J. Karier says, "Sumner found that his deity vanished with the years." "I have never discarded beliefs deliberately", Sumner said later in life, but "I left them in

3584-406: Was a critic of natural rights , famously arguing: Before the tribunal of nature a man has no more right to life than a rattlesnake; he has no more right to liberty than any wild beast; his right to pursuit of happiness is nothing but a license to maintain the struggle for existence ... Another example of social Darwinist influence in Sumner's work was his analysis of warfare in one of his essays in

3648-455: Was being subverted by those proposing a "measure of relief for the evils which have caught public attention." He wrote: As soon as A observes something which seems to him to be wrong, from which X is suffering, A talks it over with B, and A and B then propose to get a law passed to remedy the evil and help X. Their law always proposes to determine what C shall do for X or, in the better case, what A, B and C shall do for X. ... [W]hat I want to do

3712-484: Was first published in 1884, when the author was in his early 40s, "would ... earn him a reputation as the Gilded Age's leading 'social Darwinist,'" though it "invoked neither the names nor the rhetoric of Spencer or Darwin." Historian Mike Hawkins, however, argues that it is accurate to describe Sumner as a social Darwinist because Sumner draws directly upon evolutionary theory to explain society and dictate policy. Sumner

3776-469: Was first published in 1944. ... Was William Graham Sumner an advocate of "social Darwinism"? As I have indicated, he has been so described, most notably by Richard Hofstadter and various others over the past 60-odd years. Robert Bannister calls this description "more caricature than accurate characterization" of Sumner, however, and says further that it "seriously misrepresents him." He notes that Sumner's short book, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other , which

3840-462: Was influenced by many people and ideas such as Herbert Spencer and this has led many to associate Sumner with social Darwinism . In 1881, Sumner wrote an essay titled "Sociology." In the essay, Sumner focused on the connection between sociology and biology. He explained that there are two sides to the struggle for survival of a human. The first side is a "struggle for existence," which is a relationship between man and nature. The second side would be

3904-538: Was more often a conflict between man and man, for example, one man fighting against another man because of their different ideologies. Sumner explained that the competition for life was the reason for war and that is why war has always existed and always will. The theme of "the forgotten man" was developed by Sumner over a series of 11 essays published in 1883 in Harper's Weekly , and further developed in two speeches delivered that year. Sumner argued that, in his day, politics

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3968-637: Was ordained a deacon in the Episcopal Church. In March 1869, Sumner resigned his Yale tutorship to become assistant to the rector of Calvary Episcopal Church (Manhattan) . In July 1869, Sumner was ordained as a priest. From September 1870 to September 1872, Sumner was rector of the Church of the Redeemer in Morristown, New Jersey. On April 17, 1871, he married Jeannie Whittemore Elliott, daughter of Henry H. Elliott of New York City. They had three boys: one died in infancy, Eliot (Yale 1896) became an officer of

4032-678: Was published in 1981. Sumner was born in Paterson, New Jersey, on October 30, 1840. His father, Thomas Sumner, was born in England and immigrated to the United States in 1836. His mother, Sarah Graham, was also born in England. She was brought to the United States in 1825 by her parents. Sumner's mother died when he was eight. In 1841, Sumner's father went prospecting as far west as Ohio, but came back east to New England and settled in Hartford, Connecticut, in about 1845. Sumner wrote about his high regard for his father: "His principles and habits of life were

4096-473: Was routine. In 1909, the year of his retirement, Yale awarded Sumner an honorary degree. Although Sumner was a professor of political science, his actual involvement in politics was limited to two things he reported in his autobiographical sketch. In 1873–1876, he served as an alderman in New Haven. In 1876, researching the contested presidential election , he went with a group to Louisiana to find "what kind of

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