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147-496: Ming was born on May 7, 1911, to Annie and William Ming Sr., a South Side Chicago municipal employee. Later, he worked as a grocery clerk and on wrecking crews while putting himself through the University of Chicago , and was initiated into the university's Iota chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity in 1930. Ming earned a Ph.B. degree in 1931 and his J.D. degree in 1933 from University of Chicago Law School , graduated Order of

294-569: A Houston , Texas television station show that the FBI worried that Coretta Scott King would "tie the anti-Vietnam movement to the civil rights movement." The FBI studied her memoir and concluded that her "selfless, magnanimous, decorous attitude is belied by ... [her] actual shrewd, calculating, businesslike activities." A spokesman for the King family said that they were aware of the surveillance, but had not realized how extensive it was. Every year after

441-656: A march that would later end in Montgomery . Her father "caught a glimpse of America's true potential" and for the called it "the greatest day in the whole history of America" after seeing chanting for his daughter's husband by both Caucasians and African Americans. Coretta Scott King criticized the sexism of the Civil Rights Movement in January 1966 in New Lady magazine, saying in part, "Not enough attention has been focused on

588-584: A one-room elementary school 5 miles (8 km) from their home and were later bused to Lincoln Normal School , which despite being 9 mi (14 km) from their home, was the closest black high school in Marion, Alabama , due to racial segregation in schools. The bus was driven by Coretta's mother Bernice, who bused all the local black teenagers. By the time Scott had entered the school, Lincoln had suspended tuition and charged only four dollars and fifty cents per year. In her last two years there, Scott became

735-505: A 10-day trip to South Africa in September 1986. On September 9, 1986, she cancelled meeting President P. W. Botha and Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi . The next day, she met with Allan Boesak . The UDF leadership, Boesak and Winnie Mandela had threatened to avoid a meeting King if she met with Botha and Buthelezi. She also met with Winnie Mandela that day, and called it "one of the greatest and most meaningful moments of my life." Nelson Mandela

882-529: A 40-minute speech at the Loyola University's Lake Shore campus in Rogers Park. She called for everyone to "pick up the torch of freedom and lead America towards another great revolution." On June 1, 1997, Betty Shabazz suffered extensive and life-threatening burns after her grandson Malcolm Shabazz started a fire in their home. In response to the hospitalization of her longtime friend, King donated $ 5,000 to

1029-462: A Buick station wagon for her. Martin would give her the nickname "Yoki", and thereby, allow himself to refer to her out of her name. By the end of the boycott, the Kings had come to believe in nonviolent protests as a way of expression consistent with biblical teachings. Two days after the integration of Montgomery's bus service, on December 23, a gunshot rang through the front door of the King home while

1176-1032: A CHA policy of construction of family housing only in black residential areas, concentrated on the South and West Sides. Historian Arnold R. Hirsch said the CHA was "a bulwark of segregation that helped sustain Chicago's 'second ghetto'". Gentrification of parts of the Douglas community area has bolstered the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District . Gentrification in various parts of the South Side has displaced many black citizens. The South Side offers numerous housing cooperatives . Hyde Park has several middle-income co-ops and other South Side regions have limited equity (subsidized, price-controlled) co-ops. These regions experienced condominium construction and conversion in

1323-423: A Catholic or the devil himself if he'll wipe the tears from my daughter-in-law's eyes." According to Coretta, Kennedy said "I want to express my concern about your husband. I know this must be very hard on you. I understand you are expecting a baby, and I just want you to know that I was thinking about you and Dr. King. If there is anything I can do to help, please feel free to call on me." Kennedy's contact with King

1470-438: A bedroom with their parents. Coretta described herself as a tomboy during her childhood, primarily because she could climb trees and recalled wrestling boys. She also mentioned having been stronger than a male cousin and threatening before accidentally cutting that same cousin with an axe. His mother threatened her, and along with the words of her siblings, stirred her to becoming more ladylike once she got older. She saw irony in

1617-521: A century" or "maybe once in a thousand years". She furthered that she believed her children needed her more than ever and that there was hope for redemption in her husband's death. In January 1969, King and Bernita Bennette left for a trip to India. Before arriving in the country, the two stopped in Verona, Italy and King was awarded the Universal Love Award. King became the first non-Italian to receive

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1764-565: A class on "The Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr." at the Candler School of Theology ( Emory University ). On September 29, 1980, King's signing as a commentator for CNN was announced by Ted Turner . On August 26, 1983, King resented endorsing Jesse Jackson for president, since she wanted to back up someone she believed could beat Ronald Reagan , and dismissed her husband becoming a presidential candidate had he lived. On June 26, 1985, King

1911-564: A concert that year at Peter High School Auditorium in Birmingham, Alabama . With a performance sponsored by the Omicron Lambda chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, King changed a few songs in the first part of the show but still continued with the basic format used two years earlier at the New York gala as she told the story of the Montgomery bus boycott. The concert was important for Coretta as

2058-546: A condominium unit which had also been the home, albeit part-time, for singers Elton John and Janet Jackson . Her new home was a gift from Oprah Winfrey . In 1999, the King family finally succeeded in getting a jury verdict saying her husband was the victim of a murder conspiracy after suing Loyd Jowers , who claimed six years prior to having paid someone other than James Earl Ray to kill her husband. On April 4, 2000, King visited her husband's grave with her sons, daughter Bernice and sister-in-law. Regarding plans to construct

2205-442: A definite natural or artificial boundary. One source states that the boundary is Western Avenue or the railroad tracks adjacent to Western Avenue. This border extends further south to a former railroad right of way paralleling Beverly Avenue and then Interstate 57 . The Southwest Side of Chicago is a subsection of the South Side comprising mainly white, black, and Hispanic neighborhoods, usually dominated by one of these races. On

2352-492: A former company town, Hyde Park Township, various platted communities and subdivisions were the results of such efforts. The Union Stock Yards , which were once located in the New City community area (#61), at one point employed 25,000 people and produced 82 percent of US domestic meat production. They were so synonymous with the city that for over a century they were part of the lyrics of Frank Sinatra 's " My Kind of Town ", in

2499-482: A great variety of income levels and other demographic measures. It has a reputation for crime, although most crime is contained within certain neighborhoods, not throughout the South Side itself, and residents range from affluent to middle class to poor. South Side neighborhoods such as Armour Square , Back of the Yards , Bridgeport , and Pullman host more blue collar and middle-class residents, while Hyde Park ,

2646-522: A grid demarcating Madison Street as the east–west axis and State Street as the north–south axis. Madison is in the middle of the Loop. As a result, much of the downtown "Loop" district is south of Madison Street, and the river, but the Loop is usually excluded from any of the Sides. One definition has the South Side beginning at Roosevelt Road , at the Loop's southern boundary, with the community area known as

2793-720: A historically white college. She also became politically active, due largely to her experience of racial discrimination by the local school board . She became active in the nascent civil rights movement; she joined the Antioch chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the college's Race Relations and Civil Liberties Committees. The board denied her request to perform her second year of required practice teaching at Yellow Springs public schools, for her teaching certificate Coretta Scott appealed to

2940-428: A laboratory in democracy but had no black students. (Edythe) became the first African American to attend Antioch on a completely integrated basis, and was joined by two other black female students in the fall of 1943. Pioneering is never easy, and all of us who followed my sister at Antioch owe her a great debt of gratitude. Coretta studied music with Walter Anderson, the first non-white chair of an academic department in

3087-633: A large part of the housing supply during and after the Great Depression , especially in the "Black Belt". The South Side had a history of philanthropic subsidized housing dating back to 1919. The United States Congress passed the Housing Act of 1949 to fund and improve public housing. CHA produced a plan of citywide projects, which was rejected by the Chicago City Council 's white aldermen who opposed public housing in their wards. This led to

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3234-555: A larger city of Chicago. Lake View, Jefferson, Lake, Hyde Park Townships and the Austin portion of Cicero voted to be annexed by the city in the June 29, 1889, elections. After the Civil War freed millions of slaves, during Reconstruction black southerners migrated to Chicago and caused the black population to nearly quadruple from 4,000 to 15,000 between 1870 and 1890. In the 20th century,

3381-516: A lawyer "who exemplifies the spirit of financial and personal sacrifice that Mr. Ming displayed in his legal work for the NAACP." South Side Chicago The South Side is one of the three major sections of the city of Chicago , Illinois, United States. Geographically, it is the largest of the three sections of the city, with the other two being the North and West Sides . It radiates and lies south of

3528-588: A man had nothing that was worth dying for, then he was not fit to live." She brought up his ideals and the fact that he may be dead, but concluded that "his spirit will never die." Not very long after the assassination, Coretta took his place at a peace rally in New York City . Using notes he had written before his death, King constructed her own speech. Coretta approached the African-American entertainer and activist Josephine Baker to take her husband's place in

3675-588: A member of the Chicago NAACP Branch and the Illinois state Conference of the NAACP and as a member of the NAACP National Board of Directors. Ming was a professor at both Howard University School of Law and University of Chicago Law School , teaching at the latter from 1947 to 1953, where he became the first African American full-time faculty member at a predominantly white law school. Pauli Murray ,

3822-488: A microphone. She said that despite the Martin Luther King Jr. being away from his children at times, "his children knew that Daddy loved them, and the time that he spent with them was well spent." Prior to Martin's funeral, Jacqueline Kennedy met with her. The two spent five minutes together and despite the short visit, Coretta called it comforting. King's parents arrived from Alabama. Robert and Ethel Kennedy came,

3969-678: A monument for her husband in Washington, D.C., King said it would "complete a group of memorials in the nation's capital honoring democracy's greatest leaders, including Abraham Lincoln , George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and now Martin Luther King, Jr." The National Park Service wanted to commemorate Martin Luther King's dream, but they did not want any discussion of his opposition to the war in Vietnam or to his struggle to end poverty in America. Coretta Scott King fought to ensure that her husband's legacy

4116-419: A movement to liberate oppressed people, not only in Montgomery but also throughout our country, and this movement had worldwide implications. I felt blessed to have been called to be a part of such a noble and historic cause." On September 1, 1954, Martin became the full-time pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. King's devotion to the cause while giving up on her own musical ambitions would become symbolic of

4263-475: A place of political controversy. Although the locations of some of these notable controversies have not become official landmarks, they remain important parts of Chicago history. The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was the worst of the approximately 25 riots during the Red Summer of 1919 and required 6,000 National Guard troops. As mentioned above, segregation has been a political theme of controversy for some time on

4410-432: A plane to transport her to Memphis. Coretta spoke to Kennedy the day after the assassination and asked if he could persuade Jacqueline Kennedy to attend her husband's funeral with him. Robert F. Kennedy promised her that he would help "any way" he could. King was told to not go ahead and agree to Kennedy's offer by Southern Christian Leadership Conference members, who told her about his presidential ambitions. She ignored

4557-400: A policeman. Along with his wife, he ran a clothing shop far from their home and later opened a general store. He also owned a lumber mill , which was burned down by white neighbors after Scott refused to sell his mill to a white logger. Her maternal grandparents were Mollie (née Smith; 1868 – d.) and Martin van Buren McMurry (1863–1950) – both were of African-American and Irish descent. Mollie

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4704-400: A promising future, but eventually relented and agreed to the meeting. King called her on the telephone and when the two met in person, Scott was surprised by how short he was. King would tell her that she had all the qualities that he was looking for in a wife, which Scott dismissed since the two had only just met. She told him "I don't see how you can say that. You don't even know me." But King

4851-427: A rehabilitation fund for her. Shabazz died on June 23, 1997, three weeks after being burned. During the 1990s, King was subject to multiple break-ins and encountered Lyndon Fitzgerald Pace , a man who admitted killing women in the area. He broke into the house in the middle of the night and found her while she was sitting in her bed. After nearly eight years of staying in the home following the encounter, King moved to

4998-947: A role in include: NAACP v. Alabama (holding state's demand for NAACP membership lists unconstitutional), Sipuel v. Board of Regents (striking the exclusion of qualified black students from all-white state law schools), Ward v. Texas (holding the use of coerced confessions in murder prosecutions unconstitutional), Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada (holding that states that provide a school to white students must provide in-state education to blacks as well), and Virginia State Bar v. S.W. Tucker ( Virginia State Bar 's attempt to disbar Samuel Wilbert Tucker non-suited /dismissed). In Montgomery, Alabama in May 1960, in front of an all-white jury , Ming helped defend Martin Luther King Jr. on perjury charges related to alleged tax evasion , obtaining an acquittal . A "reluctantly admiring" Alabama lawyer

5145-1347: A role in the NAACP's unsuccessful opposition to the formation of a segregated U.S. Army Air Corps fighter group for African Americans, a group that would come to be known as the Tuskegee Airmen, supporting an early lawsuit by an African American whose application for pilot training had been denied. He was one of ten officers to preside over the Freeman Field mutiny courts-martial. They were appointed by General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter . Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr. , Captain George L. Knox II , Captain James T. Wiley , captain John H. Duren, Captain Charles R. Stanton, captain William T. Yates, Captain Elmore M. Kennedy]], Captain Fitzroy Newsum , 1st Lieutenant William Robert Ming Jr., 1st Lieutenant James Y. Carter. Trial Judge Advocates were: Captain James W. Redden and 1st Lieutenant Charles B. Hall . Ming

5292-438: A self-taught reader with little formal education, he is noted for having inspired Coretta's passion for education. Coretta's paternal grandparents were Cora (née McLaughlin; 1876 – 1920) and Jefferson F. Scott (1873–1941). Cora died before Coretta's birth. Jeff Scott was a farmer and a prominent figure in the rural black religious community; he was born to former slaves Willis and Delia Scott. At age 10, Coretta worked to increase

5439-528: A stroke, Ming was paroled and sent to Veteran's Research Hospital in Chicago. Ming died in a hospital in Chicago on June 30, 1973. In his eulogy, colleague Robert L. Tucker noted Ming's "finer and most productive years were spent in the trenches and upon the blood-stained battlefields" of the Civil Rights Movement . In April 1974, the NAACP National Board of Directors created the William Robert Ming Advocacy Award to be awarded annually to

5586-479: A student at Howard under Ming, remembered him as discouraging female students as a young professor, commenting on the first day of class, "I don't know why women come to law school anyway". In 1970, Ming was prosecuted for tax evasion and, despite having paid the back taxes and fines, was sentenced to 16 months in prison. In January 1973, he began to serve his sentence. A number of friends and colleagues urged authorities to grant him parole and release from prison. After

5733-682: A way to continue her professional career and participate in the movement. The concert gave the audience "an emotional connection to the messages of social, economic, and spiritual transformation." On September 3, 1958, King accompanied her husband and Ralph Abernathy to a courtroom. Martin was arrested outside the courtroom for "loitering" and "failing to obey an officer". A few weeks later, King visited Martin's parents in Atlanta. At that time, she learned that he had been stabbed while signing copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom on September 20, 1958. King rushed to see her husband, and stayed with him for

5880-579: Is a cornerstone of the city's Chinese community. The South Side offers many outdoor amenities, such as miles of public lakefront parks and beaches, as it borders Lake Michigan on its eastern side. Today's South Side is mostly a combination of the former Hyde Park and Lake Townships. Within these townships many had made speculative bets on future prosperity. Much of the South Side evolved from these speculative investments. Stephen A. Douglas , Paul Cornell , George Pullman and various business entities developed South Chicago real estate. The Pullman District ,

6027-1057: Is along Roosevelt Road , is the tallest building on the South Side. One Museum Park West , which is next door to One Museum Park, is another of Chicago's tallest . 1700 East 56th Street in Hyde Park is the tallest building south of 13th Street. This neighborhood hosts several other highrises. Many landmark buildings are found in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District, including Powhatan Apartments , Robie House and John J. Glessner House . The South Side has many of Chicago's premier places of worship such as Eighth Church of Christ, Scientist , First Church of Deliverance and K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple . The South Side has several landmark districts including two in Barack Obama 's Kenwood community area: Kenwood District , North Kenwood District and (partially) Hyde Park-Kenwood Historic District . The South Side hosts

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6174-601: Is larger in area than the North and West Sides combined. Out of 77 community areas in the city, the South Side of Chicago comprises a total of 42 neighborhoods, with some divided into different regions of the area or consolidated into Chicago as part of the annexation of various townships within Cook County . The exact boundaries dividing the Southwest, South, and Southeast Sides vary by source. If primarily racial lines are followed,

6321-493: Is located on the South Side. Among the highways through the South Side are I-94 (which goes by the names Dan Ryan Expressway , Bishop Ford Freeway and Kingery Expressway on the South Side), I-90 (which goes by the names Dan Ryan Expressway and Chicago Skyway on the South Side), I-57 , I-55 , U.S. 12 , U.S. 20 and U.S. 41 . Several Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) bus and train lines and Metra train lines link

6468-857: Is located on the Southwest Side of the city, as are Beverly and Morgan Park , home to a large concentration of Irish Americans . With its factories, steel mills and meat-packing plants, the South Side saw a sustained period of immigration which began around the 1840s and continued through World War II . Irish , Italian , Polish , Lithuanian and Yugoslav immigrants, in particular, settled in neighborhoods adjacent to industrial zones. The Illinois Constitution gave rise to townships that provided municipal services in 1850. Several settlements surrounding Chicago incorporated as townships to better serve their residents. Growth and prosperity overburdened many local government systems. In 1889, most of these townships determined that they would be better off as part of

6615-458: The 1960 presidential election has been credited by historians for mobilizing African-American voters. In August 2005, King suffered a stroke which paralyzed her right side and left her unable to speak; five months later, she died of respiratory failure due to complications from ovarian cancer . Her funeral was attended by some 10,000 people, including U.S. presidents George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George H. W. Bush and Jimmy Carter . She

6762-534: The Beverly neighborhood along Western Avenue each year on the Sunday before St. Patrick's Day . The parade, which was founded in 1979, was at one time said to be the largest Irish neighborhood St. Patrick's celebration in the world outside of Dublin , Ireland , and was—until being scaled back in 2012—actually larger than Chicago's other St. Patrick's Day parade in the Loop. The South Side parade became such an event that it

6909-456: The Chicago Imagists . Music in Chicago flourished, with musicians bringing blues and gospel influences up from the South and creating a Chicago sound in blues and jazz that the city is still renowned for. The South Side was known for its R&B acts and the city as a while had successful rock acts. Many major and independent record companies had a presence in Chicago. In 1948, Blues

7056-610: The Chicago Landmark KAM Isaiah Israel . The Southwest Side's ethnic makeup also includes the largest concentration of Gorals ( Carpathian highlanders) outside of Europe; it is the location of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America . A large Mexican-American population resides in Little Village (South Lawndale) and areas south of 99th Street. The South Side Irish Parade occurs in

7203-534: The Chicago Transit Authority , it hosts Midway International Airport , and includes several Metra rail commuter lines. There are portions of the U.S. Interstate Highway System and also national highways such as Lake Shore Drive . There is some debate as to the South Side's boundaries. Originally the sides were taken from the banks of the Chicago River. The city's address numbering system uses

7350-529: The Jackson Park Highlands District , Kenwood , Beverly , Mount Greenwood , and west Morgan Park range from middle class to more affluent residents. The South Side boasts a broad array of cultural and social offerings, such as professional sports teams, landmark buildings, museums, educational institutions, medical institutions, beaches, and major parts of Chicago's parks system. The South Side has numerous bus routes and 'L' train lines via

7497-517: The Museum of Science and Industry , located in the Palace of Fine Arts, one of the few remaining buildings from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition , which was hosted in South Side. The South Side is the residence of other prominent black leaders such as Jesse Jackson and Louis Farrakhan . It is also where U.S. Congressman Bobby Rush , a former Black Panther leader, serves. The South Side has been

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7644-914: The Near South Side immediately adjacent. Another definition, taking into account that much of the Near South Side is in effect part of the commercial district extending in an unbroken line from the South Loop, locates the boundary immediately south of 18th Street or Cermak Road , where Chinatown in the Armour Square community area begins. Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line provide eastern boundaries. The southern border changed over time because of Chicago's evolving city limits. The city limits are now at 138th Street, in Riverdale and Hegewisch . The South Side

7791-582: The New England Conservatory of Music in Boston . It was while studying singing at that school with Marie Sundelius that she met Martin Luther King Jr. after mutual friend Mary Powell gave King her phone number after he asked about girls on the campus. Coretta was the only one remaining after Powell named two girls and King proved to not be impressed with the other. Scott initially showed little interest in meeting him, even after Powell told her that he had

7938-570: The Tuskegee Institute , founded by Booker T. Washington . The senior Mrs. Scott worked as a school bus driver, as a church pianist, and for her husband in his business. She served as Worthy Matron for her Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star chapter, and was a member of the local Literacy Federated Club. Obie, Coretta's father, was one of the first black people in their town to own a vehicle. Before starting his own businesses, he worked as

8085-514: The state funeral of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973, as a very close friend of the former president. On July 25, 1978, King held a press conference in defense of then-Ambassador Andrew Young and his controversial statement on political prisoners in American jails. On September 19, 1979, King visited the Lyndon B. Johnson ranch to meet with Lady Bird Johnson . In 1979 and 1980 Dr. Noel Erskine and King co-taught

8232-573: The "Ten Commandments on Vietnam ". On June 5, 1968, Bobby Kennedy was shot after winning the California primary for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. After he died the following day, Ethel Kennedy, who King had spoken to with her husband only two months earlier, was widowed. King flew to Los Angeles to comfort Ethel over Bobby's death. On June 8, 1968, while King was attending

8379-478: The "sound of a brick striking the concrete floor of the front porch." Coretta suggested that the two women get out of the front room and went into the guest room, as the house was disturbed by an explosion which caused the house to rock and fill the front room with smoke and shattered glass. The two went to the rear of the home, where Yolanda was sleeping and Coretta called the First Baptist Church and reported

8526-465: The 1940s. Other four-year educational institutions there are the Illinois Institute of Technology , St. Xavier University , Chicago State University , Illinois College of Optometry and Shimer College . The South Side also hosts community colleges such as Olive-Harvey College , Kennedy-King College and Richard J. Daley College . Chicago Public Schools operates the public schools on

8673-433: The 1970s and 1980s. In the late 20th century, the South Side had some of the poorest housing conditions in the U.S., but the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) began replacing the old high-rise public housing with mixed-income , lower-density developments, part of the city's Plan for Transformation. Many of the CHA's massive public housing projects, which lined several miles of South State Street, have been demolished. Among

8820-465: The 1970s gangs returned to violence and the drug trade. By 2000, traditionally all-male gangs crossed gender lines to include about 20% females. By the 1930s, the city of Chicago boasted that over 25% of its residential structures were less than 10 years old, many of which were bungalows . These continued to be built in the working-class South Side into the 1960s. Studio apartments , with Murphy beds and kitchenettes or Pullman kitchens , comprised

8967-415: The Antioch College administration, which was unwilling or unable to change the situation in the local school system and instead employed her at the college's associated laboratory school for a second year. Additionally, around this time, Coretta worked as a babysitter for the Lithgow family, babysitting the later prominent actor John Lithgow . Coretta transferred out of Antioch when she won a scholarship to

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9114-499: The Bronzeville neighborhood, through the main portion of the South Side. Neighborhood rehabilitation, and in some cases, gentrification, can be seen in parts of Washington Park , Woodlawn (#42) and Bronzeville, as well as in Bridgeport and McKinley Park. Historic Pullman 's redevelopment is another example of a work in progress. Chinatown is located on the South Side and has seen a surge in growth. It has become an increasingly popular destination for both tourists and locals alike and

9261-434: The Civil Rights Movement. Baker declined after thinking it over, stating that her twelve adopted children (known as the "rainbow tribe") were "too young to lose their mother". Coretta Scott King eventually broadened her focus to include women's rights , LGBT rights , economic issues, world peace, and various other causes. As early as December 1968, she called for women to "unite and form a solid block of women power to fight

9408-410: The Coif , became one of the first African American members of a law review, and was published in the University of Chicago Law Review 's inaugural issue. Ming was admitted to the bar in 1933 and subsequently practiced law in both public and private capacities. Ming volunteered and served in the Army's Judge Advocates General Corp , rising to the rank of captain. Prior to serving, in 1941, Ming played

9555-401: The Dan Ryan divided Daley's own neighborhood, the traditionally Irish Bridgeport, from Bronzeville. The economic conditions that led to migration into the South Side were not sustained. Mid-century industrial restructuring in meat packing and the steel industry cost many jobs. Blacks who became educated and achieved middle-class jobs also left after the Civil Rights Movement to other parts of

9702-431: The FBI Headquarters and gave an approving address on Director William S. Sessions for having the FBI "turn its back on the abuses of the Hoover era." King commended Sessions for his "leadership in bringing women and minorities into the FBI and for being a true friend of civil rights." King admitted that she would not have accepted the arrangement had it not been for Sessions, the then-current director. On January 17, 1994,

9849-431: The Interracial Scholarship Fund for financial aid. During her last two years in high school, Coretta lived with her parents. Her older sister Edythe already attended Antioch as part of the Antioch Program for Interracial Education, which recruited non-white students and gave them full scholarships in an attempt to diversify the historically white campus. Coretta said of her first college: Antioch had envisioned itself as

9996-399: The Kennedys, which her husband took as the reason "why everybody is suddenly being so polite." Regarding the March on Washington , Coretta said, "It was as though heaven had come down." Coretta had been home all day with their children, since the birth of their daughter Bernice had not allowed her to attend Easter Sunday church services. Since Mrs. King had issued her own statement regarding

10143-830: The King family were asleep. The three were not harmed. On Christmas Eve of 1955, King took her daughter to her parents' house and met with her siblings as well. Yolanda was their first grandchild. Martin joined them the next day, at dinner time. On February 21, 1956, Martin Luther King said he would return to Montgomery after picking up Coretta and their daughter from Atlanta, who were staying with his parents. During Martin Sr.'s opposition to his son's choice to return to Montgomery, Mrs. King picked up her daughter and went upstairs, which he would express dismay in later and tell her that she "had run out on him". Two days later, Coretta and Martin Luther King drove back to Montgomery. Coretta took an active role in advocating for civil rights legislation. On April 25, 1958, King made her first appearance at

10290-459: The South Side as exhibited by Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 (1940). President Obama announced in 2015 that the Barack Obama Presidential Center would be built adjacent the University of Chicago campus. Both Washington Park and Jackson Park were considered and it was announced in July 2016 that it would be built in Jackson Park. The South Side is served by mass transit as well as roads and highways. Midway International Airport

10437-407: The South Side can generally be divided into a White and Hispanic Southwest Side, a largely Black South Side and a smaller, more racially diverse Southeast Side centered on the East Side community area and including the adjacent community areas of South Chicago , South Deering and Hegewisch . The differing interpretations of the boundary between the South and Southwest Sides are due to a lack of

10584-609: The South Side such as Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 (1940), went to the U. S. Supreme Court . The case, which reset the limitations of res judicata , successfully challenged racial restrictions in the Washington Park Subdivision by reopening them for legal argument. Blacks resided in Bronzeville (around 35th and State Streets) in an area called "the Black Belt". After World War II , blacks spread across

10731-628: The South Side to rest of the city. The South Side is served by the Red , Green and Orange lines of the CTA and the Rock Island District , Metra Electric and South Shore Metra lines and a few stops on the SouthWest Service Metra line. Standard local metropolitan bus service and CTA express service bus routes provide service to the Loop. Chicago's African American community, concentrated on

10878-599: The South Side's Bridgeport community area, which also produced two other Chicago Mayors. University of Chicago Lab School , affiliated with the University of Chicago, is a private school located there. The South Side is home to many official landmarks and other notable buildings and structures. It hosts three of the four Chicago Registered Historic Places from the original October 15, 1966 National Register of Historic Places list ( Chicago Pile-1 , Robie House and Lorado Taft Midway Studios ). One Museum Park , which

11025-421: The South Side, descendants of earlier immigrants, such as ethnic Irish, began to move out. Later housing pressures and civic unrest caused more whites to leave the area and the city. Older residents of means moved to newer suburban housing as new migrants entered the city, driving further demographic changes. The South Side was racially segregated for many decades. During the 1920s and 1930s, housing cases on

11172-556: The South Side, experienced an artistic movement from the 1930s until the 1960s. The movement was concentrated in and around the Hyde Park community area. Prominent writers and artists included Gwendolyn Brooks , Margaret Burroughs , Elizabeth Catlett , Eldzier Cortor , Gordon Parks , and Richard Wright . Other Chicago Black Renaissance artists included Willard Motley , William Attaway , Frank Marshall Davis , and Margaret Walker . St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton represented

11319-456: The South Side, including DuSable High School , Simeon Career Academy , John Hope College Prep High School and Phillips Academy High School . The De La Salle Institute , located in the Douglas community area across the street from Chicago Police Department headquarters, has taught five Chicago Mayors : Richard J. Daley , Michael A. Bilandic , Martin H. Kennelly , Frank J. Corr and Richard M. Daley . Three of these mayors hail from

11466-501: The South Side; its center, east, and western portions. The Black Belt arose from discriminatory real estate practices by whites against blacks and other racial groups. In the early 1960s, during the tenure of then Mayor Richard J. Daley , the construction of the Dan Ryan Expressway created controversy. Many perceived the highway's location as an intentional physical barrier between white and black neighborhoods, particularly as

11613-424: The Southwest Side exclusively, the northern portion has a high concentration of Hispanics, the western portion has a high concentration of whites, and the eastern portion has a high concentration of blacks. Architecturally, the Southwest Side is distinguished by the tract of Chicago's Bungalow Belt, which runs through it. Archer Heights , a Polish enclave along Archer Avenue , which leads toward Midway Airport ,

11760-532: The actions of African-American women during the movement . The couple moved into the church's parsonage on South Jackson Street shortly after this. Coretta became a member of the choir and taught Sunday school, as well as participating in the Baptist Training Union and Missionary Society. She made her first appearance at the First Baptist Church on March 6, 1955, where according to E. P. Wallace, she "captivated her concert audience". The Kings' first child

11907-504: The aid of the president instead of doing as her husband had told her and report to Wyatt Walker , this according to author Taylor Branch , made her portrayed by reports as "an anxious new mother who may have confused her White House fantasies with reality." Coretta went to a Women Strike for Peace rally in New York, in the early days of November 1963. After speaking at the meeting held in the National Baptist Church, King joined

12054-444: The appeal at the services on January 14, 1979. Coretta Scott King later confirmed that it was the "best, most productive appeal ever". Coretta Scott King was finally successful in this campaign in 1986, when Martin Luther King Jr. Day was made a federal holiday . After the death of J. Edgar Hoover, King made no attempt to hide her bitterness towards him for his work against her husband in a long statement. Coretta Scott King attended

12201-428: The assassination of her husband in 1968, Coretta attended a commemorative service at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta to mark his birthday on January 15. She fought for years to make it a national holiday. In 1972, she said that there should be at least one national holiday a year in tribute to an African-American man, "and, at this point, Martin is the best candidate we have." Murray M. Silver, an Atlanta attorney, made

12348-466: The award. King traveled to London with her sister, sister-in-law, Bernita and several others to preach at St. Paul's Cathedral. Before, no woman had ever delivered a sermon at a regularly appointed service in the cathedral. As a leader of the movement, King founded the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta. She served as the center's president and CEO from its inception until she passed

12495-471: The bombing to the woman who answered the phone. Martin returned to their home, and upon finding Coretta and his daughter unharmed, went outside. He was confronted by an angry crowd of his supporters, who had brought guns. He was able to turn them away with an impromptu speech. A white man was reported by a lone witness to have walked halfway up to King's door and thrown something against the door before running back to his car and speeding off. Ernest Walters,

12642-571: The city's conference business with various convention centers . The current McCormick Place Convention Center is the largest convention center in the U.S. and the third largest in the world. Previously, the South Side hosted conventions at the Chicago Coliseum and the International Amphitheatre . The Ford City Mall and the surrounding shopping district includes several big-box retailers . The South Side has been home to some of

12789-536: The city's downtown area, the Chicago Loop . Much of the South Side came from the city's annexation of townships such as Hyde Park . The city's Sides have historically been divided by the Chicago River and its branches. The South Side of Chicago was originally defined as all of the city south of the main branch of the Chicago River, but it now excludes the Loop. The South Side has a varied ethnic composition and

12936-546: The city. Street gangs have been prominent in some South Side neighborhoods for over a century, beginning with those of Irish immigrants, who established the first territories in a struggle against other European and black migrants. Some other neighborhoods stayed relatively safe for a big city. By the 1960s, gangs such as the Vice Lords began to improve their public image, shifting from criminal ventures to operating social programs funded by government and private grants. However, in

13083-566: The civil rights movement at the University of San Diego . King tried to not get involved in the controversy around the naming of the San Diego Convention Center after her husband. She maintained it was up to the "people within the community" and that people had tried to get her involved in with "those kind of local situations." On January 17, 1993, King showed disdain for the U.S. missile attack on Iraq . In retaliation, she suggested peace protests. On February 16, 1993, King went to

13230-504: The day marking the 65th birthday of her husband, King said: "No injustice, no matter how great, can excuse even a single act of violence against another human being." In January 1995, Qubilah Shabazz was indicted on charges of using telephones and crossing state lines in a plot to kill Louis Farrakhan . King defended her, saying at Riverside Church in Harlem that federal prosecutors targeted her to tarnish her father Malcolm X 's legacy. During

13377-641: The fact that despite these early physical activities, she still was involved in nonviolent movements. Her brother Obadiah thought she always "tried to excel in everything she did." Her sister Edythe believed her personality was like that of their grandmother Cora McLaughlin Scott, after whom she was named. Though lacking formal education themselves, Coretta Scott's parents intended for all of their children to be educated. Coretta quoted her mother as having said, "My children are going to college, even if it means I only have but one dress to put on." The Scott children attended

13524-577: The fall of 1995, King chaired an attempt to register one million African American female voters for the presidential election next year with fellow widows Betty Shabazz and Myrlie Evers and was saluted by her daughter Yolanda in a Washington hotel ballroom. On October 12, 1995, King spoke about the O. J. Simpson murder case , which she negated having a long-term effect on relations between races when speaking to an audience at Soka University in Aliso Viejo, California . On January 24, 1996, King delivered

13671-515: The family's income. She had an older sister named Edythe Scott Bagley (1924–2011), an older sister named Eunice who did not survive childhood, and a younger brother named Obadiah Leonard (1930–2012). The Scott family had owned a farm since the American Civil War , but were not particularly wealthy. During the Great Depression the Scott children picked cotton to help earn money and shared

13818-563: The filming of The Oprah Winfrey Show in Cumming, Georgia . Oprah Winfrey tried to find out why the "community has not allowed black people to live there since 1912." King was outraged over the arrests, and wanted members of the group, "Coalition to End Fear and Intimidation in Forsyth County", to meet with Georgia Governor Joe Frank Harris to "seek a just resolution of the situation." On March 8, 1989, King lectured hundreds of students about

13965-404: The first black Mayor of Chicago , as well as groundbreaking Congressman William L. Dawson , achieved political success from the South Side. The University of Chicago is one of the world's leading universities, counting 97 affiliated Nobel laureates . At Chicago Pile-1 at the university, the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was achieved under the direction of Enrico Fermi in

14112-712: The first time she realized "how much I meant to Martin in terms of supporting him in what he was doing". Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed on October 19, 1960, in a department store. After being released three days later, he was sent back to jail on October 22 for driving with an Alabama license while being a resident of Georgia and was sent to jail for four months of hard labor. After his arrest, Mrs. King believed he would not make it out alive and telephoned her friend Harris Wofford and cried while saying "They're going to kill him. I know they are going to kill him." Directly after speaking with her, Wofford contacted Sargent Shriver in Chicago, where presidential candidate John F. Kennedy,

14259-627: The first woman elected to the House of Representatives, the group was called the Jeannette Rankin Brigade. Coretta co-chaired the Congress of Women conference with Pearl Willen and Mary Clarke. At some point in his activities, Martin suggested that the people working with him should organize a "sex party". Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. She learned of

14406-438: The funeral, she tried to explain to her that the next time she saw her father he would be in a casket and would not be speaking. When asked by her son Dexter when his father would return, King lied and told him that his father had only been badly hurt. Senator Robert F. Kennedy ordered three more telephones to be installed in the King residence for King and her family to be able to answer the flood of calls they received and offered

14553-447: The hospital on March 28, 1963, where King gave birth to their fourth child Bernice. After King and her daughter were due to come home, Martin rushed back to drive them himself. After Martin Luther King's arrest on April 12, 1963, King tried to make direct contact with President Kennedy at the advisement of Wyatt Tee Walker and succeeded in speaking with Robert F. Kennedy. President Kennedy was with his father Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr , who

14700-625: The largest were the Robert Taylor Homes . Some census tracts (4904 in Roseland , 7106 in Auburn Gresham ) are 99% black. The South Side covers over 50% of the city's land area alone. It has a higher ratio of single-family homes and larger sections zoned for industry than the North or West Sides. Hyde Park is home to the University of Chicago , as well as the South Side's largest Jewish population, centered on Chicago's oldest synagogue ,

14847-495: The late senator's funeral, the Justice Department made the announcement of James Earl Ray 's arrest. Not long after this, the King household was visited by Mike Wallace , who wanted to visit her and the rest of her family and see how they were faring that coming Christmas. She introduced her family to Wallace and also expressed her belief that there would not be another Martin Luther King Jr. because he comes around "once in

14994-481: The latter being embraced by King. King and her sister-in-law Christine King Farris tried to prepare the children for seeing Martin's body. With the end of the funeral service, King led her children and mourners in a march from the church to Morehouse College , her late husband's alma mater. Two days after her husband's death, King spoke at Ebenezer Baptist Church and made her first statement on his views since he had died. She said her husband told their children, "If

15141-557: The lawn of her mother's house; the ceremony was performed by Martin Sr. Coretta had the vow to obey her husband removed from the ceremony, which was unusual for the time. After completing her degree in voice and piano at the New England Conservatory, she moved with her husband to Montgomery, Alabama , in September 1954. Mrs. King recalled: "After we married, we moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where my husband had accepted an invitation to be

15288-548: The leading soprano for the school's senior chorus. Scott directed a choir at her home church in North Perry Country. Coretta Scott graduated valedictorian from Lincoln Normal School in 1945, where she played trumpet and piano, sang in the chorus, and participated in school musicals and enrolled at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio during her senior year at Lincoln. After being accepted to Antioch, she applied for

15435-411: The lone witness, did not manage to get the license plate number because of how quickly the events transpired. Both of the couple's fathers contacted them over the bombing. The two arrived nearly at the same time, along with her Martin Luther King's mother and brother. Coretta's father Obie said he would take her and her daughter back to Marion if his son-in-law did not take them to Atlanta. Coretta refused

15582-563: The march from Central Park to the United Nations Headquarters . The march was timed to celebrate the group's second anniversary and celebrated the successful completion of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Coretta and Martin learned of John F. Kennedy's assassination when reports initially indicated he had only been seriously wounded. Coretta joined her husband upstairs and watched Walter Cronkite announce

15729-414: The most significant figures in the history of American politics. These include Richard J. Daley and his son, Richard M. Daley ; the first black U.S. President , Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama ; the first black female U.S. Senator , Carol Moseley Braun ; and the first black presidential candidate to win a primary, Jesse Jackson . Before them, Harold Washington , a Congressman and

15876-573: The most vicious Southern taboos festering in a virulent and inflamed atmosphere and they persuaded an all-white jury to accept the word of a Negro over that of white men." King's wife, Coretta Scott King , would later say of the trial: "A southern jury of twelve white men had acquitted Martin. It was a triumph of justice, a miracle that restored your faith in human good." In addition to his litigation work, Ming served in leadership and other capacities such as ACLU counsel, National Veterans Organization President, Illinois Commerce Commission attorney, as

16023-463: The new wave of intellectual expression in literature by depicting the culture of the urban ghetto rather than the culture of blacks in the South in the monograph Black Metropolis . In 1961, Burroughs founded the DuSable Museum of African American History . By the late 1960s the South Side had a robost art movement led by Jim Nutt , Gladys Nilsson , Karl Wirsum and others, who became known as

16170-542: The numbers expanded with the Great Migration , as blacks left the agrarian South seeking a better future in the industrial North, including the South Side. By 1910, the black population in Chicago reached 40,000, with 78% residing in the Black Belt. Extending 30 blocks, mostly between 31st and 55th Streets, along State Street , but only a few blocks wide, it developed into a vibrant community dominated by black businesses, music, food and culture. As more blacks moved into

16317-515: The one to open it. J. Edgar Hoover even advised to mail "it from a southern state." Coretta sorted the tapes with the rest of the mail, listened to them, and immediately called her husband, "giving the Bureau a great deal of pleasure with the tone and tenor of her reactions." Martin Luther King played the tape in her presence, along with Andrew Young , Ralph Abernathy and Joseph Lowery . Publicly, Mrs. King would say "I couldn't make much out of it, it

16464-400: The pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. Before long, we found ourselves in the middle of the Montgomery bus boycott, and Martin was elected leader of the protest movement. As the boycott continued, I had a growing sense that I was involved in something so much greater than myself, something of profound historic importance. I came to the realization that we had been thrust into the forefront of

16611-441: The phrase: "The Union Stock Yard, Chicago is ..." The Union Stock Yard Gate marking the old entrance to stockyards was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 24, 1972, and a National Historic Landmark on May 29, 1981. Other South Side regions have been known for great wealth, such as Prairie Avenue . 21st century redevelopment includes One Museum Park and One Museum Park West . The South Side accommodates much of

16758-511: The president's death. King sat with her visibly shaken husband following the confirmation. The FBI planned to mail tapes of her husband's alleged affairs to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference office since surveillance revealed that Coretta opened her husband's mail when he was traveling. The FBI learned that Martin Luther King would be out of office by the time the tapes were mailed and that his wife would be

16905-497: The procession. Nixon believed participating in the procession would be "grandstanding". On April 8, 1968, King and her children headed a march with sanitation workers that her husband had planned to carry out before his death. After the marchers reached the staging area at the Civic Center Plaza in front of Memphis City Hall, onlookers proceeded to take pictures of King and her children but stopped when she addressed everyone at

17052-409: The proclamation and insisted on staying with her husband. Despite Martin Sr. also advocating that she leave with her father, King persisted in leaving with him. Author Octavia B. Vivian wrote "That night Coretta lost her fear of dying. She committed herself more deeply to the freedom struggle, as Martin had done four days previously when jailed for the first time in his life." Coretta would later call it

17199-406: The reins of leadership to son Dexter Scott King. Removing herself from leadership, allowed her to focus on writing, public speaking and spend time with her parents. She published her memoirs, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. , in 1969. President Richard Nixon was advised against visiting her on the first anniversary of his death since it would "outrage" many people. On October 15, 1969, King

17346-464: The remainder of his time in the hospital recovering. On February 3, 1959, Mr. and Mrs. King and Lawrence D. Reddick started a five-week tour of India. The three were invited to hundreds of engagements. During their trip, Coretta used her singing ability to enthuse crowds during their month-long stay. The two returned to the United States on March 10, 1959. On January 30, 1956, Coretta and Dexter congregation member Roscoe Williams' wife Mary Lucy heard

17493-456: The roles played by women in the struggle. By and large, men have formed the leadership in the civil rights struggle but ... women have been the backbone of the whole civil rights movement." Martin Luther King Jr. himself limited Coretta's role in the movement, and expected her to be a housewife. King participated in a Women Strike for Peace protest in January 1968, at the capital of Washington, D.C., with over five thousand women. In honor of

17640-598: The same thing when he drove her home later while also berating her for not having made a good impression on his father. When Martin declared his intentions to get a doctorate and marry Coretta after, Martin Sr. finally gave his blessing. In 1964, the Time profile of Martin, when he was chosen as Time 's " Man of the Year ", referred to her as "a talented young soprano". She was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha . Coretta Scott and Martin Luther King Jr. were married on June 18, 1953, on

17787-430: The shooting after being called by Jesse Jackson when she returned from shopping with her eldest child Yolanda. King had difficulty settling her children with the news that their father was deceased. She received a large number of telegrams, including one from Lee Harvey Oswald 's mother, which she regarded as the one that touched her the most. In an effort to prepare her daughter Bernice, then only five years old, for

17934-656: The struggle for racial equality herself and became active in the Women's Movement . King founded the King Center , and sought to make his birthday a national holiday. She finally succeeded when Ronald Reagan signed legislation which established Martin Luther King, Jr., Day on November 2, 1983. She later broadened her scope to include both advocacy for LGBTQ rights and opposition to apartheid . King became friends with many politicians before and after Martin's death, including John F. Kennedy , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Robert F. Kennedy . Her telephone conversation with John F. Kennedy during

18081-442: The third of four children of Obadiah Scott (1899–1998) and Bernice McMurry Scott (1904–1996). She was born in her parents' home, with her paternal great-grandmother Delia Scott, a former slave, presiding as midwife. Coretta's mother became known for her musical talent and singing voice. As a child, Bernice attended the local Crossroads School; her formal education ended with the fourth grade. Bernice's older siblings, however, boarded at

18228-456: The three great evils of racism , poverty and war ", during a Solidarity Day speech. On April 27, 1968, King spoke at an anti-war demonstration in Central Park in place of her husband. King made it clear that there was no reason "why a nation as rich as ours should be blighted by poverty, disease, and illiteracy." King used notes taken from her husband's pockets upon his death, which included

18375-609: The warnings and went along with his request. On April 5, 1968, King arrived in Memphis to retrieve her husband's body and decided that the casket should be kept open during the funeral with the hope that her children would realize upon seeing his body that he would not be coming home. King called photographer Bob Fitch and asked for documentation to be done, having known him for years. On April 7, 1968, former Vice President Richard Nixon visited King and recalled his first meeting with her husband in 1955. Nixon also went to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s funeral on April 9, 1968, but did not walk in

18522-655: The young aspiring minister and discussed the relationship as well. Edythe was able to tell her sister had legitimate feelings for him, and she also became impressed with his overall demeanor. Despite envisioning a career for herself in the music industry, Coretta knew that it would not be possible if she were to marry King. However, since King possessed many of the qualities she liked in a man, she found herself "becoming more involved with every passing moment." When asked by her sister what made King so "appealing" to her she responded, "I suppose it's because Martin reminds me so much of our father." At that moment, Scott's sister knew King

18669-536: Was "the one". King's parents visited him in the fall and had suspicions about Coretta Scott after seeing how clean his apartment was. While the Kings had tea and meals with their son and Scott, Martin Sr. turned his attention to her and insinuated that her plans of a career in music were not fitting for a Baptist minister's wife. After Coretta did not respond to his questioning of their romance being serious, Martin Sr. asked if she took his son "seriously". King's father also told her that there were many other women his son

18816-475: Was a communist sympathizer. Reagan clarified his remarks came from the fact that the papers had been sealed off until the year 2027. King accepted the apology and pointed out the Senate Select Committee on Assassinations had not found any basis to suggest her husband had communist ties. On February 9, 1987, eight civil rights activists were jailed for protesting the exclusion of African Americans during

18963-404: Was a leader for the civil rights movement in the 1960s. King was also a singer who often incorporated music into her civil rights work. King met her husband while attending graduate school in Boston . They both became increasingly active in the American civil rights movement. King played a prominent role in the years after her husband's assassination in 1968, when she took on the leadership of

19110-749: Was an excellent choice for Martin Luther King Jr., but also felt that Coretta did not need to bargain for a husband. On Valentine's Day 1953, the couple announced their plans to marry in the Atlanta Daily World . With a wedding set in June, only four months away at that time, Coretta still did not have a commitment to marrying King and consulted with her sister in a letter sent just before Easter Vacation. King's father had expressed resentment in his choice of Coretta over someone from Alabama and accused his son of spending too much time with her and neglecting his studies. Martin took his mother into another room and told her of his plans to marry Coretta and told her

19257-562: Was arrested with her daughter Bernice and son Martin Luther King III while taking part in an anti- apartheid protest at the Embassy of South Africa in Washington, D.C. When President Ronald Reagan signed legislation establishing the Martin Luther King Jr. Day, she was at the event. Reagan called her to personally apologize for a remark he made during a nationally televised conference, where he said we would know in "35 years" whether or not King

19404-735: Was assured and asked to see her again. She readily accepted his invitation to a weekend party. She continued to see him regularly in the early months of 1952. Two weeks after meeting Scott, King wrote to his mother that he had met his wife. Their dates usually consisted of political and racial discussions, and in August of that year Coretta met King's parents Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King . Before meeting Martin, Coretta had been in relationships her entire time in school but never had any she cared to develop. Once meeting with her sister Edythe face-to-face, Coretta detailed her feelings for

19551-405: Was born a slave to plantation owners Jim Blackburn and Adeline (Blackburn) Smith. Coretta's maternal grandfather, Martin, was born to a slave of Black Native American ancestry, and her white master who never acknowledged Martin as his son. He eventually owned a 280-acre farm. Because of his diverse origins, Martin appeared to be white . However, he displayed contempt for the notion of passing . As

19698-455: Was born on November 17, 1955, and was named Yolanda at Coretta's insistence. After Martin Luther King became involved in the Montgomery bus boycott , Mrs. King often received threats directed towards him. In January 1956, she answered numerous phone calls threatening her husband's life, as rumors intended to make African Americans dissatisfied with Martin Luther King spread that he had purchased

19845-526: Was broadcast on Chicago's CBS affiliate . Following the 2009 parade, organizers stated the group was "not planning to stage a parade in its present form". The parade was cancelled in 2010 and 2011 before being revived with more strict security and law enforcement. The Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic , the second largest parade in the U.S. and the nation's largest black parade, runs annually on Martin Luther King Drive between 31st and 51st Streets in

19992-406: Was campaigning at the time and told Shriver of King's fears for her husband. After Shriver waited to be with Kennedy alone, he suggested that he telephone King and express sympathy. Kennedy called King, after agreeing to the proposal. Sometime afterward, Robert F. Kennedy obtained King's release from prison. Martin Sr. was so grateful for the release that he voted for Kennedy and said: "I'll take

20139-451: Was interested in and had "a lot to offer". After telling him that she had "a lot to offer" as well, Martin Luther King Sr. and his wife went on to try and meet with members of Coretta's family. Once the two obtained Edythe's number from Coretta, they sat down with her and had lunch with her. During their time together, Martin Luther King Sr. tried to ask Edythe about the relationship between her sister and his son. Edythe insisted that her sister

20286-513: Was introduced by Aristocrat Records (later Chess Records ). Muddy Waters and Chess Records quickly followed with Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Walter , Jimmy Rogers , and Howlin' Wolf . Coretta Scott King Coretta Scott King ( née Scott ; April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader who was the wife of Martin Luther King Jr. from 1953 until his assassination in 1968. As an advocate for African-American equality , she

20433-644: Was just a lot of mumbo-jumbo." The tapes were part of a larger attempt by J. Edgar Hoover to denounce King by revelations about his personal life. Most prominently, perhaps, she worked hard to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . King spoke with Malcolm X days before his assassination. Malcolm told her that he was not in Alabama to make trouble for her husband, but instead to make white people have more appreciation for King's protests, seeing his alternative. On March 26, 1965, King's father joined her and her husband for

20580-525: Was learned about quickly by reporters, with Coretta admitting that it "made me feel good that he called me personally and let me know how he felt." Mr. and Mrs. King had come to respect President Kennedy and understood his reluctance at times to get involved openly with civil rights. In April 1962, Coretta served as a delegate for the Women Strike for Peace Conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Martin drove her to

20727-424: Was not distorted and the history told at his monument in Washington D.C., was true to the Civil Rights Movement . She became vegan in the last 10 years of her life. During the 1980s, Coretta Scott King reaffirmed her long-standing opposition to apartheid , participating in a series of sit-in protests in Washington, D.C., that prompted nationwide demonstrations against South African racial policies . King had

20874-534: Was not feeling well. In what has been noted as making Kennedy seem less sympathetic towards the Kings, the president redirected Mrs. King's call to the White House switchboard. The next day, President Kennedy reported to King that the FBI had been sent into Birmingham the previous night and confirmed that her husband was fine. He was allowed to speak with her on the phone and told her to inform Walker of Kennedy's involvement. She told her husband of her assistance from

21021-704: Was one of the architects of the legal strategy leading to the Supreme Court 's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education , working on the litigation team for that case and on a number of the important cases leading to Brown , including Shelley v. Kraemer (declaring unconstitutional state enforcement of restrictive racial covenants in housing) and Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (declaring unconstitutional separate but equal facilities for black professionals and graduate students in state universities). Other important decisions Ming played

21168-441: Was quoted: "Negro or not, he is a master of the law." King wrote of the trial as a "turning point" in his life and praised Ming and his other principal lawyer, Hubert Thomas Delany : "They brought to the courtroom wisdom, courage, and a highly developed art of advocacy; but most important, they brought the lawyers' indomitable determination to win. After a trial of three days, by the sheer strength of their legal arsenal, they overcame

21315-594: Was still being imprisoned in Pollsmoor Prison after being transferred from Robben Island in 1982. Prior to leaving the United States for the meeting, King drew comparisons between the civil rights movement and Mandela's case. Upon her return to the United States, she urged Reagan to approve economic sanctions against South Africa. Coretta Scott King was a long-time advocate for world peace . Author Michael Eric Dyson has called her "an earlier and more devoted pacifist than her husband." Although King would object to

21462-745: Was temporarily buried on the grounds of the King Center until being interred next to her husband. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame , the National Women's Hall of Fame , and was the first African American to lie in state at the Georgia State Capitol . King has been referred to as "First Lady of the Civil Rights Movement". Coretta Scott was born in Heiberger, Alabama ,

21609-651: Was the lead speaker at the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstration in Washington D.C., where she led a crowd down Pennsylvania Avenue past the White Past bearing candles and at a subsequent speech she denounced the war in Vietnam. Coretta Scott King was also under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1968 until 1972. Her husband's activities had been monitored during his lifetime. Documents obtained by

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