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25-543: William Read "Billy" Woodfield (January 21, 1928 – November 24, 2001) was an American photographer, television screenwriter, and producer who took black-and-white photographs of American screen actors. He also wrote the screenplay to the Hypnotic Eye (1960). In 1946 Woodfield began publishing Magicana, a trade paper for magicians. In 1948 his newsletter became a regular column in Genii magazine. He would continue writing

50-720: A Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay – Episodic Drama in 1966 for Mission: Impossible ; winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series in 1968 as a writer for Mission: Impossible ; and earning another Primetime Emmy Award nomination in 1971 for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama credited with Original Teleplay for the short-lived 1970 NBC series San Francisco International Airport . Woodfield and Balter were credited with opening up Mission: Impossible's story lines, which had previously been physical problems to solve (break into

75-399: A snapshot aesthetic approach. In the mid-1970s Josef H. Neumann developed chemograms , which are products of both photographic processing and painting on photographic paper . Before the spread of computers and the use of image processing software the process of creating chemograms can be considered an early form of analog post-production, in which the original image is altered after

100-457: A 7.6 percent annual price rise from 1994 and 2004. Around 80 percent were sold in the United States, although auction sales only record a fraction of total private sales. There is now a thriving collectors' market for which the most sought-after art photographers will produce high quality archival prints in strictly limited editions. Attempts by online art retailers to sell fine photography to

125-654: A black-and-white image, that is, an image containing shades of gray, is referred to in this context as grayscale . Fine art photography One photography historian claimed that "the earliest exponent of 'Fine Art' or composition photography was John Edwin Mayall ", who exhibited daguerreotypes illustrating the Lord's Prayer in 1851. Successful attempts to make fine art photography can be traced to Victorian era practitioners such as Julia Margaret Cameron , Charles Lutwidge Dodgson , and Oscar Gustave Rejlander and others. In

150-497: A noticeable move toward once again showing contemporary gallery prints on boards and without glass. In addition, throughout the twentieth century, there was a noticeable increase in the size of prints. Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but as a byproduct it has also been important in advancing certain causes. The work of Ansel Adams in Yosemite and Yellowstone provides an example. Adams

175-503: A photo shoot on a closed set at the Twentieth Century Fox studio lot. The publicity shoot took place in the swimming pool that was to be used in what would have been her final film Something's Got To Give . In the 1960s and 1970s, Woodfield would team with writer/producer Allan Balter to earn numerous awards for work in television. The team was nominated numerous times. As a screenwriter, Woodfield's award nominations included

200-494: A photographer's art prints reproduced in a finely-printed limited-edition book have now become an area of strong interest to collectors. This is because books usually have high production values, a short print run, and their limited market means they are almost never reprinted. The collector's market in photography books by individual photographers is developing rapidly. According to Art Market Trends 2004 7,000 photographs were sold in auction rooms in 2004, and photographs averaged

225-489: A photographic image that has been subsequently painted over with oil paints and/or contains some political or historical significance beyond the image itself. The existence of "photographically-projected painting" now blurs the line between painting and photography which traditionally was absolute. Until the mid-1950s it was widely considered vulgar and pretentious to frame a photograph for a gallery exhibition. Prints were usually simply pasted onto blockboard or plywood, or given

250-747: A prison, uncover a hidden message), by having the agents play grand-scale confidence games on the mission targets, to misdirect and manipulate them. "Billy Woodfield, a con devotee and self-described 'apprentice cheat,' was the prime mover behind the IMF's transformation into con artists. The approach had great story potential, gave the series its own identity, and helped make Mission a hit." He also wrote episodes of Columbo including episodes that featured magicians. Woodfield died of heart failure in Los Angeles in 2001. Black-and-white Black-and-white ( B&W or B/W ) images combine black and white to produce

275-542: A range of achromatic brightnesses of grey . It is also known as greyscale in technical settings. The history of various visual media began with black and white, and as technology improved, altered to color. However, there are exceptions to this rule, including black-and-white fine art photography , as well as many film motion pictures and art film (s). Early photographs in the late 19th and early to mid 20th centuries were often developed in black and white, as an alternative to sepia due to limitations in film available at

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300-466: A white border in the darkroom and then pinned at the corners onto display boards. Prints were thus shown without any glass reflections obscuring them. Steichen's famous The Family of Man exhibition was unframed, the pictures pasted to panels. Even as late as 1966 Bill Brandt 's MoMA show was unframed, with simple prints pasted to thin plywood. From the mid-1950s to about 2000 most gallery exhibitions had prints behind glass. Since about 2000 there has been

325-583: Is designated 'Pictorial Photography' which is a very ambiguous term. The photographer himself must have confidence in his work and in its dignity and aesthetic value, to force recognition as an Art rather than a Craft". Until the late 1970s several genres predominated, such as nudes, portraits, and natural landscapes (exemplified by Ansel Adams ). Breakthrough 'star' artists in the 1970s and 80s, such as Sally Mann , Robert Mapplethorpe , Robert Farber and Cindy Sherman , still relied heavily on such genres , although seeing them with fresh eyes. Others investigated

350-445: Is not generally recognized as anything more than a craft. In the USA photography has been openly accepted as Fine Art in certain official quarters. It is shown in galleries and exhibitions as an Art. There is not corresponding recognition in this country. The London Salon shows pictorial photography, but it is not generally understood as an art. Whether a work shows aesthetic qualities or not it

375-520: Is now a trend toward a careful staging and lighting of the picture, rather than hoping to "discover" it ready-made. Photographers such as Gregory Crewdson , and Jeff Wall are noted for the quality of their staged pictures. Additionally, new technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in full spectrum photography , where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions. As printing technologies have improved since around 1980,

400-481: Is one of the most widely recognized fine art photographers of the 20th century, and was an avid promoter of conservation. While his primary focus was on photography as art, some of his work raised public awareness of the beauty of the Sierra Nevada and helped to build political support for their protection. Such photography has also had effects in the area of censorship law and free expression, due to its concern with

425-716: The "late 1960s and 1970s, when... news photographers struck up liaisons with art photography and painting". In 1974 the International Center of Photography opened, with emphases on both "humanitarian photojournalism" and "art photography". By 1987, "pictures that were taken on assignments for magazines and newspapers now regularly reappear[ed] – in frames – on the walls of museums and galleries". Smartphone apps such as Snapchat sometimes are used for fine-art photography. The reactions of artists and writers have contributed significantly to perceptions of photography as fine art. Prominent painters have asserted their interest in

450-522: The U.S. F. Holland Day , Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen were instrumental in making photography a fine art, and Stieglitz was especially notable in introducing it into museum collections. In the UK as recently as 1960, photography was not really recognised as a fine art. S. D. Jouhar said, when he formed the Photographic Fine Art Association at that time: "At the moment, photography

475-888: The column until 1949, eventually shifting his focus to photography. In 1961, Woodfield co-authored The Ninth Life with Martin Machlin , documenting the infamous Caryl Chessman murder trial and execution. He would continue writing and publishing literature into the 1980s. Working for Globe Photos , Woodfield's began taking celebrity photographs which began appearing in publications as early as 1957, photographing Natalie Wood in 1959 and Elizabeth Taylor for Life magazine. Woodfield's photographs accompanied Peter Ustinov 's writing in Ustinov's Diplomats . In 1968, Woodfield published The Execution , his first solo written work. In 1962 Woodfield—along with Lawrence Schiller and Jimmy Mitchell —gained fame when Marilyn Monroe extended an invitation to

500-590: The enlarging process. Unlike works of digital post-production each chemogram is a unique piece. American organizations, such as the Aperture Foundation and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), have done much to keep photography at the forefront of the fine arts. MoMA's establishment of a department of photography in 1940 and appointment of Beaumont Newhall as its first curator are often cited as institutional confirmation of photography's status as an art. There

525-438: The general public alongside prints of paintings have had mixed results, with strong sales coming only from the traditional major photographers such as Ansel Adams . In addition to the "digital movement" towards manipulation, filtering, or resolution changes, some fine artists deliberately seek a "naturalistic", including "natural lighting" as a value in itself. Sometimes the art work as in the case of Gerhard Richter consists of

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550-487: The late 1960s, few mainstream films have been shot in black-and-white. The reasons are frequently commercial, as it is difficult to sell a film for television broadcasting if the film is not in color. 1961 was the last year in which the majority of Hollywood films were released in black and white. In computing terminology, black-and-white is sometimes used to refer to a binary image consisting solely of pure black pixels and pure white ones; what would normally be called

575-399: The medium: I have always been very interested in photography. I have looked at far more photographs than I have paintings. Because their reality is stronger than reality itself. Noted authors, similarly, have responded to the artistic potential of photography: ...it does seem to me that Capa has proved beyond all doubt that the camera need not be a cold mechanical device. Like the pen, it

600-598: The nude body. Although fine art photography may overlap with many other genres of photography, the overlaps with fashion photography and photojournalism merit special attention. In 1996 it was stated that there had been a "recent blurring of lines between commercial illustrative photography and fine art photography," especially in the area of fashion. Evidence for the overlap of fine art photography and fashion photography includes lectures, exhibitions, trade fairs such as Art Basel Miami Beach, and books. Photojournalism and fine art photography overlapped beginning in

625-413: The time. Black and white was also prevalent in early television broadcasts, which were displayed by changing the intensity of monochrome phosphurs on the inside of the screen, before the introduction of colour from the 1950s onwards. Black and white continues to be used in certain sections of the modern arts field, either stylistically or to invoke the perception of a historic work or setting. Since

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