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20-541: The competition was founded in 1927 by Elizabeth Lowell Putnam in memory of her husband William Lowell Putnam , who was an advocate of intercollegiate intellectual competition. The competition has been offered annually since 1938 and is administered by the Mathematical Association of America . The Putnam competition takes place on the first Saturday in December, and consists of two three-hour sittings separated by

40-464: A complete solution, 9 points for a nearly complete solution, and 1 point for the beginnings of a solution. In earlier years, the twelve questions were worth one point each, with no partial credit given. The competition is considered to be very difficult: it is typically attempted by students specializing in mathematics, but the median score is usually zero or one point out of 120 possible, and there have been only five perfect scores as of 2021. In 2003, of

60-431: A lunch break. The competition is supervised by faculty members at the participating schools. Each one consists of twelve challenging problems. The problems cover a range of advanced material in undergraduate mathematics, including concepts from group theory, set theory, graph theory, lattice theory, and number theory. Each of the twelve questions is worth 10 points, and the most frequent scores above zero are 10 points for

80-545: A place among the top five ranked competitors (who are themselves not ranked against each other) in the William Lowell Putnam Competition all four years that he was eligible (2000–2003), a feat matched by only seven others ( Don Coppersmith (1968–1971), Arthur Rubin (1970–1973), Bjorn Poonen (1985–1988), Ravi Vakil (1988–1991), Reid W. Barton (2001–2004), Daniel Kane (2003–2006), and Brian R. Lawrence (2007–08, 2010–11). His top-5 performance in 2000

100-431: A recent analysis, the following table lists teams that finished in the top five since 2000 (as of 2023 competition): The following table lists Teams with First place finishes (as of 2023 competition): Since the first competition, the top five (or six, in case of a tie) scorers in the competition have been named Putnam Fellows . Within the top five, Putnam Fellows are not ranked. Students are not allowed to participate in

120-455: The Brahmin Lowell family , her siblings included the astronomer Percival Lowell , the educator and legal scholar Abbott Lawrence Lowell , and the poet Amy Lowell . They were the great-grandchildren of John Lowell and, on their mother's side, the grandchildren of Abbott Lawrence . Elizabeth grew up on her family's 10-acre (40,000 m ) estate, which was later called Sevenels for

140-776: The Mathematical Association of America . Since 1992, the competition has awarded the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize for outstanding performance by a female contestant. She was the maternal grandmother of McGeorge Bundy and William Putnam Bundy . Gabriel Carroll Gabriel Drew Carroll (born December 24, 1982) is a Professor of Economics at the University of Toronto . He was born to tech industry worker parents in Oakland. He graduated from Harvard University with B.A. in mathematics and linguistics in 2005 and received his doctorate in economics from MIT in 2012. He

160-401: The 3,615 students competing, 1,024 (28%) scored 10 or more points, and 42 points was sufficient to make the top percentile. At a participating college, any student who wishes to take part in the competition may (limited by the number of spots a school receives); but until 2019 the school's official team consisted of three individuals whom it designated in advance. Until 2019, a team's score was

180-548: The Putnam Competition more than four times. For example, if a high school senior chooses to officially participate, he/she effectively chooses to forfeit one of his/her years of eligibility in college (see Gabriel Carroll ). This makes it even more of a remarkable feat to become a Putnam Fellow four times. In the history of the Competition, only eight students have been Putnam Fellows four times, with twenty-five others winning

200-482: The award three times. The following table lists these students: The following table lists all Putnam fellows from 1938 to present, with the years they placed in the top five. Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow , in 1996. Since 1992, the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award has been available to be awarded to a female participant with a high score, with three awards being made for

220-551: The competition. Many Putnam Fellows have gone on to become distinguished researchers in mathematics and other fields, including three Fields Medalists — John Milnor (also an Abel Prize laureate), David Mumford , and Daniel Quillen —and two Nobel laureates in physics— Richard Feynman and Kenneth Wilson . Below is a table of teams by the number of appearances in the top five and number of titles. The following table lists Teams finishing in Top Five (as of 2023 competition): For

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240-492: The first time in 2019. The year(s) in which they were Fellows are in bold . Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow , in 1996. Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Elizabeth Lowell Putnam (2 February 1862–1935) was an American philanthropist and an activist for prenatal care . She was born (as Bessie Lowell) in Boston, Massachusetts , the daughter of Augustus Lowell and Katherine Bigelow Lowell. A member of

260-548: The first-place team receives an award of $ 25,000. Each first-place team member, as well as the winner of the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize , receives $ 1,000. Sixth through 15th place individuals receive $ 1,000 and the next ten receive $ 250. The names of the top 100 students are published in the American Mathematical Monthly , and competition results are published in early April of the year following

280-553: The piano. He was a Research Science Institute scholar in 2000. Carroll proposed Problem 3 of IMO 2009 and Problem 3 of IMO 2010. He also proposes problems to the USAMO such as problem 3 in 2007, 2008, 2010 and problem 6 in 2009. During the 2005–06 academic year, he taught English in Chaling , Hunan , China . He worked at the National Bureau of Economic Research from 2006 to 2007 and

300-496: The seven Lowells that comprised her family. In 1888, Elizabeth married her third cousin and family lawyer William Putnam, Senior . In 1927, after her husband's death, Elizabeth Lowell Putnam established the William Lowell Putnam Intercollegiate Memorial Fund in order to begin a college-level mathematics competition. This contest, which continues to this day, began in 1935 under the direction of

320-401: The sum of the ranks of its three team members, with the lowest cumulative rank winning. It was entirely possible, even commonplace at some institutions, for the eventual results to show that the "wrong" team was picked—i.e. that some students not on the official team outscored an official team member. For example, in 2010, MIT had two of the top five scorers in the competition and seven of

340-607: The top 24, while Caltech had just one student in the top five and only four in the top 24; yet Caltech took first place among teams while MIT took second. In 2019 the rules of the competition changed, with a school's team consisting of its top three scorers, and team ranks determined by comparing the sums of the scores of the team members. The top five teams win $ 25,000, $ 20,000, $ 15,000, $ 10,000, and $ 5,000, in that order, with team members receiving $ 1,000, $ 800, $ 600, $ 400, and $ 200, respectively. The top five individual scorers are named Putnam Fellows and awarded $ 2,500. The school with

360-532: Was an Assistant Professor of Economics, and then an Associate Professor of Economics, at Stanford University from July 2013 through December 2020. Gabriel Carroll is an alumnus of Oakland Technical High School and graduated from Harvard University in 2005 with degrees in Mathematics and Linguistics. He graduated from the Economics Department at MIT in 2012, and spent one year at Microsoft Research as

380-474: Was particularly notable, as he was officially taking the exam in spite of only being a high school senior, thus forfeiting one of his years of eligibility in college. He was on the first place Putnam team twice (2001–02) and the second place team once (2003). He has earned awards in science and math, including the Intel Science Talent Search , has taught mathematics classes and tutorials, and plays

400-577: Was recognized as a child prodigy and received numerous awards in mathematics while a student. Carroll won two gold medals (1998, 2001) and a silver medal (1999) at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO), earning a perfect score at the 2001 International Mathematical Olympiad held in Washington, D.C. , shared only with American teammate Reid W. Barton and Chinese teammates Liang Xiao and Zhiqiang Zhang. Gabriel earned

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