33-821: William Kirby may refer to: William Kirby (entomologist) (1759–1850), English entomologist William Kirby (author) (1817–1906), Canadian author William C. Kirby (born 1950), professor at Harvard University William F. Kirby (1867–1934), American politician William Forsell Kirby (1844–1912), English entomologist & folklorist William T. Kirby (1911–1990), businessman William Kirby (Gaelic footballer) (fl. 1990s–2010s), Gaelic footballer William Kirby (footballer, born 1883) (1883–1917), English footballer William Kirby (cricketer) (born 1981), English cricketer Bill Kirby (born 1975), Australian swimmer Cam Kirby or William J. Cameron Kirby (1909–2003), Canadian politician [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
66-517: A great many textbooks and writings through which the digested brilliance of his lectures at Leiden was circulated widely in Europe. In 1708 his publication of the Institutiones Medicae was issued in over five languages, and went into approximately ten editions. His Elementa Chemia , a world-renowned chemistry textbook, was published in 1732. The mechanistic concept of the human body departed from
99-599: A preacher. After the death of his father, however, he was offered a scholarship and he entered the University of Leiden , where he took his master's degree in philosophy in 1690, with a dissertation titled De distinctione mentis a corpore ( On the Difference of the Mind from the Body ). There he attacked the doctrines of Epicurus , Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza . He then turned to
132-589: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages William Kirby (entomologist) William Kirby (19 September 1759 – 4 July 1850) was an English entomologist , an original member of the Linnean Society and a Fellow of the Royal Society , as well as a country rector, so that he was an eminent example of the " parson-naturalist ". The four-volume Introduction to Entomology , co-written with William Spence ,
165-447: Is recognised as the first text on chemistry. Boerhaave first described Boerhaave syndrome , which involves tearing of the oesophagus, usually a consequence of vigorous vomiting. Notoriously, in 1724 he described the case of Baron Jan van Wassenaer, a Dutch admiral who died of this condition following a gluttonous feast and subsequent regurgitation. The condition was uniformly fatal prior to modern surgical techniques allowing repair of
198-401: Is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital and is sometimes referred to as "the father of physiology," along with Venetian physician Santorio Santorio (1561–1636). Boerhaave introduced the quantitative approach into medicine, along with his pupil Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) and is best known for demonstrating the relation of symptoms to lesions. He
231-576: The Entomological Society of London in 1833, with John Westwood as Secretary, and became its Honorary President for life. On that occasion, he presented his own cabinet of insects, collected over more than 40 years, which contained many of the specimens figured in his papers. Kirby was the original President of the Ipswich Museum , 1847–50, fulfilling a project which he had advocated since 1791, and appeared with William Buckland and others at
264-574: The Monographia Apum Angliae (Monograph on the Bees of England), in 1802. His purpose was both scientific and religious: 'The author of Scripture is also the author of Nature: and this visible world, by types indeed, and by symbols, declares the same truths as the Bible does by words. To make the naturalist a religious man – to turn his attention to the glory of God, that he may declare his works, and in
297-424: The botanic garden of Leiden , and by the publication of numerous works descriptive of new species of plants. On 14 September 1710, Boerhaave married Maria Drolenvaux, the daughter of the rich merchant, Alderman Abraham Drolenvaux. They had four children, of whom one daughter, Maria Joanna, lived to adulthood. In 1722, he began to suffer from an extreme case of gout , recovering the next year. In 1714, when he
330-643: The Arctic Circle 1821. His friend W.J. Hooker established his contact with John Richardson to involve him in the publication of findings from Sir John Franklin 's 1st and 2nd expeditions, the insect section in the Fauna Boreali-Americana in 1837. In 1815, Kirby took his MA with the intention of applying for the Professorship of Botany at the University of Cambridge when it should become vacant. A dispute arose as to whether this appointment lay in
363-589: The European schools. His insights aroused great interest among other critical medical thinkers, not least in Friedrich Hoffmann , who strongly advocated the importance of physico-mechanical principles for the preservation or indeed the restoration of health. As a professor at Leiden, Boerhaave influenced many students. Some in their experiments upheld and furthered his philosophy, while others rejected it and proposed alternative theories of human physiology. He produced
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#1732844031382396-582: The Great went to Holland in 1716 (he had been in Holland before in 1697 to instruct himself in maritime affairs), he also took lessons from Boerhaave. Voltaire travelled to see him, as did Carl Linnaeus , who became a close friend and named the genus Boerhavia for him. His reputation was not confined to Europe; a Chinese mandarin sent him a letter addressed to "the illustrious Boerhaave, physician in Europe," and it reached him in due course. The operating theatre of
429-617: The Lilies of the Field of our Saviour and the Acanthus of Virgil (1819) and Seven Sermons on our Lords Temptations (1829). His Life by the Rev. John Freeman contains an extensive list of his works. Boerhaave Herman Boerhaave ( Dutch: [ˈɦɛrmɑm ˈbuːrˌɦaːvə] , 31 December 1668 – 23 September 1738 ) was a Dutch botanist , chemist , Christian humanist , and physician of European fame. He
462-514: The University of Leiden in which he once worked as an anatomist is now at the centre of a museum named after him; the Boerhaave Museum . Asteroid 8175 Boerhaave is named after Boerhaave. From 1955 to 1961 Boerhaave's image was printed on Dutch 20- guilder banknotes. The Leiden University Medical Centre organises medical trainings called Boerhaave-courses . He had a prodigious influence on
495-430: The age-old precepts laid down by Galen and Aristotle . In place of a servile dependence upon teachings handed down from antiquity, Boerhaave understood the importance of establishing definitive findings through his own investigation, and by the direct application of his own methods of testing. This new reasoning expanded the field of Renaissance anatomy: it opened the way to reforms of medical practice and understanding in
528-463: The bee species, including Lasioglossum malachurum , came from Kirby's own parish. Kirby began planning his Introduction to Entomology , a celebrated title, in 1808. This was the practical result of a friendship formed in 1805 with William Spence and appeared in four volumes between 1815 and 1826. Much of the work fell to Kirby owing to Spence's ill health. The book was illustrated by John Curtis . It reached its seventh edition in 1856. In 1830 he
561-435: The bodily organs and members as being assembled from pipe-like structures. The physiology of veins, for example, he compared to the operation of pipes. He asserted the importance of a proper balance of fluid pressure, noting that fluids should be able to move around the body freely, without obstacles. For its well-being the body needed to be self-regulating, so as to maintain a healthy state of equilibrium. Boerhaave's concept of
594-465: The body as apparatus centred his medical attention on material problems rather than upon ontological or esoteric explanations of illness. Boerhaave's teaching of his knowledge and philosophy drew many students to the University of Leiden . He emphasised the importance of anatomical research based on practical observation and scientific experiment. His concept of the bodily system took hold throughout Europe, and helped to transform medical education in
627-423: The chairs of chemistry and botany; and he died, after a lingering and painful illness, at Leiden. His reputation so increased the fame of the University of Leiden, especially as a school of medicine, that it became popular with visitors from every part of Europe. All the princes of Europe sent him pupils, who found in this skilful professor not only an indefatigable teacher, but an affectionate guardian. When Peter
660-519: The development of medicine and chemistry in Scotland. British medical schools credit Boerhaave for developing the system of medical education upon which their current institutions are based. Every founding member of the Edinburgh Medical School had studied at Leyden and attended Boerhaave's lectures on chemistry including John Rutherford and Francis Home . Boerhaave's Elementa Chemiae (1732)
693-509: The foundation of a natural history museum at Ipswich . Among his early friends were the naturalists Charles Sutton and Thomas Marsham , with whom he made lengthy scientific excursions, as later with William Jackson Hooker and others, becoming a leading parson-naturalist. His name appears on the original list of Fellows of the Linnean Society . He delivered the first of his many papers on 7 May 1793, on Three New Species of Hirudo ( Linn. Trans. II, 316). Kirby produced his first major work,
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#1732844031382726-595: The grant of the Senate or the Crown. Kirby's Tory political complexion proved a stumbling-block, and in the event John Stevens Henslow was appointed. In 1827, Kirby assisted Henry Denny in arranging the natural history specimens at Norwich Museum. In 1832, he helped to establish an early museum in Ipswich under the aegis of the town's Literary Institute, and presented a herbarium and a group of fossils. With Spence, he helped to found
759-619: The oesophagus. Boerhaave was critical of his Dutch contemporary Baruch Spinoza , attacking him in his 1688 dissertation. At the same time, he admired Isaac Newton and was a devout Christian who often wrote about God in his works. A collection of his religious thoughts on medicine, translated from Latin to English, has been compiled by the Sir Thomas Browne Instituut Leiden under the name Boerhaave's Orations (meaning "Boerhaave's Prayers"). Among other things, he considered nature as God's Creation, and he used to say that
792-602: The opening ceremony. The lithograph by T.H. Maguire was copied from the oil portrait by Friedrich Henry Bischoff commissioned for and still displayed in the Museum. Professor Henslow succeeded him in this office. Besides the books already mentioned he was the author of many papers in the Transactions of the Linnean Society , the Zoological Journal and other periodicals; Strictures on Sir James Smith's Hypothesis respecting
825-540: The peaceful seclusion of an English country parsonage at Barham in Suffolk, working at the parish church of St Mary's for 68 years, first as curate, then as rector from 1797. He assisted in the publication of pamphlets against Thomas Paine during the 1790s. Kirby was brought to the study of natural history by Nicholas Gwynn (a friend of Boerhaave 's), who introduced him to Sir James Edward Smith in 1791. Soon afterwards, he corresponded with Smith, seeking advice on
858-533: The poor were his best patients because God was their paymaster. Boerhaave devoted himself intensively to the study of the human body. He was strongly influenced by the mechanistic theories of René Descartes , and those of the 17th-century astronomer and mathematician Giovanni Borelli , who described animal movements in terms of mechanical motion. On such premises Boerhaave proposed a hydraulic model of human physiology. His writings refer to simple machines such as levers and pulleys and similar mechanisms, and he saw
891-407: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Kirby&oldid=1100815280 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
924-518: The study of his creatures may see the loving-kindness of the Lord – may this in some measure be the fruit of my work…' (Correspondence, 1800) This, the first scientific treatise on English bees, brought him to the notice of leading entomologists in Britain and abroad. Extensive correspondence followed with scientists including Alexander Macleay , Walkenaer , Johan Christian Fabricius and Adam Afzelius . 153 of
957-801: The study of medicine. He earned his medical doctorate from the University of Harderwijk (present-day Gelderland ) in 1693, with a dissertation titled De utilitate explorandorum in aegris excrementorum ut signorum ( The Utility of Examining Signs of Disease in the Excrement of the Sick ). In 1701 he was appointed lecturer on the institutes of medicine at Leiden; in his inaugural discourse, De commendando Hippocratis studio , he recommended to his pupils that great physician as their model. In 1709 he became professor of botany and medicine, and in that capacity he did good service, not only to his own university, but also to botanical science, by his improvements and additions to
990-527: Was appointed rector of the university, he succeeded Govert Bidloo in the chair of practical medicine, and in this capacity he introduced the modern system of clinical instruction. Four years later he was appointed to the chair of chemistry as well. In 1728 he was elected into the French Academy of Sciences , and two years later into the Royal Society of London. In 1729 declining health obliged him to resign
1023-709: Was invited to write one of the Bridgewater Treatises , his subject being The History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals (2 vols., 1835). With Edward Sabine and J.E. Gray, Kirby prepared the natural history supplement for Captain William Parry 's 1819–1820 polar expedition to seek the North-West Passage : his work formed the insect section of the Account of the Animals seen by the late Northern Expedition while within
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1056-429: Was the first to isolate the chemical urea from urine. He was the first physician to put thermometer measurements to clinical practice. His motto was Simplex sigillum veri : 'Simplicity is the sign of the truth'. He is often hailed as the "Dutch Hippocrates ". Boerhaave was born at Voorhout near Leiden . The son of a Protestant pastor , in his youth Boerhaave studied for a divinity degree and wanted to become
1089-552: Was widely influential. Kirby was a grandson of the Suffolk topographer John Kirby (author of The Suffolk Traveller ) and nephew of artist-topographer Joshua Kirby (a friend of Thomas Gainsborough 's). He was also a cousin of the children's author Sarah Trimmer . His parents were William Kirby, a solicitor, and Lucy Meadows. He was born on 19 September 1759 at Witnesham , Suffolk , and studied at Ipswich School and Caius College, Cambridge , where he graduated in 1781. Taking holy orders in 1782, he spent his entire working life in
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