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53-524: William Kent (c. 1685 – 12 April 1748) was an English architect, landscape architect , painter and furniture designer of the early 18th century. He began his career as a painter, and became Principal Painter in Ordinary or court painter , but his real talent was for design in various media. Kent introduced the Palladian style of architecture into England with the villa at Chiswick House , and also originated

106-408: A Burlesque on Kent's Altarpiece at St. Clement Danes . According to Horace Walpole , Kent "was a painter, an architect, and the father of modern gardening. In the first character he was below mediocrity; in the second, he was a restorer of the science; in the last, an original, and the inventor of an art that realizes painting and improves nature. Mahomet imagined an Elysium, Kent created many." In

159-505: A country house in the parish of Houghton in Norfolk , England. It is the residence of the 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley . It was commissioned by the de facto first British Prime Minister , Sir Robert Walpole , in 1722, and is a key building in the history of Neo-Palladian architecture in England. It is a Grade I listed building surrounded by 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) of parkland, and

212-463: A formal rose garden laid out in a pattern based on one of the William Kent ceilings in the house; a French garden of pleached limes and plum trees which have been underplanted with spring bulbs; and a croquet lawn. Danish artist Jeppe Hein created a Water Flame sculpture/fountain for this garden. In all seasons, this jet of water surmounted by a ball of flame illustrates a 21st-century folly on

265-520: A recognised professional landscape architect in Australia, the first requirement is to obtain a degree in landscape architecture accredited by the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects . After at least two years of recognised professional practice, graduates may submit for further assessment to obtain full professional recognition by AILA. The Canadian Society of Landscape Architects (CSLA)

318-416: A sequence of Arcadian set-pieces punctuated with temples, cascades, grottoes, Palladian bridges and exedra , opening the field for the larger scale achievements of Capability Brown in the following generation. Smaller Kent works can be found at Shotover Park , Oxfordshire, including a faux Gothic eyecatcher and a domed pavilion. His all-but-lost gardens at Claremont , Surrey, have recently been restored. It

371-528: A smaller scale than the contemporary pieces outside the garden walls. In 2015, James Turrell created an artistic illumination of Houghton House as part of the LightScape festival celebrating the house and gardens. The Houghton International Horse Trials have been held in the park annually in May since 2007. National events run alongside the three-day international event. The stable block at Houghton Hall houses

424-426: A watertower (1731–32) with the appearance of an architectural folly which was designed by Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke . It was restored in 1982 and is a Grade I listed building. In this well-established context, a number of contemporary outdoor sculptures have been commissioned in recent years by David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley . To the west of the house is a circle of Cornish slate at

477-452: Is Thomas Gainsborough 's oil painting of his own family, Thomas Gainsborough, with His Wife and Elder Daughter, Mary (circa 1751–52). Walpole's collection of marble Roman busts was also considerable. In the early 1990s, Hans Holbein 's Lady with a Squirrel and a Starling (1528) was removed from the walls of Houghton where it had hung since 1780. It was put up for auction to raise money to pay inheritance taxes and for maintenance of

530-519: Is a few miles from Sandringham House . The house has a rectangular main block which consists of a rustic basement at ground level, with a piano nobile , bedroom floor and attics above. There are also two lower flanking wings joined to the main block by colonnades . To the south of the house is a detached quadrangular stable block. The exterior is both grand and restrained, constructed of fine-grained, silver-white stone. The Gibbs-designed domes punctuate each corner. In line with Palladian conventions,

583-507: Is focused upwards and inevitably lured into contemplating the sky as framed by the open roof. "The Sybil Hedge" is another folly in this vicinity. It is based on the signature of the current marquis' grandmother, Sybil Sassoon . Scottish artist Anya Gallaccio has created a sarcophagus -like marble structure which is sited at the end of a path; and nearby is a copper-beech hedge which is planted in lines mirroring Sybil's signature. A 5-acre (20,000 m ) walled kitchen garden lies beyond

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636-513: Is said that he was not above planting dead trees to create the mood he required. Kent's only downfall was said to be his lack of horticultural knowledge and technical skill (compared to those such as Charles Bridgeman , whose impact on Kent is often underestimated). Nevertheless, his naturalistic style of design was his major contribution to the history of landscape design. Claremont, Stowe, and Rousham are places where their joint efforts can be viewed. Stowe and Rousham are Kent's most famous works. At

689-461: Is the country's professional association of landscape architects. Some notable Canadian landscape architects include Cornelia Oberlander , Claude Cormier , Peter Jacobs , Janet Rosenberg , Marc Ryan, and Michael Hough. The Landscape Institute is the recognised body relating to the field of Landscape Architecture throughout the United Kingdom. To become a recognised landscape architect in

742-511: Is unlikely to be let go, and it remains on view at Houghton; but the Marquess admits that he is very aware that risk of theft is neither negligible nor negotiable. Jean-Baptiste Oudry 's White Duck, stolen from the Cholmondeley collection in 1990, is still missing. Charles Bridgeman's landscaping plan for the parkland at Houghton remains intact. His "twisting wilderness paths" were cleared in

795-516: The National Maritime Museum , Greenwich . In his own age, Kent's fame and popularity were so great that he was employed to give designs for all things, even for ladies' birthday dresses, of which he could know nothing and which he decorated with the five classical orders of architecture. These and other absurdities drew upon him the satire of William Hogarth who, in October 1725, produced

848-602: The 'natural' style of gardening known as the English landscape garden at Chiswick, Stowe Gardens in Buckinghamshire, and Rousham House in Oxfordshire . As a landscape gardener he revolutionised the layout of estates, but had limited knowledge of horticulture . He complemented his houses and gardens with stately furniture for major buildings including Hampton Court Palace , Chiswick House, Devonshire House and Rousham. Kent

901-461: The 1st Earl of Orford in 1742. Ownership passed to his son and grandson, the second and third earls . On the death of the third earl in 1791, it reverted to Sir Robert Walpole's youngest son and uncle of the 3rd Earl, Horace Walpole , who became the 4th Earl of Orford. Sir Robert and his successors as Earls of Orford are buried in St Martin's Church nearby. On his death in 1797, possession passed to

954-560: The Cholmondeleys to the Victoria and Albert Museum . A major sale of items of pictures, furniture, silver and objets d'art from Houghton estimated at $ 23 million was held at Christie's in London on 8 December 1994, with the intention of establishing an endowment fund for the future preservation of the building. Some artwork, such as William Hogarth 's portrait of the Cholmondeley family

1007-475: The Hall. The ha-ha barriers at Houghton were an innovative feature credited to Bridgeman. In his 1780 Essay upon Modern Gardening , Horace Walpole explained: "The contiguous ground of the park without the sunk fence was to be harmonized with the lawn within; and the garden in its turn was to be set free from its prim regularity, that it might assort with the wilder country without." Sir Robert Walpole constructed

1060-525: The UK takes approximately seven years. To begin the process, one has to study an accredited course by the Landscape Institute to obtain a bachelor's degree in landscape architecture or a similar field. Following this one must progress onto a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture covering the subject in far greater detail such as mass urban planning, construction, and planting. Following this,

1113-504: The US, all 50 states have adopted licensure. The American Society of Landscape Architects endorses the postnominal letters PLA, for Professional Landscape Architect, even though there is no legal or professional distinction between the use of RLA or PLA. The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) states that "Landscape Architects research, plan, design, and advise on the stewardship, conservation, and sustainability of development of

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1166-468: The architecture and design are disputed. It is most likely that Walpole initially instructed his friend Thomas Ripley to head the design, having appointed him surveyor in 1722 when construction started, with his apprentice Isaac Ware employed in the Works Office and Robert Hardy as Clerk of Works. The first stone was laid on 24 May 1722, and by 7 December that year the brick cellars had been completed and

1219-457: The architecture of Raphael and Giulio Romano as by Palladio. In country house building, major commissions for Kent were designing the interiors of Houghton Hall , Norfolk (c.1725–35), recently built by Colen Campbell for Sir Robert Walpole , but at Holkham Hall (also in Norfolk) the most complete embodiment of Palladian ideals is still to be found; there Kent collaborated with Thomas Coke ,

1272-428: The ceilings for the reception areas and ground floor, as well as some furniture. In the context of the day, Campbell, Gibbs and Kent were not just rivals, but very much disliked each other. Ripley's own records show that he took a larger role in the project during the later stages of construction of the external edifices, with his drawings showing him greatly altering the earlier works of both Campbell and Gibbs. Walpole

1325-622: The context called; he worked on the Gothic screens in Westminster Hall and Gloucester Cathedral . He worked on the house at 22 Arlington Street in St. James's , a district of the City of Westminster in central London from 1743, when it was commissioned by the newly elevated Prime Minister, Henry Pelham . After Kent's death, the work was completed by his assistant Stephen Wright. As a landscape designer, Kent

1378-531: The early 18th century; and they have been maintained since then. The park, which extends into Bircham and Harpley parishes, was designated Grade I on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens in 1987. Bridgeman replaced the formal geometry of intersecting avenues with blocks of woodland and parkland which, as he saw it, was better able to complement the hall's compelling architectural statement. Tree-lined vistas in four directions are aligned on

1431-471: The end of a path mown through the grass. This land art feature was designed by the British sculptor Richard Long . Two modern follies lie in a wooded area to the side of the west front. American artist James Turrell contrived Skyspace for Houghton. Turrell's construction presents itself from the exterior as an oak-clad building raised on stilts. From the inside of the structure, the viewer's point of view

1484-771: The environment and spaces, both within and beyond the built environment". This definition of the profession of landscape architect is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, International Labour Office, Geneva . Some notable Australian landscape architects include Catherin Bull , Kevin Taylor , Richard Weller , Peter Spooner , Sydney based writer and designer (Doris) Jocelyn Brown , Grace Fraser , Bruce Mackenzie, Mary Jeavons, Janet Conrad, Dr Jim Sinatra, William Guilfoyle , Ina Higgins , Edna Walling , and Ellis Stones . To become

1537-724: The environment in an area. In the U.S., a need to formalize the practice and a name for the profession was resolved in 1899 with the formation of the American Society of Landscape Architects . A few of the many talented and influential landscape architects who have been based in the United States are: Frederick Law Olmsted , Beatrix Farrand , Jens Jensen , Ian McHarg , Thomas Church , Arthur Shurtleff , Ellen Biddle Shipman John Nolen , Lawrence Halprin , Charles Edgar Dickinson , Iris Miller , and Robert Royston . Royston summed up one American theme: Landscape architecture practices

1590-570: The family of his sister, Lady Mary, Countess of Cholmondeley, who had died aged just 26 more than 65 years earlier in 1731. She had married George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley and Houghton Hall has been modified and maintained by her Cholmondeley family descendants to the present day. Colonel Robert Walpole borrowed a book about the Archbishop of Bremen from the Sidney Sussex College library in 1667 or 1668. The overdue library book

1643-476: The final design of the tower domes was undertaken by James Gibbs , with: the south-west tower dated 1725; the south-east 1727; and the others dated from 1729. Both the interior and exterior were extravagant, later estimated by Walpole himself to have cost over £200,000; he admitted to burning most of the receipts, adding further to the difficulty of verifying the architecture timeline. The best materials and designers were employed, including William Kent who designed

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1696-399: The fine art of relating the structure of culture to the nature of landscape, to the end that people can use it, enjoy it, and preserve it. The following is an outline of the typical scope of service for a landscape architect: [REDACTED] Media related to Landscape architects at Wikimedia Commons Houghton Hall Houghton Hall ( / ˈ h aʊ t ən / HOW -tən ) is

1749-437: The first episode of the television series The Gentlemen (2024 TV series) , his philosophy is referred to as "the reconciliation of the feral with the refined". Landscape architect The practice of landscape architecture dates to some of the earliest of human cultures and just as much as the practice of medicine has been inimical to the species and ubiquitous worldwide for several millennia. However, this article examines

1802-519: The first stone course laid. Colen Campbell is the architect most credited with the design. However, later investigation and studies show that his first works on the design are dated from 1723 CC onwards, which using the modern calendar would be from March 1723 onwards. Campbell can be connected to the project, but his initial and later designs show his preferred Wilton-style towers, as published by him in Vitruvivs Britannicus in 1725. However,

1855-524: The house and grounds; and eventually, negotiations led to the painting's sale to the National Gallery for £17 million tax free because of special incentives in England for selling works of art that are considered national treasures. In the 21st century, art market inflation has placed enormous temptations in the way of the old families with substantial collections. In recent years, ownership of several pieces have been transferred in lieu of tax from

1908-405: The interiors are much more colourful, exuberant and opulent than the exteriors. The park surrounding Houghton Hall was redesigned in the 18th century by Charles Bridgeman . In the process, the village of Houghton was demolished and rebuilt at the main gates of the park, with the exception of the medieval Church of St Martin , which now sits alone in the park. This new building was placed on

1961-705: The latter, Kent elaborated on Bridgeman's 1720s design for the property, adding walls and arches to catch the viewer's eye. At Stowe, Kent used his Italian experience, particularly with the Palladian Bridge. At both sites Kent incorporated his naturalistic approach. His stately furniture designs complemented his interiors: he designed furnishings for Hampton Court Palace (1732), Lord Burlington's Chiswick House (1729), London, Thomas Coke's Holkham Hall , Norfolk, Robert Walpole's pile at Houghton Hall , for Devonshire House in London, and at Rousham. The royal barge he designed for Frederick, Prince of Wales can be seen at

2014-566: The modern profession and educational discipline of those practicing the design of landscape architecture. In the 1700s, Humphry Repton described his occupation as "landscape gardener" on business cards he had prepared to represent him in work that now would be described as that of a landscape architect. The title, "landscape architect", was first used by Frederick Law Olmsted , the designer of New York City's Central Park in Manhattan and numerous projects of large scale both public and private. He

2067-631: The other "architect earl", and had for an assistant Matthew Brettingham , whose own architecture would carry Palladian ideals into the next generation. Walpole's son Horace described Kent as below mediocrity as a painter, a restorer of science as an architect and the father of modern gardening and inventor of an art. A theatrically Baroque staircase and parade rooms in London, at 44 Berkeley Square , are also notable. Kent's domed pavilions were erected at Badminton House (Gloucestershire) and at Euston Hall (Suffolk). Kent could provide sympathetic Gothic designs, free of serious antiquarian tendencies, when

2120-467: The painted ceilings, and Burlington House . Kent started practising as an architect relatively late in life, in the 1730s. He is remembered as an architect of the revived Palladian style in England. Burlington gave him the task of editing The Designs of Inigo Jones ... with some additional designs in the Palladian/Jonesian taste by Burlington and Kent, which appeared in 1727. As he rose through

2173-762: The royal architectural establishment, the Board of Works, Kent applied this style to several public buildings in London, for which Burlington's patronage secured him the commissions: the Royal Mews at Charing Cross (1731–33, demolished in 1830), the Treasury buildings in Whitehall (1733–37), and the Horse Guards building in Whitehall (designed shortly before his death and built 1750–1759). These neo-antique buildings were inspired as much by

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2226-477: The shooting. Houghton still belongs to the current Marquess of Cholmondeley , and parts of the structure and grounds are opened to the public throughout the year. Houghton once contained part of Sir Robert Walpole's great picture collection , which his grandson the 3rd Earl sold in 1779 to Catherine the Great of Russia to pay off some of the estate's accumulated debt. Included in the current collection of paintings

2279-405: The site of earlier Walpole family houses. Sir Robert Walpole had inherited the property and its associated 17,000-acre (6,900 ha) estate in 1700. He had commissioned some upgrades, but in 1720 commissioned Thomas Badeslade to survey the house and its immediate block of land, which included a garden in the style of Stephen Switzer . Although Palladian in style, the exact timeline and style of

2332-598: The stables. Over the course of time, the productive area was reduced in size, and the enclosure was mostly grassed over. In 1996, the fallow enclosure was redesigned and replanted. The effort was rewarded in 2007 when it was named Historic Houses Association and Christie's Garden of the Year. Yew hedges divide the space into a formal grid of discrete areas or "rooms", each intending to provoke a different interest and mood. The hedges, some cut in swags, give height and form. The garden rooms include an Italian enclosure with box parterres ;

2385-644: The summer of 1714 (a tour that led Kent to an appreciation of the architectural style of Andrea Palladio 's palaces in Vicenza ), and Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni in Rome, for whom he apparently painted some pictures, though no records survive. During his stay in Rome, he painted the ceiling of the church of San Giuliano dei Fiamminghi ( Church of St. Julian of the Flemings ) with the Apotheosis of St. Julian . The most significant meeting

2438-573: The trainee must complete the Pathway to Chartership, a challenging program set out by the Landscape Institute. Following this, one is awarded a full landscape architect title and membership among the Chartered Members of the Landscape Institute (CMLI). The United States is the founding country of the formal profession entitled landscape architecture. Those in this field work both to create an aesthetically pleasing setting and also to protect and preserve

2491-628: Was an extravagant host; hunting parties with local Norfolk gentry would last for weeks at a time. Visits from royalty were common and his fellow politicians, particularly members of his Cabinet , held their meetings each spring over a three-week period in the rooms at Houghton. These meetings were known as the Norfolk Congress . A grand Palladian pile, Houghton was intended to be the permanent home for more than 400 of his Old Master paintings, including works by Van Dyck , Poussin , Rubens , Rembrandt and Velázquez . Sir Robert Walpole became

2544-475: Was between Kent and Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington . Kent left Rome for the last time in the autumn of 1719, met Lord Burlington briefly at Genoa , Kent journeying on to Paris, where Lord Burlington later joined him for the final journey back to England before the end of the year. As a painter, he displaced Sir James Thornhill in decorating the new staterooms at Kensington Palace , London; for Burlington, he helped to decorate Chiswick House , especially

2597-520: Was born in Bridlington , East Riding of Yorkshire , and baptised on 1 January 1686, as William Cant. His parents were William and Esther Cant (née Shimmings). Kent's career began as a sign and coach painter, and he was encouraged to study art, design and architecture by his employer. A group of Yorkshire gentlemen sent Kent for a period of study in Rome, and he set sail on 22 July 1709 from Deal, Kent , arriving at Livorno on 15 October. By 18 November he

2650-558: Was discovered at Houghton in the mid-1950s, and returned 288 years late. The house, including the north and south attachments, was designated as Grade I listed in 1953. Houghton has remained largely untouched, having remained "unimproved" despite the Victorian passion for remodelling and redecorating, due to the fact that for most of the 19th century the family lived mainly at Cholmondeley Castle in Cheshire, and only stayed at Houghton for

2703-509: Was in Florence , staying there until April 1710 before finally setting off for Rome. In 1713 he was awarded the second medal in the second class for painting in the annual competition run by the Accademia di San Luca for his painting of A Miracle of S. Andrea Avellino . He also met several important figures including Thomas Coke, later 1st Earl of Leicester , with whom he toured Northern Italy in

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2756-401: Was one of the originators of the English landscape garden , a style of "natural" gardening that revolutionised the laying out of gardens and estates. His projects included Chiswick House , Stowe, Buckinghamshire , from about 1730 onwards, designs for Alexander Pope 's villa garden at Twickenham , for Queen Caroline at Richmond , and notably at Rousham House , Oxfordshire, where he created

2809-476: Was the founder of a firm of landscape architects who employed highly skilled professionals to design and execute aspects of projects designed under his auspices. Depending on the jurisdiction, landscape architects who pass state requirements to become registered, licensed, or certified may be entitled to use the postnominal letters corresponding to their seal, typically RLA (Registered Landscape Architect) or more recently, PLA (Professional Landscape Architect) n. In

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