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76-524: The unit brought its Thai name from the Suea Pa Maew Mong unit founded by King Naresuan around 1600. The corps was meant to be a nationwide paramilitary corps, answerable only to the King. At first a ceremonial guard unit, it became a military force of 4,000 within its first year. Filled with commoners, the King would often socialize with them openly. The corps eventually rivalled the army in strength and

152-471: A religious conversion . This would eventually influence them culturally and open the way for an amicable political line if they ascended to power after release. Sometimes when a man from one nation was hostage in another nation, his position as hostage was more or less voluntary: for example the position of Æscferð son of Ecglāf, who was a Northumbrian hostage in Wessex ; he fought under Byrhtnōð against Vikings in

228-467: A Burmese fleet to defend those cities, but arrived too late and was defeated by a combined Thai fleet. Additionally, Burmese troops marching from Mottama were ambushed by the combined Chakri and Khlang force, resulting in the capture of 11 Burmese commanders, many elephants, horses, men, arms, and ammunition. In 1593, Naresuan then launched a successful campaign to subjugate Cambodia . He was said to have executed its king Nakphra Sattha , but this account

304-540: A command to defend Ayutthaya. The Cambodian besieged Ayutthaya for 3 days, but the city stood strong. The Cambodian army was forced to retreat back to Cambodia and took a large number of prisoners with them. In 1574, when the Ayutthayan Army under the command of King Maha Thammarachathirat and King Naresuan was assisting Bayinnaung in his campaign to attack Lanxang, Baraminreachea took the opportunity to attack Ayutthaya again. Luckily, King Naresuan contracted smallpox and

380-440: A formal duel. In November 1592, Nanda Bayin ordered his son to attack Ayutthaya again. Mingyi Swa, Natshinnaung the son of the viceroy of Taungoo, and the viceroy of Prome formed three divisions. Mingyi Swa went through Three Pagodas Pass while the other two divisions came via Mae Lamao. The chief of Chiang Mai sent a boat force. Naresuan had been planning to attack Cambodia because of its border incursions, but then adjusted to

456-538: A hitch." During the battle, Naresuan's elephant got surrounded by the Burmese forces. During that crucial moment, a Burmese war elephant went musth, and attacked Swa's elephant. Seeing that Swa was in difficulty, Naresuan "closed in, and he (or one of the warriors riding with him, maybe a Portuguese) fired a gun which mortally wounded the crown prince" Swa. Naresuan was "lucky to escape from a very dangerous situation" but also quick to take advantage of it. According to Terwiel,

532-539: A hostage as "a person who is handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against certain acts of war ." A party who seizes one or more hostages is known as a hostage-taker ; if the hostages are present voluntarily, then the receiver is known as a host . In civil society, along with kidnapping for ransom and human trafficking (often willing to ransom its captives when lucrative or to trade on influence), hostage taking

608-483: A massive army, invading the country and laying siege to Phitsanulok. Maha Thammarachathirat came to believe that the city would not be able to withstand a long siege due to a scarcity of food and a smallpox outbreak, so he surrendered the city. King Bayinnaung took Phitsanulok and Ayutthaya, and made Thailand a Burmese tributary state . He required Maha Thammarachathirat to send his son—the Black Prince—to Bago as

684-438: A person seized by an abductor in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seized—such as a relative , employer , law enforcement , or government —to act, or refrain from acting, in a certain way, often under threat of serious physical harm or death to the hostage(s) after expiration of an ultimatum . The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition defines

760-601: A possible future ruler with ideas of Roman civilization. The practice was also commonplace in the Imperial Chinese tributary system , especially between the Han and Tang dynasties. The practice continued through the early Middle Ages. The Irish High King Niall of the Nine Hostages got his epithet Noígiallach because, by taking nine petty kings hostage, he had subjected nine other principalities to his power. This practice

836-519: A precautionary and preventive measure is more reasonable than reprisals. It may be noticed, however, that the hostages would suffer should the acts aimed at be performed by the authorized belligerent forces of the enemy. Article 50 of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare provides that: "No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted on the population on account of the acts of individuals for which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible." The regulations, however do not allude to

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912-612: A residence when he visited his parents. In 1570, after seeing the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese, Baraminreachea , the Khmer King, took the opportunity to retake the lands lost to the Siamese. He amassed an army of 20,000 men and captured Nakhon Nayok . He continued to march to Ayutthaya and set up camp at Ban Krathum sub-district. After setting up camp, he also planned to attack the city. The Cambodian navy of 50 ships soon arrived at Bangkok and besieged it. King Maha Thammarachathirat issued

988-632: A royal hostage to ensure the king's fidelity. The War of the first fall was ended by Bayinnaung, who installed Maha Thammaracha as a vassal king of Ayutthaya. After six years in Pegu, c. 1570, Prince Naret and his brother the White Prince returned to Ayutthaya. While in Burma, "he followed the best of Burmese military training," studying alongside the "elite of Burmese youth, sons of princes and nobles." "Besides being gifted in military prowess, Naresuan who

1064-477: A similar policy, but many continental European countries, including France and Spain, routinely pay ransom. The former head of the Committee to Protect Journalists , Joel Simon, found that evidence suggests this policy has reduced the number of Americans who survive kidnapping but has not reduced the number who are kidnapped in the first place. Spain retrieves all of its hostages with a policy of paying ransoms, but in

1140-400: Is a criminal activity. In the military context, hostages are distinct from prisoners of war —despite prisoners being used as collateral in prisoner exchange —and hostage taking is regarded as a war crime . Hostage taking and kidnapping are prone to blend together. When the goal is strictly financial, the primary lens is one of extortion, even in the face of a severe threat to the safety of

1216-542: Is a war crime and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever. In international conflicts, Articles 34 and 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention state that using protected civilians as hostages is a grave breach of the convention. These conventions are supplemented by Article 75(2)(c) of Additional Protocol I in international conflicts and Article 4(2)(c) of Additional Protocol II in internal conflicts. The International Convention against

1292-764: Is a national of the United States; the offender is found in the United States; or the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States." These provisions are consistent with the fundamental principles of international criminal law, specifically active nationality principle, universal principle, and the effects principle, respectively. Title 18 of the United States Code criminalizes hostage-taking under "18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act", which reads: (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, whoever, whether inside or outside

1368-679: Is a subsection of the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages . It became enforceable in the United States January 6, 1985. The United States has had an official policy of "we do not negotiate with terrorists" since the Nixon Administration . This applies to designated international terrorist groups, but not domestic kidnappers, foreign governments, or international organized crime. The United Kingdom has

1444-639: Is unlikely to be true since there is no evidence to support this claim, and historical accounts in Cambodia as well as from Spanish and Portuguese explorers say that Nakphra Sattha escaped to Vientiane where he remained until he died. Naresuan then brought Khmer families to populate his northern provinces. As Burmese control over the tributaries had weakened, the Mons took this opportunity to free themselves. The Mon governor of Mawlamyine rebelled against Bago and requested Siamese support. Naresuan sent troops to help and

1520-420: Is very ancient, and has been used constantly in negotiations with conquered nations, and in cases such as surrenders, armistices and the like, where the two belligerents depended for its proper carrying out on each other's good faith. The Romans were accustomed to take the sons of tributary princes and educate them at Rome, thus holding a security for the continued loyalty of the conquered nation and also instilling

1596-677: The Battle of Maldon on 10 August 991 AD (ref. lines 265 etseq), and probably died in battle there. In Greek, 'Ομηρος means " Homer " and also "hostage", a coincidence which is part of the debate over Homer's identity . The Anglo-Saxon practice caused the element gīsl = "hostage" in many old Germanic personal names , such as Ēadgils , Cynegils , Gīslheard , and Gīslbeorht . This has been imported into placenames derived from personal names, for example Isleworth in west London (UK) from Old English Gīslheres wyrð (= "enclosure belonging to [a man called] Gīsl here"). The practice of taking hostages

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1672-552: The Palace Revolt of 1912 . It also included a junior division known as Luk Suea ("Tiger Cubs"), which became Thailand's Scouting organization. The Wild Tiger Corps had a ranking system similar to that of the military. The present-day Volunteer Defense Corps uses the same rank structure as the Wild Tigers, but with different insignia. Naresuan Naresuan (1555/1556 – 25 April 1605), commonly known as Naresuan

1748-574: The "Black Prince" ( Thai : พระองค์ดำ ), had a younger brother Ekathotsarot , known as the "White Prince", and an elder sister, Suphankanlaya . During the siege of Ayutthaya during the Burmese–Siamese War (1563–64) , King Bayinnaung of the Toungoo dynasty of Bago, Burma (formerly known in Burmese as Hanthawaddy ( Burmese : ဟံသာဝတီ and in Thai as RTGS :  Hongsawadi หงสาวดี ) led

1824-431: The "Burmese and European accounts stayed closer to what actually may have happened", and "Naresuan's much repeated challenge to hold a duel, even though it looms large in many Thai history books, should be relegated to a legendary tale." In 1593, Naresuan sent Chao Phraya Chakri and Phraya Phra Khlang to attack Tanintharyi and Dawei, a Mon city, which fell after 15 and 20 day sieges respectfully. Nanda Bayin launched

1900-696: The Burmese Empire, Naresuan decided to attack Bago again in 1599, using Arakan and Taungoo as allies. However, before Naresuan arrived at the city, the forces of Arakan and Taungoo had already invested the city. The Viceroy of Taungoo ended up taking the populace back to Taungoo, abandoning the city to the forces of Arakan to loot what property was left behind, and then setting flames to the palace and monasteries. Naresuan occupied Bago while Minye Thihathu II , Viceroy of Taungoo, had already taken Nanda Bayin to Taungoo. Naresuan requested Minye Thihathu send Nanda Bayin back to him but Minye Thihathu refused, stating he

1976-501: The Burmese abandoned their garrison at Martaban. Nanda Bayin then sent the viceroy of Taungoo to suppress the uprising, but his force was defeated. The Mon provinces then became subject to the Siamese Kingdom. Naresuan then decided to attack Bago in 1595. He laid siege on the city for three months before retreating when the viceroys of Prome, Taungoo, and Ava sent relief forces. Naresuan did take back many prisoners of war, lessening

2052-554: The Burmese threat. Naresuan marched towards Suphan Buri and encamped his armies at Nong Sarai near the Thakhoi River. Naresuan formed a battle plan which involved a retreat, allowing the Burmese to follow, and then attack the disordered advance with his main army. During the battle, in January 1593, the war elephants of Naresuan, Chaophraya Chaiyanuphap , and Ekathotsarot, Chaophraya Prap Traichak , were "in musth " and charged into

2128-515: The Dutch. Prince Naret ( Thai : พระนเรศ ) was born in Phitsanulok in 1555–56. He was the son of King Mahathammarachathirat of Phitsanulok and his queen consort, Wisutkasat . His mother was a daughter of Maha Chakkraphat and queen consort Suriyothai . His father was a Sukhothai noble who had defeated Worawongsathirat in 1548 and put Maha Chakkraphat on the throne. Prince Naret, also known as

2204-742: The Great , or Sanphet II was the 18th king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and 2nd monarch of the Sukhothai dynasty . He was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1590 and overlord of Lan Na from 1602 until his death in 1605. Naresuan is one of Thailand's most revered monarchs as he is known for his campaigns to free Ayutthaya from the vassalage of the Taungoo Empire . During his reign, numerous wars were fought against Taungoo Burma. Naresuan also welcomed

2280-459: The King socialized with members of the corps, the regular army and aristocrats were deeply dissatisfied. Regular army officers were not permitted to join the organization. They saw these new appointments and the corps as a threat to the honour of the army. Combined with the king's spending on new palaces and attention on dramatic productions, the kingdom was deeply in debt and was in danger of financial collapse. This dissatisfaction partially led to

2356-528: The Maha Uparat to attack Naresuan from the rear while Maha Uparat attacked from the front. Naresuan called a council, which included priests, Phraya Kiat, Phraya Ram, and other Mons . Naresuan then "poured water on the earth from a gold goblet to proclaim to the devatas in the presence of the persons assembled, that from that day forth Siam had severed friendship with Hongsawadi and was no longer in amity as of yore." According to Damrong, Naresuan then levied

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2432-458: The Mons to join his campaign and marched onto Bago, intending to free the Siamese families held captive there. However, Nanda Bayin had already defeated the viceroy of Inwa and was returning to his capital. Naresuan then retreated after freeing about 10,000 families. Mingyi Swa pursued with Surakamma in the advance element. The Burmese caught up with the Siamese at the Satong River . There Surakamma

2508-529: The Siamese and Burmese courts. As a result of this, the Khmers did not dare to attack Thailand again. In 1581, Bayinnaung died, and was succeeded by his son Nanda Bayin . Nanda's uncle Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava then rebelled in 1583, forcing Nanda Bayin to call upon the viceroys of Prome , Taungoo , Chiang Mai , Vientiane, and Ayutthaya for assistance in suppressing the rebellion. On 2 February 1584, Naresuan left with his troops to Bago as ordered, and arrived at

2584-670: The Taking of Hostages —which prohibits hostage-taking and mandates the punishment of hostage-takers—was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. The treaty came into force in 1983 and has been ratified by all but 24 of the member states of the United Nations . Hostage-taking is still often politically motivated or intended to raise a ransom or to enforce an exchange against other hostages or even condemned convicts. However, in some countries hostage-taking for profit has become an "industry", ransom often being

2660-414: The United States only about one quarter survive. Simon says that terrorists exploit these policy differences by making money from countries who do pay ransom, and using those that do not pay ransom to demonstrate their willingness to kill hostages and thus raise ransom prices and public pressure to pay. In the absence of a universal refusal to pay, which would eliminate any incentive for kidnapping, Simon says

2736-399: The United States, seizes or detains and threatens to kill, to injure, or to continue to detain another person in order to compel a third person or a governmental organization to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the person detained, or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life and, if

2812-568: The Viceroy of Chiang Mai near Pa Mok and Bang Kaeo, capturing his encampment at Ban Saket with 10,000 soldiers, 120 elephants, 100 horses, 400 boats plus arms, ammunition, and provisions. In October 1586, Nanda Bayin himself led the Burmese armies to Ayutthaya and begin the third invasion of Ayutthaya. Nanda Bayin armies laid siege to the city for five months, but failed to take the city due to an aggressive defense by Naresuan. He retreated. In 1590, Maha Thammarachathirat died. In July 1590, Naresuan

2888-415: The body and took the other's elephant. In Terwiel's analysis of the other accounts, however, the Burmese crown prince and Naresuan both fought on their war elephant in the battle, although no formal duel probably ever took place. Per Terwiel, it is highly unlikely that Swa would have agreed to a formal duel since agreeing to do so would have "jeopardized the costly invasion that had thus far progressed without

2964-556: The border only in April. According to Damrong , this raised Nanda's suspicions, who ordered his son, the Maha Uparaja Mingyi Swa , to remain in the capital and kill Naresuan. The Burmese chronicles say that Nanda made the decision to have Mingyi Swa guard Pegu prior to his march to Ava on 25 March 1584. According to Damrong, Naresuan reached Kraeng the border town, where he learned that Phraya Ram and Phraya Kiet had been sent by

3040-440: The captive person if the financial negotiation fails; conversely, when the goal is political or geopolitical , the primary lens is terrorism . When looking at hostage-taking from the primary lens of terrorism, there are reasons to believe that certain government types are more susceptible to hostage-taking terrorism than others. In democratic governments, for example, elements related to their democratic ideals such as freedom of

3116-582: The carrying out of a treaty between civilized states is now obsolete. The last occasion was at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) , ending the War of the Austrian Succession , when two British peers, Henry Bowes Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk , and Charles, 9th Baron Cathcart , were sent to France as hostages for the restitution of Cape Breton to France. In France, after the revolution of Prairial (June 18, 1799),

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3192-697: The city of Phetchaburi. The attack failed and Phraya Chin Chantu was too afraid to go back to Cambodia. He was allowed to take refuge in Ayutthaya by Maha Thammaracha. Shortly thereafter, he boarded a junk and fled. At that time, King Naresuan was 24 years old and was aware that Phraya Chin Chantu was a Cambodian agent who took refuge in Ayutthaya under false pretenses to gather information on the Siamese court. He ordered Siamese boats to chase Phraya Chin Chantu's junk. Since Chinese junks are much bigger than Siamese junks and were more suited for sailing out to sea, Phraya Chin Chantu

3268-584: The civil service in influence. The King even went so far as appointing some to high ranks in the army and nobility. The Wild Tiger Corps specialize in protecting the King and his family, protect the palace, hand-to-hand combat, melee combat with weapons, use of firearms, and some specialize in undercover operations in order to spy on intelligence that could pose a threat to the royal family. However, they also received combat training in infantry style such as hand and arm signals, raid, reconnaissance, tracking, and others related to infantry skills in those period. While

3344-504: The death of any person results, shall be punished by death or life imprisonment. (b)(1) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct required for the offense occurred outside the United States unless— (c) As used in this section, the term "national of the United States" has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C.   § 1101 (a)(22)). The Hostage Taking Act

3420-560: The defeat at Mont Valrien on the 4 April and the entry of the army into Paris on the 21 May. Among the 52 victims who were shot in batches the most noticeable were Georges Darboy , archbishop of Paris , the Abbé Deguery, curé of the Madeleine , and the president of the Court of Cassation, Louis Bernard Bonjean . Taking hostages in modern terms is considered a crime or an act of terrorism ;

3496-527: The elephant combat, which resulted in the death of the Burmese crown prince at the hands of Naresuan (whom the Siamese called "the black prince"), did indeed happen. According to Van Vliet's Description of the Siamese Kingdom: [W]hen the Pegu prince and the young Siamese prince (both seated on elephants and dressed in royal garb) lost all self control, left both armies and attacked each other furiously. The Siamese prince ran his adversary with his lance through

3572-485: The fighting strength of the Burmese. The Lord of Prome staged a rebellion against Nanda Bayin in 1595, followed by Taungoo, Rakhine , Lan Na, and Lan Xang. King Nokeo Koumane of Lan Xang prepared to march through Lan Na to Bago to rescue the people of Lan Xang held captive. The Viceroy of Lan Na Chiang Mai then submitted his territory to Siamese control and Naresuan sent Siamese forces to prevent Laotian forces from entering Lan Na. After these series of upheavals in

3648-435: The hands of the victor, or even exchange hostages as mutual assurance in cases such as an armistice . Major powers, such as Ancient Rome and European colonial powers would especially receive many such political hostages, often offspring of the elite, even princes or princesses who were generally treated according to their rank and put to a subtle long-term use where they would be given an elitist education or possibly even

3724-506: The hostility of the inhabitants their compatriots will be the first to suffer. The measure seems to have been effective. In 1900 during the Second Boer War , by a proclamation issued at Pretoria (June 19), Lord Roberts adopted the plan for a similar reason, but shortly afterwards (July 29) it was abandoned. The Germans also, between the surrender of a town and its final occupation, took hostages as security against outbreaks of violence by

3800-407: The inhabitants. Most writers on international law have regarded this method of preventing such acts of hostility as unjustifiable, on the ground that the persons taken as hostages are not the persons responsible for the act; that, as by the usage of war hostages are to be treated strictly as prisoners of war, such an exposure to danger is transgressing the rights of a belligerent; and as useless, for

3876-520: The insurrection. In 1796 Napoleon had used similar measures to deal with the insurrection in Lombardy . In later times the practice of official war hostages may be said to be confined to either securing the payment of enforced contributions or requisitions in an occupied territory and the obedience to regulations the occupying army may think fit to issue; or as a precautionary measure, to prevent illegitimate acts of war or violence by persons not members of

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3952-437: The media within the country which reports on such events in a capacity independent from the state. The English word hostage derives from French ostage , modern otage , from Late Latin obsidaticum ( Medieval Latin ostaticum, ostagium ), the state of being an obses (plural obsides ), ' hostage ' , from Latin obsideō ' I haunt/frequent/blockade/besiege ' , but an etymological connection

4028-483: The men from the northern provinces to the Siamese capital of Ayutthaya in preparation for the attack of the Bago army. In the same year Nanda Bayin sent two separate armies, one under his uncle the viceroy of Pathein , and another from Chiang Mai under his younger brother Noratra Mangsosri . Both were defeated in separate engagements before they could unite, and were driven back in retreat. Then in 1586, Naresuan defeated

4104-467: The mere temporary removal of important citizens until the end of a war cannot be a deterrent unless their mere removal deprives the combatants of persons necessary to the continuance of the acts aimed at. On the other hand, it has been urged that the acts, the prevention of which is aimed at, are not legitimate acts on the part of the armed forces of the enemy, but illegitimate acts by private persons, who, if caught, could be quite lawfully punished, and that

4180-464: The middle of the Burmese. The punishment was death. However, Somdet Phra Phanarat, a bhikkhu from Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon , calmed Naresuan enough to have the punishment rescinded. Instead, the guilty commanders were ordered to take Dawei and Tanintharyi for redemption. The Burmese chronicles , however, do not mention a duel at all. They say that the two armies engage in a battle on 8 January [ O.S. 29 December 1592] 1593, and Swa

4256-465: The midst of the Burmese, with only a handful to Siamese being able to follow them in. According to Damrong's reconstruction, Naresuan, seeing Mingyi Swa on an elephant under a tree, shouted, "My brother, why do you stay on your elephant under the shade of a tree? Why not come out and engage in single combat to be an honour to us? There will be no kings in future who will engage in single combat like us." The personal battle between Naresuan and Mingyi Swa

4332-470: The only demand. The United States makes hostage-taking a federal criminal offense pursuant to 18 U.S.C.   § 1203 . Generally, the Act applies to conduct occurring within the territory of the United States. However, under Subsection B, an offender may be indicted under the Act even if the hostage-taking occurred outside the territory of the United States if the "offender or the person seized or detained

4408-499: The other two divisions to retreat. Naresuan's ngao, Chao Phraya Prap Hongsawadi or "Chao Phraya which defeated Bago", and helmet, Chao Phraya Sen Phonlaphai or "Chao Phraya which defeated a hundred thousand soldiers", still exist today. Naresuan built a pagoda on the site of the elephant battle as a victory monument. Naresuan brought before a council of judges those commanders he thought had disobeyed him or were negligent in their duties; they had been unable to follow him into

4484-467: The practice of taking hostage. In May 1871, at the close of the Paris Commune , took place the massacre of the so-called hostages. Strictly they were not hostages, for they had not been handed over or seized as security for the performance of any undertaking or as a preventive measure, but merely in retaliation for the death of their leaders E. V. Duval and Gustave Flourens . The massacre occurred after

4560-426: The press, constraints on the executive, free elections, and higher levels of civil liberties create favorable outcomes that enable hostage-takers to target these countries specifically. Hostage-takers understand that by targeting democratic governments, they are more likely to seek concessions and/or negotiate with them based on the level of accountability they must face from their citizens who elect them into office, and

4636-581: The recognized military forces of the enemy. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Germans took as hostages the prominent people or officials from towns or districts when making requisitions and also when foraging, and it was a general practice for the mayor and adjoint of a town which failed to pay a fine imposed upon it to be seized as hostages and retained until the money was paid. Another case where hostages have been taken in modern warfare has been

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4712-485: The so-called law of hostages was passed, to meet the royalist insurrection in La Vendée . Relatives of émigrés were taken from disturbed districts and imprisoned, and were liable to execution at any attempt to escape. Sequestration of their property and deportation from France followed on the murder of a republican, four to every such murder, with heavy fines on the whole body of hostages. The law only resulted in an increase in

4788-418: The subject of much discussion. In 1870 the Germans found it necessary to take special measures to put a stop to train-wrecking by " Francs-tireurs " - i.e. "parties in occupied territory not belonging to the recognized armed forces of the enemy", which was considered an illegitimate act of war. Prominent citizens were placed on the engine of the train so that it might be understood that in every accident caused by

4864-481: The threat to his kingdom. He advanced as far as the Fang District of Chiang Mai Province before falling ill and then died after three days on 25 April 1605. His brother King Ekathotsarot became his successor as king. Recent studies of Burmese records by historians of Silpakorn University showed that he returned to Wiang Haeng , where he died of disease, probably smallpox . Many Shan believe King Naresuan

4940-414: The use of the word in this sense of abductee became current only in the 1970s. The criminal activity is known as kidnapping . An acute situation where hostages are kept in a building or a vehicle that has been taken over by armed terrorists or common criminals is often called a hostage crisis. Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions states that the taking of hostages during an internal conflict

5016-459: Was a highly romanticized historical scene known as the "Elephant Battle" ( สงครามยุทธหัตถี Songkram Yuddhahatthi . ) After a prolonged duel and narrowly missing Naresuan but cutting his helmet, Naresuan was able to cut Mingyi Swa with his ngao (glaive). Prince Somdet Phra Ekathotsarot was also able to kill the governor of Muang Chacharo. The main Siamese army then arrived and the Burmese were routed and scattered. The King of Bago then ordered

5092-568: Was able to escape. In 1580, Baraminreachea still believed Siam was weak and ordered Thotsa Racha and Surin Racha to invade Siam with a force of 5,000, including elephants and cavalry. The plan was to raid cities around Ayutthaya such as Saraburi and capture loot and people. Naresuan led a force of 3,000 men out of Ayutthaya to engage the Khmer army. The Khmer army was destroyed and forced to retreat back to Cambodia. This battle made King Naresuan revered among

5168-539: Was also adopted in the early period of company rule in India , and by France during the French colonization of North Africa . The position of a hostage was that of a prisoner of war , to be retained until the negotiations or treaty obligations were carried out, and liable to punishment (in ancient times), and even to death, in case of treachery or refusal to fulfil the promises made. The practice of taking hostages as security for

5244-559: Was cremated and his ashes interred in a stupa in Mongton , in the Daen Lao Range , in the southern part of the Shan State. According to Damrong Rajanubhab , "Naresuan was recorded as a brave and glorious king. Therefore his glory is evident up to the present day. The kingdom of Siam at that period was widest in extent, opulent and redounding in glory." Hostage A hostage is

5320-475: Was crowned King of Ayutthaya as Sanphet II . The Burmese army led by Phra Maha Uparat attacked Siam again, but Naresuan defeated it near Ban Khoi. The Burmese army retreated back to Bago, losing many men, elephants, horses, arms, and ammunition. King Naresuan is known in Thailand for his 1593 elephant duel with Crown Prince Mingyi Swa . However, most other accounts of the era mention an elephant battle but not

5396-545: Was felled by a shot from a Siamese firearm. According to Terwiel, there are ten different accounts of the battle by indigenous, European and Persian authors: (four Siamese, one Burmese, four late 16th and early 17th century European accounts and late 17th century one Persian account). Only one Siamese account says there was a formal elephant duel between Naresuan and Swa. However, Jeremias van Vliet's account of Siam in early 1630s includes interviews with Siamese subjects who were contemporaries of King Naresuan and who insisted that

5472-528: Was forced to return to Ayutthaya to recover. When he got back to Ayutthaya, the Cambodian Navy was present and besieging Nai Kai fortress. The fortress fell to the Cambodian forces. King Naresuan lured the Cambodian navy up the river where they met the Siamese artillery. After heavy bombardment, the Cambodian navy was forced to retreat. In 1578, Phraya Chin Chantu, a Chinese noble serving under Cambodia attacked

5548-463: Was highly intelligent, gained a great deal of general knowledge of the times." Maha Thammaracha made Naret the Uparaja ("crown prince") of Phitsanulok as Naresuan at the age of 15. Naresuan joined his father and the King of Bago in an expedition to conquer Vientiane , the capital of the restored Lan Xang , but he contracted smallpox and had to return. He built Chankasem Palace in Ayutthaya as

5624-454: Was killed by "the royal gun used by Somdet Phra Naresuan while crossing the Satong river". This sent the Maha Uparat's troops into a panicked retreat, prompting him to return to the capital. Naresuan then held the "ceremony of swearing allegiance" with the people of Sukhothai , drinking water from the sacred pond of Puay Si. His forces then took Sawankhalok . In 1584 Naresuan brought down all of

5700-412: Was later supposed with Latin hostis ' stranger ' , later ' enemy ' . The long history of political and military use indicates that political authorities or generals would legally agree to hand over one or usually several hostages in the custody of the other side, as guarantee of good faith in the observance of obligations. These obligations would be in the form of signing of a peace treaty, in

5776-641: Was unwell. After that Naresuan laid siege to Taungoo for two months but retreated due to lack of food. Natshinnaung killed Nanda Bayin while he was held captive in Toungoo. Nyaungyan Min then crowned himself as the King of Ava to counter the Viceroys of Toungoo and Prome . Siam was then free of a Burmese threat for four years until the King of Ava went on a campaign to subjugate the Shans . When he advanced as far as Theinni , Naresuan raised an army of 200,000 men to counter

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