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38-484: Wigmore may refer to: People [ edit ] Ann Wigmore , U.S. holistic health practitioner Ben Wigmore (b. 1982), Australian baseball player Clive Wigmore (1892–1969), English footballer Gillian Wigmore (b. 1976), Canadian poet Gin Wigmore (b. 1986), New Zealand singer-songwriter John Henry Wigmore (1863–1943), U.S. jurist, or his book, Treatise on

76-402: A vegetarian diet , but took that further and decided that raw food was what humans were really meant to eat. He was influenced by Charles Darwin 's ideas that humans were just another kind of animal, noting that other animals do not cook their food. In 1904 Bircher-Benner opened a sanatorium in the mountains outside of Zurich called "Lebendinge Kraft" or "Vital Force," a technical term in

114-668: A child in Lithuania , watching her grandmother. In the 1940s Wigmore started promoting the benefits of wheatgrass and other raw foods in order to " detox ", removing what she considered to be poisons of "unnatural" cooked foods and food additives added by industrial society; she believed this diet allowed and helped the body to heal itself. She believed that fresh wheatgrass juice and fresh vegetables - and especially chlorophyll - retained more of their original energy and potency (a form of vitalism ) if they were uncooked and eaten as soon as possible after harvesting them. According to

152-549: A contributing factor to the rise in chronic inflammatory diseases in industrialized populations. A subset of food additives, micronutrients added in food fortification processes preserve nutrient value by providing vitamins and minerals to foods such as flour, cereal, margarine and milk which normally would not retain such high levels. Added ingredients, such as air, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, also contribute manufacturing and flavor qualities, and reduce spoilage. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines

190-752: A cure for diabetes and for claiming that she could make it unnecessary for children to be vaccinated; she stopped making those claims after losing in court. Brian Clement obtained control over the Hippocrates Health Institute and moved it from Boston to West Palm Beach, Florida, in 1987. Wigmore founded the Ann Wigmore Natural Health Institute Inc in Puerto Rico, where people could go for alternative medicine or to be trained in her methods. The Foundation moved to New Mexico after Wigmore's death; it lost IRS accreditation as

228-448: A food additive as "any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result directly or indirectly in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food". In order for a novel food additive to be approved in the U.S., a food additive approval petition (FAP) must be submitted to the FDA. The identity of the ingredient, the proposed use in

266-624: A non-profit, many of her claims were denounced as quackery , and her qualifications were never confirmed to be genuine. Wigmore was inspired in part by the ideas of Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867–1939), who was influenced as a young man by the German Lebensreform movement, which saw civilization as corrupt and which sought to go "back to nature"; it embraced holistic medicine, nudism , various forms of spirituality, free love , exercise and other outdoors activity, and foods that it judged were more "natural". Bircher-Benner eventually adopted

304-606: A nonprofit from the IRS in 1970. In 1974, Rising Sun Christianity applied to the city to convert the building into a church, a holistic school, and apartments, which was granted for five years, and was extended in 1980. In 1982 the Rising Sun Church acquired the building next door, and changed its name to the Hippocrates Health Institute, Inc. She was sued in 1982 by the attorney general of Massachusetts for promoting

342-516: A nonprofit in 2012. Brian Clement, who later earned a nonmedical PhD, and the Hippocrates Health Institute which he then controlled, eventually obtained 60 acres of land in West Palm Beach and have become known offering residents "wheatgrass, IV injections of vitamins, dietary supplements, foot baths to remove "toxins," raw foods diets and assorted other treatments, some of which may have been considered alternative cancer treatments . Wigmore

380-563: A report titled "Quackery, a $ 10 Billion Scandal", commonly referred to as "The Pepper Report" after committee chairman Claude Pepper . The committee received testimony from a woman desperate to treat her husband's cancer who accepted treatment from Steven and Ellen Haasz, disciples of Wigmore, and eventually from Wigmore's facility in Boston, instead of standard care which the Haaszes strongly discouraged from her pursuing. She said: "I know now that I

418-639: Is assigned a unique number called an " E number ", which is used in Europe for all approved additives. This numbering scheme has now been adopted and extended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as the International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) to internationally identify all additives (INS number), regardless of whether they are approved for use. E numbers are all prefixed by "E", but countries outside Europe use only

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456-425: Is based on four dimensions: toxicokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion); genotoxicity ; subchronic (at least 90 data) and chronic toxicity and carcinogenity ; reproductive and developmental toxicity. Recent work has demonstrated that certain food additives such as carboxymethylcellulose may cause encroachment of microbes from the gastrointestinal tract into the protective mucus layer that lines

494-409: Is both a preservative as well as a flavor. With the increasing use of processed foods since the 19th century, food additives are more widely used. Many countries regulate their use. For example, boric acid was widely used as a food preservative from the 1870s to the 1920s, but was banned after World War I due to its toxicity, as demonstrated in animal and human studies. During World War II ,

532-496: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ann Wigmore Influenced by the 'back to nature' theories of Maximilian Bircher-Benner , she maintained that plants concentrated more solar energy ('Vital Force') than animals, and that wheatgrass could detoxify the body. She also deplored food additives . Although the Ann Wigmore Foundation received accreditation as

570-549: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, stating that no carcinogenic substances may be used as food additives. However, after the banning of cyclamates in the United States and Britain in 1969, saccharin , the only remaining legal artificial sweetener at the time, was found to cause cancer in rats. Widespread public outcry in the United States, partly communicated to Congress by postage-paid postcards supplied in

608-813: The Anglo-American System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law (often known as " Wigmore on Evidence " or " Wigmore ") Joseph Wigmore (b. 1892), English footballer Lionel Wigmore (1899–1989), Australian military historian and journalist Lucy Wigmore , New Zealand actress Robert Wigmore (b. 1949), Cook Islands politician Rupert Wilson Wigmore (1873–1939), Canadian politician Walter Wigmore (1873–1931), English footballer William Campion (Jesuit) , alias William Wigmore, (1599–1665), an English Jesuit Places [ edit ] Wigmore, Luton , Bedfordshire, England Wigmore, Herefordshire , England Wigmore, Kent , England Wigmore Street , in

646-679: The EU it can take 10 years or more to obtain approval for a new food additive. This includes five years of safety testing, followed by two years for evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and another three years before the additive receives an EU-wide approval for use in every country in the European Union . Apart from testing and analyzing food products during the whole production process to ensure safety and compliance with regulatory standards, Trading Standards officers (in

684-484: The Lebensreform movement that referred especially to sunlight; he and others believed that this energy was more "concentrated" in plants than in meat, and was diminished by cooking. Patients in the clinic were fed raw foods, including muesli which was created there. While these ideas were dismissed by scientists and the medical profession of his day as quackery, they gained a following in some quarters. Wigmore

722-532: The Massachusetts Attorney General sued Wigmore for claiming that her "energy enzyme soup" could cure AIDS. Suffolk County Judge Robert A. Mulligan ruled that Wigmore's views on how to combat AIDS were protected by the First Amendment, but ordered her to stop representing herself as a physician or as a person licensed in any way to treat disease. This was not the first time Wigmore had run afoul of

760-839: The National Council against Healthcare Fraud: "Wigmore claimed to have a Doctor of Divinity (DD) from the College of Divine Metaphysics in Indianapolis. She also listed a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and a Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) degree at different times. None of her credentials appear to have been from accredited schools." During the mid-1960s, Wigmore, as "Reverend Ann Wigmore", and Rising Sun Christianity, Inc., which she controlled, bought property at 25 Exeter Street in Boston's Back Bay, where she lived and where Rising Sun had offices, as carved into its glass and door. She also founded The Ann Wigmore Foundation Inc., which received accreditation as

798-459: The UK) protect the public from any illegal use or potentially dangerous mis-use of food additives by performing random testing of food products. There has been significant controversy associated with the risks and benefits of food additives. Natural additives may be similarly harmful or be the cause of allergic reactions in certain individuals. For example, safrole was used to flavor root beer until it

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836-497: The US, Canada, and Europe. Food additive Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives have been used for centuries as part of an effort to preserve food, for example vinegar ( pickling ), salt ( salting ), smoke ( smoking ), sugar ( crystallization ), etc. This allows for longer-lasting foods such as bacon , sweets or wines . With

874-574: The West End of London Buildings [ edit ] Wigmore Abbey , Herefordshire, England, a ruined Augustinian abbey Wigmore Castle , Herefordshire, England, a ruined castle Wigmore Hall , London, a concert hall Other [ edit ] Wigmore Athletic , a former football club in Sussex, England (merged into Worthing United F.C.) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

912-420: The advent of ultra-processed foods in the second half of the twentieth century, many additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process, through packaging , or during storage or transport. To regulate these additives and inform consumers, each additive

950-459: The food consumed" and for around $ 400 (about $ 700 in 2016) sold lessons to make an "energy enzyme soup" that she said allowed an infected person's body to completely clear the virus. She was acquitted under the First Amendment as the claims were deemed not to be commercial claims made in trade, but was ordered not to misrepresent herself as a doctor qualified to treat illness or disease. Health educator William T. Jarvis has noted that: In 1988,

988-414: The food system, the technical effect of the ingredient, a method of analysis for the ingredient in foods, information on the manufacturing process, and full safety reports must be defined in a FAP. For FDA approval of a FAP, the FDA evaluates the chemical composition of the ingredient, the quantities that would be typically consumed, acute and chronic health impacts, and other safety factors. The FDA reviews

1026-548: The intestines. Additional preclinical work suggests that emulsifiers may disrupt the gut microbiome, cause or exacerbate inflammation, and increase intestinal permeability. Other food additives in processed foods, such as xanthan gum, have also been shown to influence the ecology of human gut microbiomes and may play a role in the divergence of gut microbiomes in industrialized societies as compared to pre-industrialized societies. Although still controversial, some scientists hypothesize that these changes to human gut microbiomes may be

1064-588: The law. In 1982, the Attorney General of Massachusetts sued Wigmore for claiming that her program could reduce or eliminate the need for insulin in diabetics, and could obviate the need for routine immunization in children. She abandoned those claims after losing in court. On December 25, 1930, Anna Marie (again under the name "Warap" per wedding coverage Stoughton News-Sentinel , 1 Jan 1931) married Everett Arnold Wigmore (1907–1969), of Stoughton, Massachusetts , where they lived during their marriage. Her husband

1102-609: The number, whether the additive is approved in Europe or not. For example, acetic acid is written as E260 on products sold in Europe, but is simply known as additive 260 in some countries. Additive 103, alkannin , is not approved for use in Europe so does not have an E number, although it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand . Since 1987, Australia has had an approved system of labelling for additives in packaged foods. Each food additive has to be named or numbered. The numbers are

1140-452: The packaging of sweetened soft drinks , led to the retention of saccharin, despite its violation of the Delaney clause. However, in 2000, saccharin was found to be carcinogenic in rats due only to their unique urine chemistry. In 2007, Food Standards Australia New Zealand published an official shoppers' guidance with which the concerns of food additives and their labeling are mediated. In

1178-529: The same as in Europe, but without the prefix "E". The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists these items as " generally recognized as safe " (GRAS); they are listed under both their Chemical Abstracts Service number and FDA regulation under the United States Code of Federal Regulations . Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap because some additives exert more than one effect. For example, salt

Wigmore - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-412: The title Wigmore . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wigmore&oldid=1064619754 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

1254-464: The urgent need for cheap, available food preservatives led to it being used again, but it was finally banned in the 1950s. Such cases led to a general mistrust of food additives, and an application of the precautionary principle led to the conclusion that only additives that are known to be safe should be used in foods. In the United States, this led to the adoption of the Delaney clause , an amendment to

1292-537: Was an advocate of astrology , spiritual healing , and other pseudoscientific beliefs. She held the erroneous view that the chlorophyll in wheatgrass detoxifies the body and has healing power. Her claims with regard to wheatgrass have been described as quackery . In 1980, the US House of Representatives Select Committee on Aging began what became a four-year investigation into health care scams that preyed on older people. Their findings were published in 1984 in

1330-598: Was foolish to listen to Haasz and to spend about $ 2,000, including the trip to Boston, on the raw food things. But my husband and I were married for 37 years and when he got sick, I was looking for magic. Their false promise of hope may have actually shortened my husband's few numbered days on this Earth." Wigmore was sued by the Massachusetts Attorney-General's department in 1988 for publishing pamphlets falsely claiming to offer an AIDS cure. She claimed that AIDS arises from "the body's inability to assimilate

1368-439: Was in the family stone masonry business. A daughter, Wilma Edith Wigmore, was born on July 9, 1941. On January 12, 1942, Wigmore became a United States citizen. The Wigmores divorced sometime in the 1950s–1960s. Wigmore died in Boston on February 16, 1994, of smoke inhalation from a fire at the Ann Wigmore Foundation building at 196 Commonwealth Avenue. She had written about twenty five books and had lectured on her ideas in

1406-554: Was one of the first to popularize these ideas about raw food in the US. She also was inspired in part by the biblical story of King Nebuchadnezzar , recounted in Daniel 4:33, in which "he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws", and by the examples of dogs eating grass when they were unwell. She also said that she learned about herbs and natural remedies as

1444-476: Was shown to be carcinogenic. Due to the application of the Delaney clause, it may not be added to foods, even though it occurs naturally in sassafras and sweet basil . Periodically, concerns have been expressed about a linkage between additives and hyperactivity , however "no clear evidence of ADHD was provided". In 2012, the EFSA proposed the tier approach to evaluate the potential toxicity of food additives. It

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