129-409: The white cockatoo ( Cacatua alba ), also known as the umbrella cockatoo , is a medium-sized all-white cockatoo endemic to tropical rainforest on islands of Indonesia. When surprised, it extends a large and striking head crest , which has a semicircular shape (similar to an umbrella, hence the alternative name). The wings and tail have a pale yellow or lemon color which is exposed when they fly. It
258-416: A poultice . Southeast Asian traditional beliefs, as well as traditional Chinese food therapy , consider the durian fruit to have warming properties liable to cause excessive sweating . The traditional method to counteract this is to pour water into the empty shell of the fruit after the pulp has been consumed and drink it. An alternative method is to eat the durian in accompaniment with mangosteen, which
387-446: A status symbol indicating wealth. Durian from Thailand retails at around ¥150 (US$ 20), while the more prestigious Musang King variety retails at around ¥500 and can be a birthday or wedding gift. The potential value for exporters has allowed China to leverage Durian as part of trade talks. The entire export of durians from Southeast Asia to China increased from US$ 550 million in 2017, to US$ 6.7 billion in 2023. China's largest imports of
516-434: A broader head and a bigger beak than the female. They have brown or black eyes and a dark grey beak. When mature some female white cockatoos can have reddish/brown irises, while the irises of the adult male are dark brown or black. The feathers of the white cockatoo are mostly white. However, both upper and lower surfaces of the inner half of the trailing edge of the large wing feathers are a yellow color. The yellow color on
645-600: A cultivar without the characteristic odour. Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour. On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Uttaradit province from where these cultivars were developed locally, while he announced
774-436: A day. The young of all species are born covered in yellowish down, bar the palm cockatoo, whose young are born naked. Cockatoo incubation times are dependent on species size, with the smaller cockatiels having a period of around 20 days and the larger Carnaby's black cockatoo incubating its eggs for up to 29 days. The nestling period also varies by species size, with larger species having longer nestling periods. It
903-514: A deep caramel flavour with a turpentine odour while red-fleshed durian ( D. graveolens ) emits a fragrance of roasted almonds . The fruit's strong smell has led to its ban from public transport systems in Singapore and in Bangkok. A draft genome analysis of durian indicates it has about 46,000 coding and non-coding genes , among which a class called methionine gamma-lyases – which regulate
1032-459: A dessert called durian (or thurian) guan. In Thailand, durian is eaten fresh with sweet sticky rice, and blocks of durian paste are sold in the markets, though much of the paste is adulterated with pumpkin . Unripe durians are cooked as a vegetable, except in the Philippines, where all uses are sweet rather than savoury. Malaysians make both sugared and salted preserves from durian. When durian
1161-576: A durian seed, which he planted and cared for on his tropical island off the north coast of Queensland . In 1949, the British botanist E. J. H. Corner published The Durian Theory, or the Origin of the Modern Tree . This proposed that endozoochory (the enticement of animals to transport seeds in their stomach) arose before any other method of seed dispersal , and that primitive ancestors of Durio species were
1290-461: A fruit much loved by a variety of animals, the durian is sometimes taken to signify the animalistic aspect of humans, as in the legend of Orang Mawas , the Malaysian version of Bigfoot, and Orang Pendek , its Sumatran version, both of which have been claimed to feast on durians. In Malaysia, a decoction of the leaves and roots used to be prescribed as an antipyretic . The leaf juice is applied on
1419-477: A hundred birds or less, while in droughts or other times of adversity, they may swell up to contain thousands or even tens of thousands of birds; one record from the Kimberley noted a flock of 32,000 little corellas . Species that inhabit open country form larger flocks than those of forested areas. Some species require roosting sites that are located near drinking sites; other species travel great distances between
SECTION 10
#17328593619961548-506: A large supply of seed in cones or gumnuts by plant genera such as Eucalyptus , Banksia and Hakea ), a natural feature of the Australian landscape in dryer regions. These woody fruiting bodies are inaccessible to many species and harvested in the main by parrots, cockatoos and rodents in more tropical regions. The larger cones can be opened by the large bills of cockatoos but are too strong for smaller animals. Many nuts and fruits lie on
1677-414: A local introduced population breeds on Taiwan. It occurs in primary, logged, and secondary forests below 900m. It also occurs in mangroves and plantations including coconut and agricultural land. It remains locally common: in 1991–1992, the population was estimated at 42,545–183,129 birds (Lambert 1993), although this may be an underestimate as it was largely based on surveys from Bacan and not Halmahera where
1806-455: A number of functions, including allowing individuals to recognize one another, alerting others of predators, indicating individual moods, maintaining the cohesion of a flock and as warnings when defending nests. The use of calls and number of specific calls varies by species; the Carnaby's black cockatoo has as many as 15 types of call, whereas others, such as the pink cockatoo, have fewer. Some, like
1935-445: A parrot mix containing various seeds, nuts and dried fruits and vegetables. Additionally, they need to be offered many fresh vegetables, fruits and branches (with leaves) for chewing and entertainment. The white cockatoo is considered Endangered by the IUCN . Its numbers in the wild have declined owing to capture for the cage bird trade and habitat loss . It is listed in appendix II of
2064-783: A person who is assigned to keep watch while others undertake clandestine or illegal activities, particularly gambling, may be referred to as a "cockatoo". Proprietors of small agricultural undertakings are often jocularly or slightly disparagingly referred to as "cocky farmers". Strigopidae – New Zealand parrots Cacatuidae – cockatoos Psittacidae – African and New World parrots Psittaculidae – Old World parrots Calyptorhynchus – black cockatoos (2 species) Zanda – black cockatoos (3 species) Nymphicus – cockatiel Probosciger – palm cockatoo Callocephalon – gang-gang cockatoo Eolophus – galah Lophochroa – pink cockatoo Cacatua – white cockatoos and corellas (13 species) The cockatoos were first defined as
2193-611: A proportion of the entire population. RSPCA supported surveys by the Indonesian NGO ProFauna suggest that significant levels of trade in wild-caught white cockatoos still occur, with 200+ taken from the wild in north Halmahera in 2007. Approximately 40% of the parrots (white cockatoo, chattering lory , violet-necked lory and eclectus parrot ) caught in Halmahera are smuggled to the Philippines , while approximately 60% go to
2322-524: A range of 8–20% among different durian varieties. Durian flesh contains diverse polyphenols , especially myricetin , and various carotenoids , including a rich content of beta-carotene . In 2019, ethanethiol and its derivatives was identified as a source of the fetid smell. However, the biochemical pathway by which the plant produces ethanethiol remained unclear. People in Southeast Asia with frequent exposures to durian are able to easily distinguish
2451-407: A range of mainly vegetable food items. Seeds form a large part of the diet of all species; these are opened with their large and powerful bills. The galahs, corellas and some of the black cockatoos feed primarily on the ground; others feed mostly in trees. The ground-feeding species tend to forage in flocks, which form tight, squabbling groups where seeds are concentrated and dispersed lines where food
2580-408: A role in clutch size . Some species can lay a second clutch if the first fails. Around 20% of eggs laid are infertile. The cockatoos' incubation and brooding responsibilities may either be undertaken by the female alone in the case of the black cockatoos or shared amongst the sexes as happens in the other species. In the case of the black cockatoos, the female is provisioned by the male several times
2709-499: A shortage of suitable nesting hollows after large mature trees are cleared; conversely, some species have adapted well to human changes and are considered agricultural pests . Cockatoos are popular birds in aviculture , but their needs are difficult to meet. The cockatiel is the easiest cockatoo species to maintain and is by far the most frequently kept in captivity. White cockatoos are more commonly found in captivity than black cockatoos. Illegal trade in wild-caught birds contributes to
SECTION 20
#17328593619962838-509: A subfamily Cacatuinae within the parrot family Psittacidae by the English naturalist George Robert Gray in 1840, with Cacatua the first listed and type genus. This group has alternately been considered as either a full or subfamily by different authorities. The American ornithologist James Lee Peters in his 1937 Check-list of Birds of the World and Sibley and Monroe in 1990 maintained it as
2967-539: A subfamily, while parrot expert Joseph Forshaw classified it as a family in 1973. Subsequent molecular studies indicate that the earliest offshoot from the original parrot ancestors were the New Zealand parrots of the family Strigopidae, and following this the cockatoos, now a well-defined group or clade , split off from the remaining parrots, which then radiated across the Southern Hemisphere and diversified into
3096-406: A third limb when climbing through branches. They generally have long broad wings used in rapid flight, with speeds up to 70 km/h (43 mph) being recorded for galahs. The members of the genus Calyptorhynchus and larger white cockatoos, such as the sulphur-crested cockatoo and the pink cockatoo , have shorter, rounder wings and a more leisurely flight. Cockatoos have a large bill, which
3225-402: A tree. The peregrine falcon and little eagle have been reported taking galahs and the wedge-tailed eagle has been observed killing a sulphur-crested cockatoo. Eggs and nestlings are vulnerable to many hazards. Various species of monitor lizard ( Varanus ) are able to climb trees and enter hollows. Other predators recorded include the spotted wood owl on Rasa Island in the Philippines;
3354-440: A year at least. Females breed for the first time anywhere from three to seven years of age and males are often older. Sexual maturity is delayed so birds can develop the skills for raising and parenting young, which is prolonged compared with other birds; the young of some species remain with their parents for up to a year. Cockatoos may also display site fidelity , returning to the same nesting sites in consecutive years. Courtship
3483-579: Is glutinous rice steamed with coconut milk and served with ripened durian. In Sabah , red durian is fried with onions and chilli and served as a side dish. Red-fleshed durian is traditionally added to sayur , an Indonesian soup made from freshwater fish. Ikan brengkes tempoyak is fish cooked in a durian-based sauce, traditional in Sumatra . Raw durian is composed of 65% water, 27% carbohydrates (including 4% dietary fibre ), 5% fat and 1% protein . In 100 grams, raw or fresh frozen durian provides 33% of
3612-491: Is "like eating sweet raspberry blancmange in the lavatory". The travel and food writer Richard Sterling states that "its odor is best described as pig-excrement, turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock." Other comparisons have been made with the civet , sewage , stale vomit , skunk spray and used surgical swabs . Such descriptions may reflect the odour's variability. Different species and cultivars vary markedly in aroma; for example, red durian ( D. dulcis ) has
3741-586: Is a feminine form of the Latin adjective albus for "white". It lies in the subgenus Cacatua within the genus Cacatua . The term "white cockatoo" has also been applied as a group term to members of the subgenus Cacatua , the genus Cacatua as well as larger groups including the pink cockatoo and the galah cockatoo . The white cockatoo is around 46 cm (18 in) long, and weighs about 400 g (14 oz) for small females and up to 800 g (28 oz) for big males. The male white cockatoo usually has
3870-419: Is also affected by season and environmental factors and by competition with siblings in species with clutch sizes greater than one. Much of what is known about the nestling period of some species is dependent on aviary studies – aviary cockatiels can fledge after 5 weeks and the large palm cockatoos after 11 weeks. During this period, the young become covered in juvenile plumage while remaining in
3999-510: Is considered to have cooling properties. Pregnant women or people with high blood pressure are traditionally advised not to consume durian. The Javanese believe durian to have aphrodisiac qualities, and impose a set of rules on what may or may not be consumed with it or shortly thereafter. A saying in Indonesian , durian jatuh sarung naik , meaning "the durian falls and the sarong comes up", refers to this belief. The warnings against
White cockatoo - Misplaced Pages Continue
4128-546: Is formed by the genus Cacatua , comprising 12 species of white-plumaged cockatoos and three monotypic genera that branched off earlier; namely the pink and grey galah , the mainly grey gang-gang cockatoo and the large black-plumaged palm cockatoo . Cockatoos prefer to eat seeds, tubers , corms , fruit, flowers and insects. They often feed in large flocks, particularly when ground-feeding. Cockatoos are monogamous and nest in tree hollows . Some cockatoo species have been adversely affected by habitat loss , particularly from
4257-629: Is generally simple, particularly for established pairs, with the black cockatoos alone engaging in courtship feeding . Established pairs do engage in preening each other , but all forms of courtship drop off after incubation begins, possibly due to the strength of the pair-bond. Like most parrots, the cockatoos are cavity nesters , nesting in holes in trees, which they are unable to excavate themselves. These hollows are formed from decay or destruction of wood by branches breaking off, fungi or insects such as termites or even woodpeckers where their ranges overlap. In many places these holes are scarce and
4386-405: Is kept sharp by rasping the two jaws together when resting. The bill is complemented by a large muscular tongue which helps manipulate seeds inside the bill so that they can be de-husked before eating. During the de-husking, the lower jaw applies the pressure, the tongue holds the seed in place and the upper jaw acts as an anvil. The eye region of the skull is reinforced to support muscles which move
4515-599: Is medium-thick, solid, yellow in colour, and sweet; and "Red Prawn" ( Udang Merah , D175), found in the states of Pahang and Johor . The fruit is medium-sized, oval, brownish green, with short thorns. The flesh is thick, not solid, yellow-coloured, and has a sweet taste. Indonesia has more than 100 varieties of durian. The most cultivated species is D. zibethinus . Notable varieties are Sukun ( Central Java ), sitokong ( Betawi ), sijapang (Betawi), Simas ( Bogor ), Sunan ( Jepara ), si dodol and si hijau ( South Kalimantan ), and Petruk (Central Java). In Thailand, Mon Thong
4644-421: Is minced with salt, onions and vinegar, it is called boder . In Kelantan of Malaysia, fresh durian or tempoyak is mixed with onion and chilli slices, lime juice and budu (fermented anchovy sauce) and eaten as a condiment with rice-based meals. The seeds, which are the size of chestnuts, can be eaten boiled, roasted or fried in coconut oil , with a texture that is similar to taro or yam , but stickier. In Java ,
4773-405: Is more sparsely distributed; they also prefer open areas where visibility is good. The western and long-billed corellas have elongated bills to excavate tubers and roots and the pink cockatoo walks in a circle around the doublegee ( Emex australis ) to twist out and remove the underground parts. Many species forage for food in the canopy of trees, taking advantage of serotiny (the storage of
4902-460: Is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack. However, the ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of D. zibethinus are nearly always cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in southern Thailand prefer their durians relatively young, when
5031-563: Is similar in most species. The plumage of the female cockatiel is duller than the male, but the most marked sexual dimorphism occurs in the gang-gang cockatoo and the two species of black cockatoos in the subgenus Calyptorhynchus , namely the red-tailed and glossy black cockatoos . The iris colour differs in a few species, being pink or red in the female galah and the pink cockatoo and red-brown in some other female white cockatoo species. The males all have dark brown irises. Cockatoos maintain their plumage with frequent preening throughout
5160-504: Is similar to other species of white cockatoo such as yellow-crested cockatoo , sulphur-crested cockatoo , and salmon-crested cockatoo , all of which have yellow, orange or pink crest feathers instead of white. The white cockatoo is known as ayab (plural form: ayot ) in the Burmeso language of Papua , Indonesia . The white cockatoo was first described in 1776 by German zoologist Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller . Its species name alba
5289-457: Is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee or alcoholic beverages. The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when Rumphius stated that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and bad breath . In 1929, J. D. Gimlette wrote in his Malay Poisons and Charm Cures that the durian fruit must not be eaten with brandy . In 1981, J. R. Croft wrote in his Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of
White cockatoo - Misplaced Pages Continue
5418-652: Is the most commercially sought after cultivar, for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet-tasting flesh with moderate smell and smaller seeds, while Chanee is most resistant to infection by Phytophthora palmivora . Kan Yao is less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odourless. Among the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Mon Thong, Kan Yao, Ruang, and Kradum. By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No. 1,
5547-568: Is the only species available on the international market. It has over 300 named varieties in Thailand and 100 in Malaysia as of 1987. Other species are sold in their local regions. Known in some regions as the "king of fruits", the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and thorn -covered rind . The fruit can grow as large as 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, and it typically weighs 1 to 3 kg (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round,
5676-540: Is unknown, as is the cause, although a parrot papilloma virus has been isolated from a grey parrot with the condition. Cockatoos have been shown to learn new skills through social interaction. In New South Wales , researchers and citizen scientists were able to track the spread of lid-flipping skills as cockatoos learned from each other to open garbage bins. Bin-opening spread more quickly to neighbouring suburbs than suburbs further away. In addition, birds in different areas developed their own variants for accomplishing
5805-557: Is unsurpassed." Wallace described himself as being at first reluctant to try it because of the aroma, but on eating one in Borneo "out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater". He cites another writer as stating: "To those not used to it, it seems at first to smell like rotten onions, but immediately after they have tasted it they prefer it to all other food. The natives give it honourable titles, exalt it, and make verses on it." The novelist Anthony Burgess wrote that eating durian
5934-746: The Oxford English Dictionary , the alternate spelling durion was first used in a 1588 translation of The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof by the Spanish explorer Juan González de Mendoza . Other historical variant spellings include duryoen , duroyen , durean , and dorian . The name of the type species , D. zibethinus , is derived from Italian zibetto , (the civet ). Durian trees are large, growing to 25–50 metres (80–165 feet) in height depending on
6063-537: The CITES list which gives it protection by restricting export and import of wild-caught birds. BirdLife International indicates that catch quotas issued by the Indonesian government were 'exceeded by up to 18 times in some localities' in 1991, with at least 6,600 umbrella cockatoos being taken from the wild by trappers – although fewer birds have been taken from the wild in recent years, both in numerical terms and when taken as
6192-578: The Daily Value (DV) of thiamine and a moderate content of other B vitamins , vitamin C , and the dietary mineral manganese (15–24% DV, table). Different durian varieties from Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia vary in their carbohydrate content from 16 to 29%, fat content from 2–5%, protein content from 2–4%, and dietary fibre content from 1–4%, and in caloric value from 84 to 185 kcal per 100 grams. The fatty acids in durian flesh are particularly rich in oleic acid and palmitic acid . The origin of
6321-688: The Philippines , and some Pacific regions. Eleven of the 21 species exist in the wild only in Australia, while seven species occur only in the islands of the Philippines , Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands . No cockatoo species are found in Borneo , despite their presence on nearby Palawan and Sulawesi or many Pacific islands, although fossil remains have been recorded from New Caledonia . Three species occur in both New Guinea and Australia. Some species have widespread distributions, with
6450-469: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , to Auguste Saint-Arroman of Dominica in 1884. In Southeast Asia, the durian has been cultivated for centuries at the village level, probably since the late 18th century, and commercially since the mid-20th century. In My Tropic Isle , Australian author and naturalist Edmund James Banfield tells how, in the early 20th century, a friend in Singapore sent him
6579-488: The amethystine python , black butcherbird and rodents including the giant white-tailed rat in Cape York; and brushtail possum on Kangaroo Island. Furthermore, galahs and little corellas competing for nesting space with the glossy black cockatoo on Kangaroo Island have been recorded killing nestlings of the latter species there. Severe storms may also flood hollows drowning the young and termite or borer activity may lead to
SECTION 50
#17328593619966708-438: The order Psittaciformes. The family has a mainly Australasian distribution, ranging from the Philippines and the eastern Indonesian islands of Wallacea to New Guinea , the Solomon Islands and Australia . Cockatoos are recognisable by the prominent crests and curved bills . Their plumage is generally less colourful than that of other parrots, being mainly white, grey or black and often with coloured features in
6837-405: The subgenera Licmetis , commonly known as corellas , and Cacatua , referred to as white cockatoos. Confusingly, the term "white cockatoo" has also been applied to the whole genus. The five cockatoo species of the genus Calyptorhynchus are commonly known as black cockatoos, and are divided into two subgenera— Calyptorhynchus and Zanda . The former group are sexually dichromatic , with
6966-525: The 15th century. Translated from the Latin in which Poggio Bracciolini recorded de Conti's travels: "They [people of Sumatra] have a green fruit which they call durian, as big as a watermelon. Inside there are five things like elongated oranges, and resembling thick butter, with a combination of flavours." The Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta described durians in Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India published in 1563. In 1741, Herbarium Amboinense by
7095-510: The Flora of Papua New Guinea that "a feeling of morbidity" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase , causing a 70 percent reduction of
7224-525: The German botanist Georg Eberhard Rumphius was published, providing the most detailed and accurate account of durians for over a century. The genus Durio has a complex taxonomy that has seen the subtraction and addition of many species since it was created by Rumphius. During the early stages of its taxonomical study, there was some confusion between durian and the soursop ( Annona muricata ), for both of these species had thorny green fruit. The Malay name for
7353-557: The Musang King and Monthong varieties in Malaysia and Thailand, respectively, has led to concerns about a decrease in the durian's genetic diversity at the expense of higher-quality varieties. A 2022 study of durian species in Kalimantan , Indonesia, found low genetic diversity, suggestive of inbreeding depression and genetic drift . Additionally, these dominant hybrid varieties are more susceptible to pests and fungal diseases, requiring
7482-479: The ability to clear toxins from the body. In its native Southeast Asia, the durian is an everyday food and portrayed in the local media in accordance with the cultural perception it has in the region. The durian symbolised the subjective nature of ugliness and beauty in Hong Kong director Fruit Chan 's 2000 film Durian Durian (榴槤飄飄, lau lin piu piu ), and was a nickname for the reckless but lovable protagonist of
7611-495: The annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. There are 13 common Malaysian varieties having favourable qualities of colour, texture, odour, taste, high yield, and resistance against various diseases. Musang King (D197) was discovered in the 1980s, when a man named Tan Lai Fook from Raub, Pahang, stumbled upon a durian tree in Gua Musang , Kelantan . He brought a branch back to Raub for grafting. The cultivar
7740-468: The best general idea of it, but there are occasional wafts of flavour that call to mind cream-cheese, onion-sauce, sherry-wine, and other incongruous dishes. Then there is a rich glutinous smoothness in the pulp which nothing else possesses, but which adds to its delicacy." He concluded that it provided a "new sensation worth a voyage to the East to experience. ... as producing a food of the most exquisite flavour it
7869-415: The black palm cockatoo ( Probosciger ), the grey and reddish galah ( Eolophus ), and the gang-gang cockatoo ( Callocephalon ), although Probosciger is sometimes placed basal to all other species. The remaining species are mainly white or slightly pinkish and all belong to the genus Cacatua . The genera Eolophus and Cacatua are hypomelanistic . The genus Cacatua is further subdivided into
SECTION 60
#17328593619967998-459: The characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with the two middle toes forward and the two outer toes backward. They differ in the presence of an erectile crest and their lack of the Dyck texture feather composition which causes the bright blues and greens seen in true parrots. Like other parrots, cockatoos have short legs, strong claws, a waddling gait and often use their strong bill as
8127-403: The clusters of fruit within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. For some people in northern Thailand , the preference is for the fruit to be soft and aromatic. In Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be as ripe and pungent in aroma as possible and may even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked open. In this state,
8256-425: The cockatiel, is considerably smaller and slimmer than the other species, being 32 cm (13 in) long (including its long pointed tail feathers) and 80–100 g (2.8–3.5 oz) in weight. The movable headcrest , which is present in all cockatoos, is spectacular in many species; it is raised when the bird lands from flying or when it is aroused. Cockatoos share many features with other parrots, including
8385-419: The cockatoo family Cacatuidae including recognized subspecies. The current subdivision of this family is as follows: Subfamily Nymphicinae Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae: Black cockatoos Subfamily Cacatuinae The cockatoos are generally medium to large parrots of stocky build, which range from 30–60 cm (12–24 in) in length and 300–1,200 g (0.66–2.65 lb) in weight; however, one species,
8514-617: The colour of its husk from green to brown, and its flesh from pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering and unpleasant. The smell evokes reactions ranging from deep appreciation to intense disgust. The persistence of its strong odour, which may linger for several days, has led some hotels and public transportation services in Southeast Asia , such as in Singapore and Bangkok , to ban
8643-633: The complex task. Human activities have had positive effects on some species of cockatoo and negative effects on others. Many species of open country have benefited greatly from anthropogenic changes to the landscape, with the great increase in reliable seed food sources, and available water contributing to their survival, as well as their adaption to a diet including foreign foodstuffs. This benefit appears to be restricted to Australian species, as cockatoos favouring open country outside Australia have not become more abundant. Predominantly forest-dwelling species have suffered greatly from habitat destruction ; in
8772-404: The cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue. Some species take large numbers of insects, particularly when breeding; in fact the bulk of the yellow-tailed black cockatoo 's diet is made up of insects. The large bill is used in order to extract grubs and larvae from rotting wood. The amount of time cockatoos have to spend foraging varies with
8901-408: The continent where they are not native. Cockatoos occupy a wide range of habitats from forests in subalpine regions to mangroves. However, no species is found in all types of habitat. The most widespread species, such as the galah and cockatiel, are open-country specialists that feed on grass seeds. They are often highly mobile fast flyers and are nomadic. Flocks of birds move across large areas of
9030-452: The course of incubation. They range in size from 55 mm × 37 mm (2.2 in × 1.5 in) in the palm and red-tailed black cockatoos, to 26 mm × 19 mm (1.02 in × 0.75 in) in the cockatiel. Clutch size varies within the family, with the palm cockatoo and some other larger cockatoos laying only a single egg and the smaller species laying anywhere between two and eight eggs. Food supply also plays
9159-404: The courtship behavior, the male ruffles his feathers, spreads his tail feathers, extends his wings, and erects his crest. He then bounces about. Initially, the female ignores or avoids him, but – provided he meets her approval – will eventually allow him to approach her. If his efforts are successful and he is accepted, the pair will be seen preening each other's head and scratching each other around
9288-465: The crest or tail. The galah and Major Mitchell's cockatoo are more broadly coloured in pink tones. Several species have a brightly coloured bare area around the eye and face known as a periophthalmic ring; the large red patch of bare skin of the palm cockatoo is the most extensive and covers some of the face, while it is more restricted in some other species of white cockatoo, notably the corellas and blue-eyed cockatoo . The plumage of males and females
9417-449: The crest, cheeks or tail. On average they are larger than other parrots; however, the cockatiel , the smallest cockatoo species, is medium-sized. The phylogenetic position of the cockatiel remains unresolved, except that it is one of the earliest offshoots of the cockatoo lineage. The remaining species are in two main clades. The five large black-coloured cockatoos of the genus Calyptorhynchus form one branch. The second and larger branch
9546-574: The cultivation of oil palms . Animal species such as the small flying fox , which pollinates durian trees, and the Malayan tiger are endangered by the increasing deforestation of their habitats. In the Gua Musang District , the state government approved the conversion of 40 km (10,000 acres) of forestry, including indigenous lands of the Orang Asli , to durian plantations. The prevalence of
9675-486: The dates for the annual durian fair of Laplae district , and the name given to each cultivar. In 2018, Thailand was ranked the world's number one exporter of durian, producing around 700,000 tonnes of durian per year, 400,000 tonnes of which are exported to mainland China and Hong Kong. Chantaburi in Thailand holds the World Durian Festival in early May each year. This single province is responsible for half of
9804-425: The day. They remove dirt and oil and realign feather barbs by nibbling their feathers. They also preen other birds' feathers that are otherwise hard to get at. Cockatoos produce preen-oil from a gland on their lower back and apply it by wiping their plumage with their heads or already oiled feathers. Powder-down is produced by specialised feathers in the lumbar region and distributed by the preening cockatoo all over
9933-494: The decline of some cockatoo species in the wild. The word cockatoo dates from the 17th century and is derived from Dutch kaketoe , which in turn is from the Indonesian / Malay kakatua . Seventeenth-century variants include cacato, cockatoon and crockadore, and cokato, cocatore and cocatoo were used in the eighteenth century. The derivation has also been used for the family and generic names Cacatuidae and Cacatua , respectively. In Australian slang or vernacular speech,
10062-623: The domestic Indonesian trade, especially via bird markets in Surabaya and Jakarta . The illegal trade of protected parrots violates Indonesian Act Number 5, 1990 (a wildlife law concerning Natural Resources and the Ecosystems Conservations). They were quite popular in China during the Tang dynasty , a fact which in turn influenced the depictions of Guan Yin with a white parrot. The Fourth Crusade
10191-508: The durian is thought to be in the region of Borneo and Sumatra, with wild trees in the Malay Peninsula , and orchards commonly cultivated in a wide region from India to New Guinea. Four hundred years ago, it was traded across present-day Myanmar, and was actively cultivated especially in Thailand and South Vietnam . The earliest known European reference to the durian is the record of Niccolò de' Conti , who travelled to Southeast Asia in
10320-519: The durian production of Thailand. The Davao Region is the top producer of the fruit in the Philippines, producing 60% of the country's total. In Brunei , consumers prefer D. graveolens , D. kutejensis , and D. oxleyanus . These species constitute a genetically diverse crop source. Durian was introduced into Australia in the early 1960s and clonal material followed in 1975. Over thirty clones of D. zibethinus and six other Durio species have been subsequently introduced into Australia. In 2019
10449-417: The earliest practitioners of that dispersal method, in particular red durian ( D. dulcis ) exemplifying the primitive fruit of flowering plants. However, in more recent circumscriptions of Durioneae, the tribe into which Durio and its sister taxa fall, fleshy arils and spiny fruits are derived within the clade. Some genera possess these characters, but others do not. The most recent molecular evidence (on which
10578-409: The end of small branches which are unable to support the weight of the foraging cockatoo, which instead bends the branch towards itself and holds it with its foot. While some cockatoos are generalists taking a wide range of foods, others are specialists. The glossy black cockatoo specialises in the cones of trees of the genus Allocasuarina , preferring a single species, A. verticillata . It holds
10707-574: The eponymous Singaporean TV comedy Durian King played by Adrian Pang . Likewise, the oddly shaped Esplanade building in Singapore (Theatres on the Bay) is often called "The Durian" by locals, and "The Big Durian" is the nickname of Jakarta , Indonesia. A saying in Malay and Indonesian, mendapat durian runtuh , "getting a fallen durian", is the equivalent of the English phrase ' windfall gain '. Nevertheless, trees bearing mature durians are dangerous because
10836-505: The females having prominently barred plumage. The two are also distinguished by differences in the food-begging calls of juveniles. The fossil record of cockatoos is even more limited than that of parrots in general, with only one truly ancient cockatoo fossil known: a species of Cacatua , most probably subgenus Licmetis , found in Early Miocene (16–23 million years ago) deposits of Riversleigh , Australia. Although fragmentary,
10965-417: The flesh becomes richly creamy and slightly alcoholic. The various preferences regarding ripeness among consumers make it hard to issue general statements about choosing a "good" durian. A durian that falls off the tree continues to ripen for two to four days, but after five or six days most would consider it overripe and unpalatable. All the same, some Thais cook such overripe fruit with palm sugar, creating
11094-545: The food supply is more stable and predictable. Several species have adapted well to human modified habitats and are found in agricultural areas and even busy cities. Cockatoos are diurnal and require daylight to find their food. They are not early risers, instead waiting until the sun has warmed their roosting sites before feeding. All species are generally highly social and roost, forage and travel in colourful and noisy flocks . These vary in size depending on availability of food; in times of plenty, flocks are small and number
11223-408: The fruit and dispose of the seed under the parent plant, others swallow the seed with the fruit, and then transport it some distance before excreting, with the seed being dispersed as a result. The thorny, armoured covering of the fruit discourages smaller animals; larger animals are more likely to transport the seeds far from the parent tree. According to Larousse Gastronomique , the durian fruit
11352-423: The fruit came from Thailand, followed by Malaysia and Vietnam. Durian is a relatively costly fruit because of its short shelf life. Shelf life can be extended to around 4 to 5 weeks by shrink wrapping each fruit; this inhibits dehiscence, probably by multiple mechanisms: inhibiting respiration; reducing loss of water; holding the fruit's parts together; and reducing decomposition by microbes. The edible portion of
11481-571: The fruit is heavy, armed with sharp thorns, and can fall from a significant height. Hardhats are worn when collecting the fruit. A common saying is that a durian has eyes, and can see where it is falling, because the fruit supposedly never falls during daylight hours when people may be hurt. In Malaysia, a spineless durian clone D172 was registered by the Agriculture Department in 1989. It was called "Durian Botak" ('Bald Durian'). Sumatran elephants and tigers sometimes eat durians. Being
11610-436: The fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines. The Malaysian Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry has since 1934 maintained a list of registered varieties, where each cultivar is assigned a common name and a code number starting with "D". These codes are widely used through Southeast Asia; as of 2021, there were over 200 registered varieties. Many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at
11739-418: The fruit, known as the aril and usually called the 'flesh' or 'pulp', only accounts for about 15–30% of the mass of the entire fruit. The strong flavour and odour of the fruit have prompted views ranging from appreciation to disgust. Writing in 1856, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace called the fruit's consistency and flavour "indescribable. A rich custard highly flavoured with almonds gives
11868-511: The fruit. The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and it is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet desserts and savoury dishes in Southeast Asian cuisines . The seeds can be eaten when cooked. The name 'durian' is derived from the Malay word duri ('thorn'), a reference to the numerous prickly thorns on its rind , combined with the noun-building suffix -an . According to
11997-684: The galah, for example, occurring over most of Australia, whereas other species have tiny distributions, confined to a small part of the continent, such as the Baudin's black cockatoo of Western Australia or to a small island group, such as the Tanimbar corella , which is restricted to the Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia. Some cockatoos have been introduced accidentally to areas outside their natural range such as New Zealand, Singapore, and Palau , while two Australian corella species have been introduced to parts of
12126-467: The gang-gang cockatoo, are comparatively quiet but do have softer growling calls when feeding. In addition to vocalisations, palm cockatoos communicate over large distances by drumming on a dead branch with a stick. Cockatoo species also make a characteristic hissing sound when threatened. Cockatoos have a much more restricted range than the true parrots, occurring naturally only in Australia , Indonesia ,
12255-410: The head of a fever patient. The most complete description of the medicinal use of the durian as remedies for fevers is a Malay prescription, collected by Burkill and Haniff in 1930. It instructs the reader to boil the roots of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with the roots of Durio zibethinus , Nephelium longana , Nephelium mutabile and Artocarpus integrifolius , and drink the decoction or use it as
12384-542: The hollow. Wings and tail feathers are slow to grow initially but more rapid as the primary feathers appear. Nestlings quickly reach about 80–90% of adult weight about two-thirds of the time through this period, plateauing before they leave the hollow; they fledge at this weight with wing and tail feathers still to grow a little before reaching adult dimensions. Growth rate of the young, as well as numbers fledged, are adversely impacted by reduced food supply and poor weather conditions. Cockatoos are versatile feeders and consume
12513-466: The inland, locating and feeding on seed and other food sources. Drought may force flocks from more arid areas to move further into farming areas. Other cockatoo species, such as the glossy black cockatoo, inhabit woodlands, rainforests, shrublands and even alpine forests. The red-vented cockatoo inhabits mangroves and its absence from northern Luzon may be related to the lack of mangrove forests there. Forest-dwelling cockatoos are generally sedentary, as
12642-454: The internal collapse of nests. Like other parrots, cockatoos can be afflicted by psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD). The viral infection causes feather loss and beak malformation and reduces the bird's overall immunity. Particularly prevalent in sulphur-crested cockatoos, little corellas and galahs, it has been recorded in 14 species of cockatoo to date. Although unlikely to significantly impact on large, healthy populations of birds in
12771-430: The jaws sideways. The bills of male cockatoos are generally slightly larger than those of their female counterparts, but this size difference is quite marked in the palm cockatoo. The plumage of the cockatoos is less brightly coloured than that of the other parrots, with species generally being either black, grey or white. Many species have smaller areas of colour on their plumage, often yellow, pink and red, usually on
12900-433: The lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis , and the large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus ). Two species, D. grandiflorus and D. oblongus , are pollinated by spiderhunter birds ( Nectariniidae ), while D. kutejensis , is pollinated by giant honey bees and birds as well as by bats. Some scientists have hypothesised that the development of monothecate anthers and larger flowers (compared with those of
13029-511: The main, they appear to have a more specialised diet and have not been able to incorporate exotic food into their diet. A notable exception is the yellow-tailed black cockatoo in eastern Australia. Durian The durian ( / ˈ d ʊər i ə n / , / ˈ dj ʊər i ə n / ) is the edible fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio . There are 30 recognized species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Durio zibethinus , native to Borneo and Sumatra ,
13158-427: The many species of parrots, parakeets , macaws , lories, lorikeets , lovebirds and other true parrots of the superfamily Psittacoidea . The relationships among various cockatoo genera are largely resolved, although the placement of the cockatiel ( Nymphicus hollandicus ) at the base of the cockatoos remains uncertain. The cockatiel is alternatively placed basal to all other cockatoo species, as
13287-511: The most recent, well-supported circumscription of Durioneae is based) therefore refutes Corner's Durian Theory. Since the early 1990s, the domestic and international demand for durian in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) region has increased significantly. In the early 2020s a durian craze in China led to a large increase in international trade of the fruit. A common local belief
13416-456: The odour of organosulfur compounds – may be primarily responsible for the distinct odour. Hundreds of phytochemicals responsible for durian flavour and aroma include diverse volatile compounds, such as esters , ketones , alcohols (primarily ethanol ), and organosulfur compounds , with various thiols . Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate had the highest content among esters in a study of several varieties. Sugar content, primarily sucrose , has
13545-399: The plumage. Moulting is very slow and complex. Black cockatoos appear to replace their flight feathers one at a time, their moult taking two years to complete. This process is much shorter in other species, such as the galah and long-billed corella , which each take around six months to replace all their flight feathers. The vocalisations of cockatoos are loud and harsh. They serve
13674-705: The remaining genera in Durioneae) in the clade consisting of Durio , Boschia , and Cullenia was in conjunction with a transition from beetle pollination to vertebrate pollination. Over the centuries, numerous durian cultivars , propagated by vegetative clones , have arisen in Southeast Asia. They used to be grown, with mixed results, from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by layering , marcotting , or more commonly, grafting , including bud, veneer, wedge, whip and U-grafting, onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks . Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in
13803-503: The remains are similar to the western corella and the galah. In Melanesia , subfossil bones of Cacatua species which apparently did not survive early human settlement have been found on New Caledonia and New Ireland . The bearing of these fossils on cockatoo evolution and phylogeny is fairly limited, although the Riversleigh fossil does allow tentative dating of the divergence of subfamilies. There are about 44 different birds in
13932-552: The roosting and feeding sites. Cockatoos have several characteristic methods of bathing; they may hang upside down or fly about in the rain or flutter in wet leaves in the canopy. Cockatoos have a preferred "footedness" analogous to human handedness. Most species are left-footed with 87–100% of individuals using their left feet to eat, but a few species favor their right foot. Cockatoos are monogamous breeders, with pair bonds that can last many years. Many birds pair up in flocks before they reach sexual maturity and delay breeding for
14061-483: The season. During times of plenty they may need to feed for only a few hours in the day, in the morning and evening, then spend the rest of the day roosting or preening in trees, but during the winter most of the day may be spent foraging. The birds have increased nutritional requirements during the breeding season, so they spend more time foraging for food during this time. Cockatoos have large crops , which allow them to store and digest food for some time after retiring to
14190-625: The seeds are sliced thin and cooked with sugar as a confection. Uncooked seeds are potentially toxic due to cyclopropene fatty acids. Durian fruit is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet edibles such as traditional Malay candy, ice kacang , dodol , lempuk , rose biscuits, ice cream , milkshakes , mooncakes , Yule logs , and cappuccino . Es durian (durian ice cream) is a popular dessert in Indonesia, sold at street side stall in Indonesian cities, especially in Java. Pulut Durian or ketan durian
14319-423: The sister taxon to the black cockatoo species of the genus Calyptorhynchus or as the sister taxon to a clade consisting of the white and pink cockatoo genera as well as the palm cockatoo . The remaining species are within two main clades, one consisting of the black species of the genus Calyptorhynchus while the other contains the remaining species. According to most authorities, the second clade includes
14448-635: The source of competition, both with other members of the same species and with other species and types of animal. In general, cockatoos choose hollows only a little larger than themselves, hence different-sized species nest in holes of corresponding (and different) sizes. If given the opportunity, cockatoos prefer nesting over 7 or 8 metres (23 or 26 ft) above the ground and close to water and food. The nesting hollows are lined with sticks, wood chips and branches with leaves. The eggs of cockatoos are oval and initially white, as their location makes camouflage unnecessary. However, they do become discoloured over
14577-534: The soursop is durian Belanda , meaning Dutch durian . In the 18th century, Johann Anton Weinmann considered the durian to belong to Castaneae as its fruit was similar to the horse chestnut. D. zibethinus was introduced into Ceylon by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was reintroduced many times later. It has been planted in the Americas but confined to botanical gardens . The first seedlings were sent from
14706-479: The species may have been more common. Recent observations indicate that rapid declines are on-going, and are predicted to increase in the future (Vetter 2009). CITES data show significant harvest rates for the cage bird trade during the early 1990s. Annual harvests have declined in actual terms and as a proportion of the remaining population in recent years, but illegal trade continues and is likely to have been underestimated (S. Metz in litt. 2013) Like all cockatoos,
14835-632: The species name, zibethinus refers to the Indian civet, Viverra zibetha . There is disagreement over whether this name, bestowed by Linnaeus , alludes to civets being so fond of the durian that the fruit was used as bait to entrap them, or to the durian's smelling like the civet. Durian flowers are large and feathery, with copious nectar , and give off a heavy, sour, buttery odour. These features are typical of flowers pollinated by certain species of bats that eat nectar and pollen . Durians can be pollinated by bats (the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea ,
14964-472: The species, cultivars, and localities. A typical durian tree can bear fruit after four or five years. The durian fruit can hang from any branch, and matures roughly three months after pollination . The fruit can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, and typically weighs 1 to 3 kilograms (2–7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on
15093-524: The species. Among the thirty known species of Durio , nine produce edible fruits: D. zibethinus , D. dulcis , D. grandiflorus , D. graveolens , D. kutejensis , D. lowianus , D. macrantha , D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarius . D. zibethinus is the only species commercially cultivated on a large scale and available outside its native region. Since this species is open-pollinated, it shows considerable diversity in fruit colour and odour, size of flesh and seed, and tree phenology . In
15222-401: The species. The leaves are evergreen , elliptic to oblong and 10–18 centimetres (4–7 inches) long. The flowers are produced in three to thirty clusters together on large branches and directly on the trunk, with each flower having a calyx ( sepals ) and five (rarely four or six) petals . Durian trees have one or two flowering and fruiting periods per year, although the timing varies depending on
15351-570: The supposed lecherous quality of this fruit soon spread to the West – the Swedenborgian philosopher Herman Vetterling commented on so-called "erotic properties" of the durian in the early 20th century. The high demand for durians in China has prompted a shift in Malaysia from small-scale durian orchards to large-scale industrial operations. Forests are cleared to make way for large durian plantations, compounding an existing deforestation problem caused by
15480-561: The sweet-like scent of its ketones and esters from rotten or putrescine odours which are from volatile amines and fatty acids . Some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious, whereas others find it pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is highly appetising to diverse animals, including squirrels , mouse deer , pigs, sun bear , orangutan , elephants , and even carnivorous tigers . While some of these animals eat
15609-960: The tail. These actions serve to strengthen their pair bond. Eventually, the male mounts the female and performs the actual act of mating by joining of the cloacae. For bonded pairs, this mating ritual is much shorter and the female may even approach the male. Once they are ready for nesting, breeding pairs separate from their groups and search for a suitable nest cavity (usually in trees). In the wild, white cockatoos feed on berries, seeds, nuts, fruit and roots. When nesting, they include insects and insect larvae. In their natural habitat, umbrella cockatoos typically feed on various seeds, nuts and fruits, such as papaya, durian , langsat and rambutan. As they also feed on corn growing in fields, they do considerable damage and are therefore considered crop pests by farmers. (BirdLife International, 2001) They also eat large insects, such as crickets (order Orthoptera) and small lizards such as skinks . Captive birds are usually provided
15738-403: The underside of the wings is most notable because the yellow portion of the upper surface of the feather is covered by the white of the feather immediately medial (nearer to the body) and above. Similarly, areas of larger tail feathers that are covered by other tail feathers – and the innermost covered areas of the larger crest feathers – are yellow. Short white feathers grow from and closely cover
15867-406: The upper legs. The feathers of this species and others create a powder similar to talcum powder that easily transfers to clothing. In common with other cockatoos and parrots, the white cockatoo has zygodactyl feet with two toes facing forward and two facings backward, which enable it to grasp objects with one foot while standing on the other, for feeding and manipulation. The maximal lifespan of
15996-465: The value of imported fresh durian became the highest of all fresh fruits imported to China, which was previously cherries . In 2021, China purchased at least US$ 3.4 billion worth or 90 percent of Thailand's fresh durian exports in that year. Overall Chinese imports grew to $ 4 billion in 2022, when the Philippines and Vietnam gained permission to export fresh durians to China, and $ 6.7 billion in 2023 when 1.4 million tonnes were imported. Durian has become
16125-616: The white cockatoo is poorly documented. A few zoos report that they live 40–60 years in captivity. Anecdotal reports suggest it can live longer. Lifespan in the wild is unknown but believed to be as much as ten years less. Cacatua alba is endemic to lowland tropical rainforest on the Moluccan islands of Halmahera , Bacan , Ternate , Tidore , Kasiruta and Mandioli ( Bacan group) in North Maluku , Indonesia . Records from Obi and Bisa ( Obi group) are thought to be introductions, while
16254-436: The white cockatoo nests in hollows of large trees. Its eggs are white and there are usually two in a clutch. During the incubation period – about 28 days – both the female and male incubate the eggs. The larger chick becomes dominant over the smaller chick and takes more of the food. The chicks leave the nest about 84 days after hatching. and are independent in 15–18 weeks. Juveniles reach sexual maturity in 3–4 years. As part of
16383-564: The wild, PBFD may pose a high risk to smaller stressed populations. A white cockatoo and a sulphur-crested cockatoo were found to be infected with the protozoon Haemoproteus and another sulphur-crested cockatoo had the malaria parasite Plasmodium on analysis of faecal samples at Almuñecar ornithological garden in Granada in Spain. Like amazon parrots and macaws, cockatoos frequently develop cloacal papillomas . The relationship with malignancy
16512-559: Was also sealed between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Sultan of Babylon in 1229 with a gift of a white cockatoo. Cockatoo A cockatoo is any of the 21 species of parrots belonging to the family Cacatuidae , the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea ( true parrots ) and the Strigopoidea (large New Zealand parrots ), they make up
16641-450: Was named after its place of origin. The variety has bright yellow flesh and is like a more potent or enhanced version of the D24. It is the preferred cultivar in Singapore and Vietnam. Other popular cultivars in Malaysia include "Tekka", with a distinctive yellowish core in the inner stem; "D168" (IOI), which is round, of medium size, green and yellow outer skin, and easily dislodged flesh which
#995004