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58-539: The hospital was founded in 1865 to the south of the Hokitika River and rebuilt about 1875 to the north of the town. It was located adjacent to the Seaview Asylum . Ebenezer Teichelmann was appointed Surgical Superintendent in 1897, holding the position until 1914. He was assisted by his nurse Bess Hudson . In 1906 there was a matron and four nurses. The hospital had three wards and accommodated 50 beds. In 1919

116-682: A critical shortage of skilled trades including plumbers, electricians, carpenters, Special Forces, Navy propulsion experts and middle managers had led the Force to make two rounds of NZ$ 10,000 payments in an attempt to convince personnel to remain in the Defence Force. In July 2024, the NZDF confirmed that it would be investing NZ$ 490 million to expand and upgrade housing at the Waiouru Military Camp in partnership with local iwi (tribe) Ngāti Rangi over

174-400: A dispatch on 24 November 1846 from The Right Hon Earl Grey to advise Lieutenant Governor George Grey that ... the formation of a well-organised Militia and of a force of Natives in the service of Her Majesty, would appear to be the measures most likely to be successfully adopted. Further pressure in the early 1850s from Britain for removing their forces prompted pleas for them to remain as

232-459: A foundation stone was laid for a war memorial wing which was completed in 1923. The wing was named the Mandl Wing in honour of Joseph Mandl a former mayor of Hokitika . After a sit-in and protests, the Mandl Wing closed in 1985. The rest of the hospital closed in 1989 and the buildings were demolished in the 1990s. Seaview Asylum The Seaview Asylum (also known as Seaview Hospital )

290-478: A labourer. In 1904 Dr Duncan MacGregor, Inspector-General of Hospitals and Asylums, authorised the villa hospital pattern of development at Seaview Hospital. Dr Herbert Macandrew was appointed medical officer in 1887, a position he held for 28 years. From 1916 Dr Teichelmann was medical officer until the appointment of Dr H.M. Buchanan as the first medical superintendent in 1921 moving the hospital from lay to medical control. By 1921 when Buchanan took charge

348-626: A man named Rily, later died of his wounds. The Auckland Militia was disbanded in August or early September 1845 because of budgetary constraints. Disbandment of the Nelson and Wellington Militias followed much to the dismay of their supporters. Those at Nelson under Captain Greenwood decided, regardless of pay or not, to continue training. Trouble in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington, in early March 1846 prompted

406-660: A mounted body of not more than 500 troops, with both Maori and settlers, and costing no more than 30,000 pounds per annum. All were volunteers and expected to serve for three years. Formation of the first unit did not begin until early April 1863, with 100 men being sought at New Plymouth under Captain Atkinson. Hawke's Bay was to have the next unit. By late April, papers were reporting few had enlisted in New Plymouth. Formation of an Auckland unit under Colonel Nixon commenced in July and by

464-434: Is a light combat force made up of infantry and motorised infantry equipped with 102 Canadian-manufactured LAV III light armoured vehicles. There are also armoured reconnaissance, artillery, logistic, communications, medical and intelligence elements. The New Zealand Special Air Service is the NZDF's special forces capability, which operates in both conventional warfare and counter-terrorist roles. The Corps and Regiments of

522-715: Is the Governor-General (as the representative of the King of New Zealand ). Control of the NZDF is under the Minister of Defence , under the Defence Act 1990 . The current Governor-General is Cindy Kiro , and the Minister of Defence is Judith Collins . Air Marshal Tony Davies was appointed Chief of Defence Force on 6 June 2024. After the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, New Zealand's security

580-653: Is the three-branched military of New Zealand . The NZDF is responsible for the protection of the national security of New Zealand and its realm , promoting its interests, safeguarding peace and security, as well as supporting peacekeeping and humanitarian missions. It consists of three services: the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), the New Zealand Army and the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF), as well as tri-service components. As of June 2023,

638-635: The 96th Regiment from Auckland to Wellington. These calls for a militia continued to grow with the Wairau Affray , the start of the New Zealand Wars . The calls eventually led to a bill being introduced to the Legislative Council in 1844. Those present noted their disapproval of the bill, unanimously deferring it for six months. On 22 March 1845 the Flagstaff War broke out, which proved to be

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696-557: The Anglo-Boer War and New Zealand officer candidates had trained at Australia's Royal Military College Duntroon since 1911, a practice that continues to this day. A combined Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) was formed for the Gallipoli campaign during World War I, and its exploits are key events in the military history of both countries. The NZDF came into existence under the Defence Act 1990 . Under previous legislation,

754-647: The Imperial Russian Navy . Parliament discussed providing guns at ports around the country for use in the event of a war with a foreign power. By 1858 attention had swung back to local issues with a land dispute in New Plymouth prompting Governor Thomas Gore Browne to call out its militia under Captain Charles Brown. A prelude to what was to become the First Taranaki War and a period of conflict in

812-466: The New Zealand Defence Force to stage urban warfare, search and rescue and public disorder exercises. Located on a government reserve, the land was terraced and consisted of approximately 150 acres (61 ha). The major buildings included a chapel, dormitories, single rooms, dining rooms, and a padded cell. The Seaview Lighthouse , a Category II registered Historic Place erected in 1879,

870-650: The South Pacific , and uphold the international rules-based order. The NZDF delivers military effects in support of New Zealand’s national security objectives . It follows a government set defence policy framework that defines its principles, outcomes and priorities. The NZDF is a critical component of New Zealand’s national security system. New Zealand takes an “all-hazards” approach to national security that brings government agencies together to respond to all risks to national security, whether internal or external, human, natural or artificial. The commander-in-chief

928-565: The 14th had 30 men. Commander: Major-General Galloway By October 1863 there was no Wairarapa-based defence force, and 50 were based in Wanganui. The Otago force had earlier been moved to Wellington, with further Otago volunteers heading for the Auckland and Hawke's Bay Units. The total Defence Force numbered 375 by 3 November 1863. In October 1864 the Government decided to reduce the numbers in

986-742: The 2000s, which later became Defence Shared Services. Following the establishment of Special Operations Command on 1 July 2015, the new position of Special Operations Component Commander was created. This officer reports to the Commander Joint Forces New Zealand, and is of equivalent status to the Maritime, Land and Air Component Commanders. For the first time, two of the Deputy Chiefs of service, Navy and Air Force, one-star Commodores and Air Commodores, were women. Captain Melissa Ross

1044-537: The Air Component Commander, Maritime Component Commander, and Land Component Commander exercise command over their forces. Commander Joint Forces New Zealand (COMJFNZ), controls all overseas operational deployments and most overseas exercises. As of September 2024 : The Defence Force created a joint-service corporate services organisation known as the Joint Logistics and Support Organisation (JLSO) in

1102-686: The Colonial Defence Force to 75 with three units of 25 members each in Wellington, Hawkes Bay and Taranaki. By this time there were about 10,000 British Imperial troops in New Zealand, supplemented by about as many New Zealand volunteer and militia forces. There were calls, particularly from South Island papers, for the British Imperial troops to be replaced by local forces. Parliamentary debates in late 1864 also supported this view, especially as

1160-676: The Deputy Chief of Army, Evan Williams, holds not just the customary rank of Brigadier but that of Major General , usually only held by the Chief of Army . In recent years, the New Zealand Defence Force has implemented a policy of honoring veterans, and increased its support to still servicemen and women in a number of ways. This includes starting the Defence Force KiwiSaver scheme, and appointing financial advisers to support

1218-498: The Militia were deemed insufficient for the purpose. 1854 brought a new threat to the attention of the colony because up to that time the military focus had been upon internal conflicts between settlers and the Māori. War had broken out between Russia and Turkey . This war began to involve the major European powers and exposed New Zealand and Australia to a possible external threat from

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1276-736: The NZDF has a strength of 14,996 employees, consisting of 8,669 regular force personnel, 3,260 reserve force personnel and 3,067 civilian members. It is supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Defence (MOD) and is commanded by the Chief of Defence Force (CDF). The principal roles and tasks expected of the NZDF is to provide a combat capable force to defend New Zealand’s sovereign territory , and protect critical lines of communication. To provide civil defence support, meet whole-of-government security objectives, as well as commitments to allies and partners, support government agencies, protect and promote regional peace, security and resilience in

1334-644: The NZDF's military attrition rate averaged at 15.8% (ranging from 12.1% for the Navy and 17.4% for the Army). In April 2023, Radio New Zealand reported that the high attrition rate had limited the NZDF's response to Cyclone Gabrielle , its ability to crew three naval offshore patrol vessels, and accelerated the Air Force's decommissioning of its fleet of P-3K2 Orions . The Chief of Defence Force Air Marshal Kevin Short also confirmed that

1392-508: The NZSIS moved across to Pipitea House in early 2013, and the NZDF were forced to vacate the Aitken St building after the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake , which seriously damaged the building. HQNZDF functions having been moved into other buildings and facilities across the region. HQNZDF operates as the administrative and support headquarters for the New Zealand Defence Force, with operational forces under

1450-548: The New Zealand Army include: The Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) has 2,477 regular force and 354 reserve force aircrew. The RNZAF consists of 51 aircraft, consisting of P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft and Lockheed C-130 Hercules and other transport aircraft. The NHIndustries NH90 operates in a medium-utility role, and the AgustaWestland AW109 operates the light utility helicopter role, in addition to

1508-711: The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy. New Zealand forces served alongside the British and other Empire and Commonwealth nations in World War I and World War II . The fall of Singapore in 1942 showed that Britain could no longer protect its far-flung Dominions. Closer military ties were therefore necessary for New Zealand's defence. With United States entering the war, they were an obvious choice. Links with Australia had also been developed earlier; both nations sent troops to

1566-752: The North Island until 1872. The newly formed New Zealand Parliament revised and expanded the Militia Ordinance, replacing it with the Militia Act 1858. Some of the main changes were clauses enabling volunteers to be included under such terms and conditions as the Governor may specify. The act also outlined the purposes under which Militia could be called upon, including invasion. Debates in Parliament had included expressions of concern about Russian naval expansion in

1624-538: The Volunteer Rifle Corps were added Volunteer Artillery Corps in mid-1859. The first of these Volunteer Artillery Corps were based in Auckland. By late 1859 the number of volunteer units was so great that Captain H C Balneavis was appointed Deputy Adjunct-General, based at Auckland. In 1863 the government passed the Colonial Defence Force Act 1862 creating the first Regular Force. This was to be

1682-584: The area at least 160 Militia remained. These were supplemented by volunteers and Māori warriors from the Te Aro pā . On 28 October 1846, with the passing of the Armed Constabulary Ordinance in 1846, a fresh call was made by Mr Donnelly of the Legislature to do away with the Militia because of its expense. The cost to Britain of maintaining a military force in New Zealand was considerable, prompting

1740-467: The buildings were in a state of disrepair. His lobbying resulted in a furore in parliament and money was allocated to rebuild the hospital. A central services block, admission and administration blocks were built along with villas to house the patients. The new buildings, Buchanan's changes in the way the hospital was run and the use of qualified general and psychiatric staff resulted in better therapeutic and custodial care of patients. Buchanan also improved

1798-495: The catalyst for passing the Bill. In 1844 a Select Committee of the House of Commons had recommended that a militia, composed of both settlers and native Maori , and a permanent native force be set up. On 25 March 1845, the Militia Ordinance was passed into law. Twenty-six officers were appointed in Auckland, thereby forming the start of New Zealand's own defence force. Major Richmond

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1856-532: The cost of maintaining the Imperial troops was becoming a greater financial burden on the colony. At the request of the governor in January 1865 a formal statement on the defence of the colony was presented on 20 March 1865. This proposed an armed constabulary force supported by friendly natives, volunteer units, and militia as the case may require be established to take the place of the Imperial troops. The proposed force

1914-407: The facility closed in 2009, it was down to 22. The hospital cared for patients with intellectual disabilities, psychiatric and psychogeriatric conditions and the frail elderly. Three units were closed in the 1990s; in 2002, the hospital board sold the asylum to a property developer though some buildings were leased back. Since the facility has been closed it has been used on numerous occasions by

1972-577: The following year, with thought being given again to coastal defences. The Colonial Defence Force was disbanded in October 1867 by the Armed Constabulary Act 1867. Its members transferred to the Armed Constabulary. From 1863 to 1867 Forest Ranger volunteer units were formed, tasked with searching out Maori war parties, acting as scouts, and protecting lines of communication. They arose out of

2030-607: The forerunners of the Territorials. Although there were informal volunteer units as early as 1845, the appropriate approval and regulation of the units did not occur until the Militia Act 1858 . Those who signed up for these units were exempt from militia duty, but had to be prepared to serve anywhere in New Zealand. One of the earliest gazetted units (13 January 1859) was the Taranaki Volunteer Rifle Company . To

2088-581: The gaol until the Seaview Asylum was opened in 1872. It was located to the north of the town adjacent to the Hokitika cemetery. The hospital was built by the provincial government . Hugh and Winifred Gribben were the superintendent and matron of Seaview from 1872 to 1904. Gribben encouraged recreation programmes and participation by the community in entertaining patients. In the early years patients undertook domestic and outdoor work including trades. Gribben

2146-431: The need to prevent ambushes and random attacks on civilians near forest areas. The Rangers were well armed and more highly paid. These units used guerrilla style tactics, moving through areas under cover of darkness and ambushing war parties. The Forest Rangers were disbanded on 1 October 1867. Alongside the militia and the British Imperial forces were the Armed Constabulary. The Armed Constabulary were formed in 1846 with

2204-697: The new Governor George Grey to proclaim martial law and call out the Hutt Militia, in what became known as the Hutt Valley campaign . Following on from this the local paper noted that the No 1 Company of the Wellington Militia had been called out, while the troops stationed in the town had been in the Hutt. The paper further noted that Grey intended to maintain two companies of Militia in Wellington. As problems continued in

2262-617: The next 25 years. A new HQNZDF facility was opened by Prime Minister Helen Clark in March 2007. The new facility on Aitken St in the Wellington CBD replaced the premises on Stout St that had been the headquarters of NZDF for nearly 75 years. The Aitken St facility initially was home to around 900 employees of the NZDF, the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (NZSIS) and the New Zealand Ministry of Defence ;

2320-462: The northern Pacific, pointed out that the sole naval defence consisted of one 24-gun frigate, and the time it would take for Britain to come to the colony's aid. British Imperial troops remained in New Zealand until February 1870, during the later stage of the New Zealand Wars, by which time settler units had replaced them. The Defence Act 1886 reclassified the militia as volunteers. These were

2378-536: The passage of the Armed Constabulary Ordinance. The Constabulary's role was both regular law enforcement and during the New Zealand Wars militia support. From 1867 to 1886 the Armed Constabulary were the only permanent force in New Zealand. In 1886 the militia functions of the Armed Constabulary were transferred to the New Zealand Permanent Militia by the Defence Act 1886. Lieutenant Colonel John Roberts

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2436-440: The relationship with the nearby Westland Hospital and had a road built between the two institutions. During the 1920s and 1930s around half or more of Seaview's patients were transfers from other mental hospitals around the country. The construction of villas increased to accommodate the intakes and a custodial approach was taken in patient care. During and after the war there was a shortage of staff and patients undertook

2494-400: The separate administrative command and control of Headquarters Joint Forces New Zealand. The operational forces of the three services are directed from Headquarters Joint Forces New Zealand opposite Trentham Military Camp in Upper Hutt . HQ JFNZ was established at Trentham on 1 July 2001. From this building, a former NZ government computer centre that used to house the Army's Land Command,

2552-511: The swimming pool and tennis courts are abandoned but still retain key features such as the nets and diving boards. The through road, although unmaintained, is still passable from one end. The other end has been shut off as some of the land is being cleared. Some of the buildings have been used as a hostel for long-term tenants and backpackers. New Zealand Defence Force The New Zealand Defence Force ( NZDF ; Māori : Te Ope Kātua o Aotearoa , lit. "Line of Defence of New Zealand")

2610-611: The three services were part of the Ministry of Defence. Post-1990, the Ministry of Defence is a separate, policy-making body under a Secretary of Defence, equal in status to the Chief of Defence Force. In 2023, North & South and Radio New Zealand reported that the NZDF was experiencing a high attrition rate in the two-year period between 2021 and 2023 due to poor salaries and living conditions at military accommodation. According to North and South contributor Peter McKenzie, 77% of NZDF personnel were paid between 5% and 16% less than people in equivalent civilian jobs. By October 2022,

2668-424: The wards or other buildings. Nursing training began at Seaview in the 1930s. It was estimated that about 500 nurses had graduated from the Seaview School of Psychiatric Nursing when it closed in 1992. A reunion of nurses was held in 1992. The Chapel of the Holy Spirit was opened in 1963 and the hospital's community centre in 1967. In 1955, Seaview had peaked with 549 patients. By 1996, there were 100, and when

2726-715: The welfare of members. The Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) has 2,219 regular force and 611 reserve force sailors. The RNZN possess two Anzac class frigates , developed in conjunction with Australia, based on the German MEKO 200 design. Nine other vessels are in use, consisting of patrol vessels and logistics vessels. In 2010, the RNZN completed the acquisition of seven new vessels: one large multi-role vessel named HMNZS Canterbury , two offshore patrol vessels, and four inshore patrol vessels. All of these vessels were acquired under Project Protector , and were built to commercial, not naval, standards. The New Zealand Army has 4,519 regular force and 2,065 reserve force soldiers. The army

2784-488: The work needed to maintain the hospital's services. Occupational therapy for patients and building renovations were curtailed because of shortage of staff. In 1946 there were 526 patients of which 304 were working around the hospital in wards, the farm, gardens, workshops and kitchen. Patients were not remunerated for their work until 1947. During the 1950s patient care became more curative as convulsive and drug therapies were introduced but full adoption of these new procedures

2842-406: Was a psychiatric hospital located to the north of Hokitika , in the West Coast Region of New Zealand 's South Island , adjacent to the former Westland Hospital . Open from 1872 to 2009, Seaview trained psychiatric nurses and was once the town's biggest employer. In the 1860s lunatics in the rapidly growing town of Hokitika were taken to the gaol which quickly outgrew its buildings; a new gaol

2900-467: Was appointed the commander of the Wellington Battalion of the militia. The newspaper article of the time notes that Wellington had a mounted Volunteer Corp. The Nelson Battalion of Militia was formed 12 August 1845. In June 1845, 75 members of the Auckland Militia under Lieutenant Figg became the first unit to support British Imperial troops in the Flagstaff War, serving as pioneers. Seven militia were wounded in action between 30 June and 1 July 1845. One,

2958-430: Was built north of the town at Seaview Terrace. The first hospital in Hokitika (which later became Westland Hospital ) was built to the south of the town, at South Spit, in 1865 and was able to accommodate a few psychiatric patients but after 1867 the majority of them were sent to Sunnyside Hospital in Christchurch . In 1869 when the option to send patients to Sunnyside was no longer available patients were again kept in

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3016-468: Was dependent on British Imperial troops deployed from Australia and other parts of the empire. By 1841 the settlers, particularly those in the New Zealand Company settlement of Wellington , were calling for local militia to be formed. In 1843 a local militia had been formed in Wellington without official sanction. This prompted the Chief Police Magistrate Major Matthew Richmond to order its immediate disbandment. Richmond also dispatched 53 soldiers from

3074-425: Was hindered by staff shortages and finances. However modernisation of the wards did continue and patients lived in open wards. In the 1950s and 1960s the farm and gardens ceased operations due to their becoming uneconomic. Part of the hospital land had been taken over for the airport in 1947. The Nurses' Home was built in 1939–1940 to assist in the recruitment and retention of staff. Before that nurses had lived in

3132-417: Was notable for not using restraint in patient care. He also built the Cottage in 1879 which was the forerunner of the villa system adopted by other mental hospitals. However in the 1880s–1890s the hospital became much more custodial. John Downey was promoted to Superintendent in 1904, and his wife served as matron. In 1905 the hospital was staffed by the superintendent, matron, male and female attendants, and

3190-413: Was once scheduled for demolition, but it found new leases of life as an observation tower for hospital and as a coast watch station during World War Il. The lighthouse is also known as the Hokitika Lighthouse was restored in 2002 by Heritage Hokitika. In 2017 a suspicious fire damaged some of the remaining buildings. The land is now sparsely populated and many of the buildings are falling into disrepair,

3248-448: Was promoted to Commodore and appointed as Deputy Chief of Navy in December 2019, while in August 2019 Group Captain Carol Abraham was promoted to Air Commodore and appointed as Deputy Chief of Air Force . Another female officer, Colonel Helen Cooper, had previously held the post of Deputy Chief of Army though in an acting capacity without being promoted to the customary rank of Brigadier . In an unusual move, as of February 2020,

3306-447: Was the Permanent Militia's first commander from January 1887 to his retirement in 1888. The Defence Act 1909 replaced the Volunteer forces with a Territorial force and compulsory military training, a regime that remained until the late 1960s. Independent New Zealand armed forces developed in the early twentieth century; the Royal New Zealand Navy was the last to emerge as an independent service in 1941. Prior to that time it had been

3364-402: Was to consist of 1,350 Europeans and 150 Maori – 1,500 in total. They were to be divided into 30 companies of 50 men each based as follows: The total Defence budget, which included purchasing a steamer for use on the Waikato, Patea, and Wanganui rivers, was 187,000 pounds per annum. The budget's focus was solely on internal conflict. The issue of external conflict did not begin to resurface until

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