Xirong ( Chinese : 西戎 ; pinyin : Xīróng ; Wade–Giles : Hsi-jung ; lit. 'Western warlike people') or Rong were various people who lived primarily in and around the western extremities of ancient China (in modern Gansu and Qinghai ). They were known as early as the Shang dynasty (1765–1122 BCE), as one of the Four Barbarians that frequently (and often violently) interacted with the sinitic Huaxia civilization. They typically resided to the west of Guanzhong Plains from the Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BCE) onwards. They were mentioned in some ancient Chinese texts as perhaps genetically and linguistically related to the people of the Chinese civilization .
17-523: The historian Li Feng says that during the Western Zhou period, since the term Rong "warlike foreigners" was "often used in bronze inscriptions to mean 'warfare', it is likely that when a people was called 'Rong', the Zhou considered them as political and military adversaries rather than as cultural and ethnic 'others'." Paul R. Goldin also proposes that Rong was a "pseudo-ethnonym" meaning "bellicose". After
34-636: A Chinese mountain range running down the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau in Shanxi , Henan and Hebei provinces. The range extends over 400 kilometres (250 mi) from north to south and has an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 metres (4,900 to 6,600 feet). The principal peak is Mount Xiaowutai (2,882 metres (9,455 feet)). The Taihang's eastern peak is Mount Cangyan in Hebei; Baishi Mountain forms its northern tip. The Taihang Mountains were formed during
51-425: A chapter-length postscript to update the book with new discoveries made in the intervening decades. In his preface, Hsu praised Li's expertise in both field archaeology and traditional history, and expressed his hope that Li would one day write a new history of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty to supersede his work. Taihang Mountains The Taihang Mountains ( Chinese : 太行山 ; pinyin : Tàiháng Shān ) are
68-556: Is a professor of Early Chinese History and Archaeology at Columbia University , where he is director of graduate studies for the Department of East Asian Languages and Culture. He received his MA in 1986 from the Institute of Archaeology , Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , and his Ph.D. in 2000 from the University of Chicago . He also did Ph.D. work in the University of Tokyo (1991). He
85-711: Is both a field archaeologist and an historian of Early China with primary interest in bronze inscriptions of the Shang - Zhou period. Li founded the Columbia Early China Seminar in 2002, and directed Columbia's first archaeological field project in China, in the Shandong Peninsula , in 2006–2011. When sinologist Cho-yun Hsu 's Western Chou Civilization (1988) was reprinted in Chinese in 2012, Hsu invited Li Feng to write
102-625: The Jurassic . Brown forest and Cinnamon soils are found here. The name of Shanxi Province , meaning "west of the mountains", derives from its location west of the Taihang Mountains. The name of Shandong Province (east of the mountains) originally applied to the area east of the Xiao Mountains , but by the Tang dynasty it refers to the area east of the Taihang Mountains; this entity evolved into
119-640: The Zhou dynasty , the term usually referred to various peoples in the west during early and late medieval times. Xirong was also the name of a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history. The Xirong together with the eastern Dongyi , northern Beidi , and southern Nanman were collectively called the Sìyí ( 四夷 ; 'Four Barbarians'). The Liji "Record of Rites" details ancient stereotypes about them. The people of those five regions –
136-593: The "western barbarians" (西夷). 7th-century scholar Yan Shigu made these remarks about the Wusuns , one group included to the "western barbarians": "Among the barbarians (戎; Róng ) in the Western Regions, the look of the Wusun is the most unusual. The present barbarians (胡人; húrén ) who have green eyes and red hair, and look like macaque monkeys, are the offspring of this people"; the exonym 胡人 Húrén "foreigners, barbarians",
153-533: The Middle states, and the [Rong], [Yi], (and other wild tribes round them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called [Yi]. They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. Those on
170-731: The Rong during the Zhou dynasty and the Rén ( 人 < OC *ni[ŋ]) tribes during Shang dynasty , however, the Rén ( 人 ) dwelt in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, thus east, not west, of the Shang. According to Nicola Di Cosmo , 'Rong' was a vague term for warlike foreigner. He places them from the upper Wei River valley and along the Fen River to the Taiyuan basin as far as the Taihang Mountains . This would be
187-524: The Xirong. William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart (2014) reconstruct the Old Chinese name of Róng as 戎 , OC : * nuŋ , mod. róng . Today, similar-sounding self-designated ethnonyms among modern-day Tibeto-Burman peoples in western China include Rgyalrong of Sichuan , and Nung and Trung of northwestern Yunnan ( see also Rung languages ). Průšek suggests relations between
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#1732848836615204-430: The clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers) – in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in
221-460: The modern-day Shandong Province, though the actual border of the province has moved considerably to the east. The Hai River system runs through the Taihang Mountains. The Red Flag Canal is located on the south edge of the Taihang Mountains. The Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway crosses under the Taihang Mountains via the Taihang Tunnel , which, at almost 28 kilometres (17 mi),
238-631: The northwestern edge of what was then China and also the transition zone between agricultural and steppe ways of life. It is believed that the Quanrong during the Western Zhou- Warring States period (1122–476 BC) spoke a Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, and united with the Jiang clan to rebel against the Zhou. Mencius mentioned that even King Wen of Zhou had ancestries from
255-410: The west were called [Rong]. They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called [Di]. They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle states, and of those [Yi], Man, [Rong], and [Di], all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavours which they preferred;
272-552: The west, [Di-dis]; and in the north, interpreters. [The term 狄鞮 didi ( ti-ti ) is identified as: "( anc. ) Interpreter of the Di, barbarians of the west." Translated and adapted from the French.] Note: "middle states" ( Chinese : 中國 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) in this quotation refers to the " Middle Kingdom ", i.e. China . Spade-foot three-legged pottery vessels as well as one and two handled pots were primary cultural characteristics of
289-588: Was used from the 6th century to denote Iranian peoples , especially Sogdians , in Central Asia , besides other non-Chinese peoples. Genetic data on ancient Qiang remains associated with the Xirong were determined to display high genetic affinity with contemporary Sino-Tibetan peoples as well as with ancient 'Yellow River farmers' of the Yangshao culture . Li Feng (sinologist) Li Feng ( Chinese : 李峰 ; pinyin : Lǐ Fēng ; born 1962), or Feng Li ,
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