31-548: Kalaallisut ( lit. ' language of the Kalaallit ' ), also known as West Greenlandic ( Danish : vestgrønlandsk ), is the primary language of Greenland and constitutes the Greenlandic language , spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants of Greenland , as well as by thousands of Greenlandic Inuit in Denmark proper (in total, approximately 50,000 people). It
62-463: A Krügerl (0.5 L [0.11 imp gal; 0.13 US gal]). Canada has traditionally lacked an outdoor eating culture conducive to beer gardens. Cold weather and biting insects are part of the reason. However, with increased urbanization during the 20th century, drinking at outdoor cafes and restaurant patios became more common. Such patios are usually attached to licensed establishments. They became particularly popular with smokers in
93-709: A pub . In the countryside they usually provide a surrounding view of the area; in towns and cities a beer garden is an open garden space. Pubs located along canals will usually have a canal-side beer garden. Many pubs compete throughout the year to be named 'Britain's best beer garden' in numerous awards. Some provide open air music, as well as food, beer and other drinks. In the United States, historically, beer gardens offered many pastimes besides just beer drinking. Some spots hosted shooting galleries, bowling alleys, and live classical music. People could come for entertainment and events, even if they did not want to partake in
124-470: A concert or festival. They may be outdoors and/or indoors, depending on the season and other circumstances. Eligibility for the specific license needed to operate such an event varies by jurisdiction, and is often effectively limited to non-profit organizations. Despite the name, most beer gardens in Canada today serve other alcoholic beverages as well. Beer gardens are very popular at large sporting events such as
155-602: A generic term for open-air establishments where beer is served. Many countries have such establishments. The characteristics of a traditional beer garden include trees, wooden benches, a gravel bed, and freshly prepared meals. Some modern beer gardens use plastic chairs, fast food, and other variations of the traditional beer garden. The largest traditional beer garden in the world is the Hirschgarten in Munich , which seats 8,000. Australia has many beer gardens, typically as part of
186-657: A grilled chicken), Hax'n (knuckle of pork), and Steckerlfisch (grilled fish) are often served. Equally important to the beer garden is an atmosphere of Gemütlichkeit , conveying a feeling of warmth, friendliness, and belonging. Reinforced by shared tables, it is often accompanied by music, song, and fellowship among strangers. That is so integral to beer garden culture that the Bayerische Biergartenverordnung (Bavarian Beer Garden Ordinance) of 1999 permits traditional tree shaded venues that allow their patrons to bring their own food to close later and exceed
217-633: A human, professional translator. Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as " Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y a sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes. " That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers". Often, first-generation immigrants create something of
248-456: A literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a pidgin . Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., Spanglish or Denglisch . For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from the German word Schaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair". Literal translation of idioms
279-466: A pleasant shaded setting emerged. Simple tables and benches were set up among the trees, creating the popular "beer garden" that is known today. Food service followed, aggrieving smaller breweries that found it difficult to compete, and they petitioned Maximilian I to forbid it. As a compromise, beer gardens allowed their patrons to bring their own food, which is still a common practice. Most beer gardens offer clothed tablesets, whose guests must buy food from
310-562: A pub, or often next to sports fields . In Austria , the beer garden is called Gastgarten (guest garden). They serve food such as ein Paar Würstel (a pair of the German Bratwurst ) or Schweinebraten (German pot-roasted pork). When ordering beer, the choices are usually a Pfiff (0.2 L [0.044 imp gal; 0.053 US gal]), a Seidel (0.3 L [0.066 imp gal; 0.079 US gal]), or
341-453: A translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the Divine Comedy
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#1732851919287372-406: A work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. Literal translation can also denote
403-549: Is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter ). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms , which can be a serious problem for machine translation . The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating
434-540: Is a source of translators' jokes. One such joke, often told about machine translation , translates "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak" (an allusion to Mark 14:38 ) into Russian and then back into English, getting "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten". This is not an actual machine-translation error, but rather a joke which dates back to 1956 or 1958. Another joke in the genre transforms "out of sight, out of mind" to "blind idiot" or "invisible idiot". Biergarten A beer garden (German: Biergarten )
465-613: Is an outdoor area in which beer and food are served, typically at shared tables shaded by trees. Beer gardens originated in Bavaria , of which Munich is the capital city, in the 19th century, and remain common in Southern Germany . They are usually attached to a brewery , beer hall , pub , or restaurant . Facilities of this kind existed for example in Bamberg since 1605 under the German term "Bierkeller" ("Beer cellars"). At that time,
496-521: Is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called calques , e.g., beer garden from German Biergarten . The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this
527-424: Is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English words and Italian grammar . Early machine translations (as of 1962 at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases , which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in
558-457: Is regarded as a prose translation. The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. A literal English translation of the German phrase " Ich habe Hunger " would be "I have hunger" in English, but this
589-669: The Archdiocese of Bamberg was directly subordinated to Rome and not yet to the Duchy of Bavaria . Hence, the first "Biergarten" in the strict sense of the term and of the decree of 1812 by the Kingdom of Bavaria developed at the beginning of 19th century in Munich . While it is unknown which brewery was first, it was likely one of Munich's big six: Löwenbräu , Hofbräuhaus , Augustinerbräu , Paulaner , Hacker-Pschorr and Spaten . Seasonal limitations on when beer could be brewed were already in
620-513: The Memorial Cup in hockey. It is usually illegal to remove alcohol from the area or bring in outside alcohol. The words ‘beer garden’ derive from the German ‘Biergarten’, they are still a very common cultural aspect throughout Germany, where some of the world’s oldest breweries are still active. The majority of towns and even villages have at least one small beer garden. Larger cities will have many throughout its neighbourhoods, including some of
651-625: The Technical University of Munich , where a brewmaster degree is offered. In 2011, the world record for 'The world's longest beer garden' was set in Berlin by the Berlin Beer Festival, measuring 1,820 m (5,970 ft) long. Beer gardens are popular in Japan. Many are located on the roofs of department stores and hotels. In Britain a beer garden is an open space which is attached to
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#1732851919287682-533: The Bavarian brewing regulations by 1539. In 1553, Albert V decreed a period from 29 September, the Feast of St. Michael , to 23 April, the Feast of Saint George , for its production. The cool seasons were chosen to minimize the risk of fire when boiling mashed grain into wort . Numerous conflagrations had occurred, which resulted in the prohibition of brewing during the summer months. In response, large breweries dug cellars in
713-486: The banks of the River Isar to keep their beer cool during storage. "Beer cellars" for consuming beer on premises naturally followed. To further reduce the cellar temperature during the warm seasons, 19th-century brewers layered gravel upon the cellars by the bluffs and planted horse-chestnut trees for their dense spreading canopies and shallow roots, which would not damage the cellars. Soon afterward, serving cool beer in
744-500: The drinking. Today, many beer gardens have outdoor games, as well as board games, available to patrons. The Raleigh Beer Garden in Raleigh, North Carolina holds the world record for largest selection of beer at a single location with 378 different beers on tap. American liquor laws condition how beer gardens can operate in each state (legal drinking age is 21). For example, Washington alcohol laws require organizers to apply for and receive
775-484: The house. Those who bring their own food must use the bare table sets, unless—which is common—they bring their own cloth(s) also. With the advent of widespread lagering in the later 19th century, beer gardens grew more popular than ever. Maximilian's decree is no longer in force, and many beer gardens forbid victuals not sold through the establishment. Common Bavarian fare such as Radi ( radish ), Brezn ( soft pretzel ), Obatzda (cheese dip), halbes Hendl (half
806-492: The largest beer gardens in the world. The Hirschgarten restaurant in Munich is noted for its beer garden, which is possibly the largest in the world. It has seating for well over 8,000 people. The restaurant dates back to 1791. Biergartens typically are of a particular local or regional brewery, meaning they serve only the beers of the brewery they are associated with. The world’s oldest brewery, Weihenstephaner (estd. 1041) has it’s beer garden next to its brewing facility and
837-437: The late 20th and early 21st century as smoking was prohibited in public indoor spaces, however as of 2024 such bans have been expanded in most jurisdictions to cover licensed patios as well. Canadian alcohol laws generally forbid drinking in unlicensed public places, although in recent years such policies have been relaxed in some jurisdictions. In Canada, beer gardens are generally a segregated area attached to an event such as
868-480: The noise limits that are otherwise in force. The term Biergarten is not otherwise restricted, and anyone can call any kind of open-air restaurant by that name, but purists distinguish between a Wirtsgarten , in which only the brewery's food is sold (such as the outdoor tables at the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl ), and a Biergarten , in which patrons may bring their own. The term "beer garden" ( Biergarten ) has become
899-413: The original language. For translating synthetic languages , a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by
930-577: Was based on West Greenlandic. This article related to the Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Literal translation Literal translation , direct translation , or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory , another term for literal translation
961-506: Was historically spoken in the southwestern part of Greenland, i.e. the region around Nuuk . Tunumiisut and Inuktun are the two other native languages of Greenland, spoken by a small minority of the population. Danish remains an important lingua franca in Greenland and used in many parts of public life, as well as being the main language spoken by Danes in Greenland . An extinct mixed trade language known as West Greenlandic Pidgin