107-466: The Weekly Standard was an American neoconservative political magazine of news, analysis, and commentary that was published 48 times per year. Originally edited by founders Bill Kristol and Fred Barnes , the Standard was described as a "redoubt of neoconservatism" and as "the neocon bible." Its founding publisher, News Corporation , debuted the title on September 18, 1995. In 2009, News Corporation sold
214-409: A " backfire effect " whereby correcting false information may make partisan individuals cling more strongly to their views. One study found evidence of such a " backfire effect ", but several other studies did not. A 2015 experimental study found that fact-checking can encourage politicians to not spread misinformation . The study found that it might help improve political discourse by increasing
321-404: A choice between endorsing authoritarian governments, which might evolve into democracies, or Marxist–Leninist regimes, which she argued had never been ended once they achieved totalitarian control. In such tragic circumstances, she argued that allying with authoritarian governments might be prudent. Kirkpatrick argued that by demanding rapid liberalization in traditionally autocratic countries,
428-481: A control without tags , but only modestly". A Dartmouth study led by Brendan Nyhan found that Facebook tags had a greater impact than the Yale study found. A "disputed" tag on a false headline reduced the number of respondents who considered the headline accurate from 29% to 19%, whereas a "rated false" tag pushed the number down to 16%. A 2019 study found that the "disputed" tag reduced Facebook users' intentions to share
535-811: A desire to appear objective". The term "fact-check" is also appropriated and overused by "partisan sites", which may lead people to "disregard fact-checking as a meaningless, motivated exercise if all content is claimed to be fact-checked". Fact-checking journalists have been harassed online and offline, ranging from hate mail and death threats to police intimidation and lawfare . Operators of some fact-checking websites in China admit to self-censorship . Fact-checking websites in China often avoid commenting on political, economic, and other current affairs. Several Chinese fact-checking websites have been criticized for lack of transparency with regard to their methodology and sources, and for following Chinese propaganda . Among
642-451: A fact-check about a false anti-abortion claim after receiving pressure from Republican senators. In 2022 and 2023, many social media platforms such as Meta, YouTube and Twitter have significantly reduced resources in Trust and safety , including fact-checking. Twitter under Elon Musk has severely limited access by academic researchers to Twitter's API by replacing previously free access with
749-418: A fake news story next to the fake news story link whenever it is shared on Facebook. Based on the findings of a 2017 study in the journal Psychological Science, the most effective ways to reduce misinformation through corrections is by: Large studies by Ethan Porter and Thomas J. Wood found that misinformation propagated by Donald Trump was more difficult to dispel with the same techniques, and generated
856-528: A fake news story. The Yale study found evidence of a backfire effect among Trump supporters younger than 26 years whereby the presence of both untagged and tagged fake articles made the untagged fake articles appear more accurate. In response to research which questioned the effectiveness of the Facebook "disputed" tags, Facebook decided to drop the tags in December 2017 and would instead put articles which fact-checked
963-720: A former Trotskyist theorist who developed strong feelings of antipathy towards the New Left , had numerous devotees in the SDUSA with strong links to George Meany 's AFL-CIO. Following Shachtman and Meany, this faction led the SP to oppose immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War and oppose George McGovern in the Democratic primary race and, to some extent, the general election. They also chose to cease their own party-building and concentrated on working within
1070-546: A great deal and that Strauss's influence caused his students to reject historicism and positivism as morally relativist positions. They instead promoted a so-called Aristotelian perspective on America that produced a qualified defense of its liberal constitutionalism. Strauss's emphasis on moral clarity led the Straussians to develop an approach to international relations that Catherine and Michael Zuckert (2008) call Straussian Wilsonianism (or Straussian idealism ),
1177-470: A greater impact on reducing support for a politician than fact-checking of individual statements made by the politician. Individual readers perform some types of fact-checking, such as comparing claims in one news story against claims in another. Rabbi Moshe Benovitz, has observed that: "modern students use their wireless worlds to augment skepticism and to reject dogma." He says this has positive implications for values development: Fact-checking can become
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#17328490313201284-537: A journal of liberalism, became a major publication for neoconservatives during the 1970s. Commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative. As the policies of the New Left made the Democrats increasingly leftist, these neoconservative intellectuals became disillusioned with President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society domestic programs. The influential 1970 bestseller The Real Majority by Ben Wattenberg expressed that
1391-507: A large catalog of historical news sources with their veracity scores to encourage other researchers to explore and develop new methods and technologies for detecting fake news. In 2022, researchers have also demonstrated the feasibility of falsity scores for popular and official figures by developing such for over 800 contemporary elites on Twitter as well as associated exposure scores. There are also demonstrations of platform-built-in (by-design) as well browser -integrated (currently in
1498-464: A learned skill, and technology can be harnessed in a way that makes it second nature... By finding opportunities to integrate technology into learning, students will automatically sense the beautiful blending of… their cyber… [and non-virtual worlds]. Instead of two spheres coexisting uneasily and warily orbiting one another, there is a valuable experience of synthesis.... According to Queen's University Belfast researcher Jennifer Rose, because fake news
1605-595: A loss of third party tools often used for content moderation, and the difficulty for academic researchers to access Reddit data. Many fact-checkers rely heavily on social media platform partnerships for funding, technology and distributing their fact-checks. Commentators have also shared concerns about the use of false equivalence as an argument in political fact-checking, citing examples from The Washington Post, The New York Times and The Associated Press where "mainstream fact-checkers appear to have attempted to manufacture false claims from progressive politicians...[out of]
1712-706: A new, more aggressive Middle East policy on the part of the United States in defense of the interests of Israel, including the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and the containment of Syria through a series of proxy wars , the outright rejection of any solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that would include a Palestinian state , and an alliance between Israel, Turkey and Jordan against Iraq, Syria and Iran . Former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense and leading neoconservative Richard Perle
1819-420: A non-partisan neutral source such as PolitiFact . A 2022 study found that individuals exposed to a fact-check of a false statement by a far-right politician were less likely to share the false statement. Some studies have found that exposure to fact-checks had durable effects on reducing misperceptions, whereas other studies have found no effects. Scholars have debated whether fact-checking could lead to
1926-712: A potential step to a solution, the authors suggest the need of a "scientific community" to establish falsifiable theories , "which in turn makes sense of the facts", noting the difficulty that this step would face in the digital media landscape of the Internet. Social media platforms – Facebook in particular – have been accused by journalists and academics of undermining fact-checkers by providing them with little assistance; including "propagandist-linked organizations" such as CheckYourFact as partners; promoting outlets that have shared false information such as Breitbart and The Daily Caller on Facebook's newsfeed ; and removing
2033-399: A salient threat." Fact checking may also encourage some politicians to engage in "strategic ambiguity" in their statements, which "may impede the fact-checking movement's goals." One experimental study found that fact-checking during debates affected viewers' assessment of the candidates' debate performance and "greater willingness to vote for a candidate when the fact-check indicates that
2140-463: A subscription that starts at $ 42,000 per month, and by denying requests for access under the Digital Services Act . After the 2023 Reddit API changes , journalists, researchers and former Reddit moderators have expressed concerns about the spread of harmful misinformation, a relative lack of subject matter expertise from replacement mods, a vetting process of replacement mods seen as haphazard,
2247-717: Is a political movement which began in the United States during the 1960s among liberal hawks who became disenchanted with the increasingly pacifist Democratic Party along with the growing New Left and counterculture of the 1960s . Neoconservatives typically advocate the unilateral promotion of democracy and interventionism in international relations together with a militaristic and realist philosophy of " peace through strength ". They are known for espousing opposition to communism and radical politics . Many adherents of neoconservatism became politically influential during Republican presidential administrations from
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#17328490313202354-534: Is a monolith." David Spiegelhalter , the Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk at Cambridge University , argued that "behind closed doors, scientists spend the whole time arguing and deeply disagreeing on some fairly fundamental things". Clarke further argued that "The binary idea that scientific assertions are either correct or incorrect has fed into the divisiveness that has characterised
2461-553: Is created with the intention of misleading readers, online news consumers who attempt to fact-check the articles they read may incorrectly conclude that a fake news article is legitimate. Rose states, "A diligent online news consumer is likely at a pervasive risk of inferring truth from false premises " and suggests that fact-checking alone is not enough to reduce fake news consumption. Despite this, Rose asserts that fact-checking "ought to remain on educational agendas to help combat fake news". The term fake news became popularized with
2568-437: Is gaining momentum. However, fake news detection on social media presents challenges that renders previous data mining and detection techniques inadequate. As such, researchers are calling for more work to be done regarding fake news as characterized against psychology and social theories and adapting existing data mining algorithms to apply to social media networks. Further, multiple scientific articles have been published urging
2675-731: Is impossible to apply absolute terms such as "true" or "false" to inherently debatable claims. In September 2016, a Rasmussen Reports national telephone and online survey found that "just 29% of all Likely U.S. Voters trust media fact-checking of candidates' comments. Sixty-two percent (62%) believe instead that news organizations skew the facts to help candidates they support." A paper by Andrew Guess (of Princeton University), Brendan Nyhan (Dartmouth College) and Jason Reifler (University of Exeter) found that consumers of fake news tended to have less favorable views of fact-checking, in particular Trump supporters. The paper found that fake news consumers rarely encountered fact-checks: "only about half of
2782-444: Is ineffective against propaganda for at least three reasons: "First, since much of what skillful propagandists say will be true on a literal level, the fact-checker will be unable to refute them. Second, no matter how well-intentioned or convincing, the fact-check will also spread the initial claims further. Third, even if the fact-checker manages to catch a few inaccuracies, the larger picture and suggestion will remain in place, and it
2889-547: Is most often followed by a written report of inaccuracies, sometimes with a visual metric provided by the checking organization (e.g., Pinocchios from The Washington Post Fact Checker, or TRUTH-O-METER ratings from PolitiFact ). Several organizations are devoted to post hoc fact-checking: examples include FactCheck.org and PolitiFact in the US, and Full Fact in the UK . External post hoc fact-checking organizations first arose in
2996-462: Is sometimes criticized as being opinion journalism . A review of US politics fact-checkers shows a mixed result of whether fact-checking is an effective way to reduce misconceptions , and whether the method is reliable. Sensationalist newspapers in the 1850s and later led to a gradual need for a more factual media. Colin Dickey has described the subsequent evolution of fact-checking. Key elements were
3103-429: Is this suggestion that moves minds and hearts, and eventually actions." They also note the very large amount of false information that regularly spreads around the world, overwhelming the hundreds of fact-checking groups; caution that a fact-checker systemically addressing propaganda potentially compromises their objectivity; and argue that even descriptive statements are subjective, leading to conflicting points of view. As
3210-523: Is when a correction increases the their belief in the misconception. One reason is that it can be interpreted as an argument from authority , leading to resistance and hardening beliefs, "because identity and cultural positions cannot be disproved." In other words "while news articles can be fact-checked, personal beliefs cannot." Critics argue that political fact-checking is increasingly used as opinion journalism . Criticism has included that fact-checking organizations in themselves are biased or that it
3317-692: The 2016 United States presidential election , fake news has been a popular topic of discussion by President Trump and news outlets. The reality of fake news had become omnipresent, and a lot of research has gone into understanding, identifying, and combating fake news. Also, a number of researchers began with the usage of fake news to influence the 2016 presidential campaign. One research found evidence of pro-Trump fake news being selectively targeted on conservatives and pro-Trump supporters in 2016. The researchers found that social media sites, Facebook in particular, to be powerful platforms to spread certain fake news to targeted groups to appeal to their sentiments during
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3424-548: The Bush administration's foreign policy ; especially in their support for Israel , promotion of American influence in the Arab world and launching the war on terror . The Bush administration's domestic and foreign policies were heavily influenced by major ideologues affiliated with neoconservatism, such as Bernard Lewis , Lulu Schwartz , Richard and Daniel Pipes , David Horowitz , and Robert Kagan . Critics of neoconservatism have used
3531-666: The Journal of Politics found that "individuals consistently update political beliefs in the appropriate direction, even on facts that have clear implications for political party reputations, though they do so cautiously and with some bias... Interestingly, those who identify with one of the political parties are no more biased or cautious than pure independents in their learning, conditional on initial beliefs." A study by Yale University cognitive scientists Gordon Pennycook and David G. Rand found that Facebook tags of fake articles "did significantly reduce their perceived accuracy relative to
3638-754: The Judeo-Christian heritage are the essentials of the Great Tradition in Strauss's work. Strauss emphasized the spirit of the Greek classics and Thomas G. West (1991) argues that for Strauss the American Founding Fathers were correct in their understanding of the classics in their principles of justice. For Strauss, political community is defined by convictions about justice and happiness rather than by sovereignty and force. A classical liberal, he repudiated
3745-726: The Middle East . In 2017, Ted Becker, former Walter Meyer Professor of Law at New York University and Brian Polkinghorn, distinguished professor of Conflict Analysis and Dispute Resolution at Salisbury University , argued that Yinon's plan was adopted and refined in a 1996 policy document entitled A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm , written by a research group at the Israeli-affiliated Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies in Washington. The group
3852-513: The Reporters' Lab at Duke University's focus on providing resources to journalists. The adaptation of social media as a legitimate and commonly used platform has created extensive concerns for fake news in this domain. The spread of fake news via social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram presents the opportunity for extremely negative effects on society therefore new fields of research regarding fake news detection on social media
3959-470: The Standard ; the price was about $ 1 million. The Standard increased its paid circulation by 39 percent between its June 2009 and June 2010 BPA statements. Its print circulation of about 100,000 in 2013 had decreased to 72,000 by 2017, according to the BPA, with circulation dropping about 10 percent between 2016 and 2017. In late 2016, Kristol ended his time as editor-in-chief. He was replaced by Stephen Hayes,
4066-686: The civil rights movement , racial integration , and Martin Luther King Jr. From the 1950s to the 1960s, liberals generally endorsed military action in order to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam during the Vietnam War . Neoconservatism was initiated by liberals' repudiation of the Cold War and by the " New Politics " of the American New Left , which Norman Podhoretz said was too sympathetic to
4173-450: The counterculture and too alienated from the majority of the population, and by the repudiation of "anti- anticommunism " by liberals, which included substantial endorsement of Marxist–Leninist politics by the New Left during the late 1960s. Some neoconservatives were particularly alarmed by what they believed were the antisemitic sentiments of Black Power advocates. Irving Kristol edited
4280-403: The "real majority" of the electorate endorsed economic interventionism but also social conservatism and that it could be disastrous for Democrats to adopt liberal positions on certain social and crime issues. The neoconservatives rejected the countercultural New Left and what they considered anti-Americanism in the non-interventionism of the activism against the Vietnam War . After
4387-588: The 1960s to the 2000s, peaking in influence during the presidency of George W. Bush , when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz , Elliott Abrams , Richard Perle , Paul Bremer , and Douglas Feith . Although U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld had not self-identified as neoconservatives, they worked closely alongside neoconservative officials in designing key aspects of
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4494-468: The 2016 United States presidential election, causing concern among some that online media platforms were especially susceptible to disseminating disinformation and misinformation. Fake news articles tend to come from either satirical news websites or from websites with an incentive to propagate false information, either as clickbait or to serve a purpose. The language, specifically, is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because
4601-585: The 2016 presidential race. Additionally, researchers from Stanford , NYU , and NBER found evidence to show how engagement with fake news on Facebook and Twitter was high throughout 2016. Recently, a lot of work has gone into helping detect and identify fake news through machine learning and artificial intelligence. In 2018, researchers at MIT's CSAIL created and tested a machine learning algorithm to identify false information by looking for common patterns, words, and symbols that typically appear in fake news. More so, they released an open-source data set with
4708-510: The Americans who visited a fake news website during the study period also saw any fact-check from one of the dedicated fact-checking website (14.0%)." Deceptive websites that pose as fact-checkers have also been used to promote disinformation ; this tactic has been used by both Russia and Turkey. During the COVID-19 pandemic , Facebook announced it would "remove false or debunked claims about
4815-572: The Carter administration had delivered those countries to Marxist–Leninists that were even more repressive. She further accused the Carter administration of a "double standard" and of never having applied its rhetoric on the necessity of liberalization to communist governments . The essay compares traditional autocracies and Communist regimes: [Traditional autocrats] do not disturb the habitual rhythms of work and leisure, habitual places of residence, habitual patterns of family and personal relations. Because
4922-646: The Democratic Party, eventually influencing it through the Democratic Leadership Council . Thus the Socialist Party dissolved in 1972, and the SDUSA emerged that year. (Most of the left-wing of the party, led by Michael Harrington, immediately abandoned the SDUSA.) SDUSA leaders associated with neoconservatism include Carl Gershman , Penn Kemble , Joshua Muravchik and Bayard Rustin . Norman Podhoretz's magazine Commentary , originally
5029-528: The Republican Administration of President George H. W. Bush and that of his Democratic successor, President Bill Clinton . Many critics charged that the neoconservatives lost their influence as a result of the end of the Soviet Union. After the decision of George H. W. Bush to leave Saddam Hussein in power after the first Iraq War during 1991, many neoconservatives considered this policy and
5136-625: The Republican who promised to confront Soviet expansionism. Neoconservatives organized in the American Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation to counter the liberal establishment. Author Keith Preston named the successful effort on behalf of neoconservatives such as George Will and Irving Kristol to cancel Reagan's 1980 nomination of Mel Bradford , a Southern Paleoconservative academic whose regionalist focus and writings about Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction alienated
5243-540: The US in the early 2000s, and the concept grew in relevance and spread to various other countries during the 2010s. External post hoc fact-checking by independent organizations began in the United States in the early 2000s. In the 2010s, particularly following the 2016 election of Donald Trump as US President , fact-checking gained a rise in popularity and spread to multiple countries mostly in Europe and Latin America. However,
5350-555: The US remains the largest market for fact-checking. One 2016 study finds that fact-checkers PolitiFact, FactCheck.org, and The Washington Post's Fact Checker overwhelmingly agree on their evaluations of claims. A 2018 paper found little overlap in the statements checked by different fact-checking organizations. This paper compared 1,178 published fact-checks from PolitiFact with 325 fact-checks from The Washington Post ' s Fact Checker, and found only 77 statements (about 5%) that both organizations checked. For those 77 statements,
5457-607: The United Nations in the Reagan administration. Some left-wing academics such as Frank Meyer and James Burnham eventually became associated with the conservative movement at this time. A substantial number of neoconservatives were originally moderate socialists who were originally associated with the moderate wing of the Socialist Party of America (SP) and its successor party, the Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA). Max Shachtman ,
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#17328490313205564-530: The Vietnam War, the anti-communist, internationalist and interventionist roots of this Cold War liberalism seemed increasingly brittle to the neoconservatives. As a consequence they migrated to the Republican Party and formed one pillar of the Reagan Coalition and of the conservative movement. Hence, they became Neo-conservatives. Through the 1950s and early 1960s, the future neoconservatives had endorsed
5671-496: The anti-war faction took control of the party during 1972 and nominated George McGovern , the Democrats among the neoconservatives endorsed Washington Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson for his unsuccessful 1972 and 1976 campaigns for president. Among those who worked for Jackson were the incipient neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz , Doug Feith , and Richard Perle . During the late 1970s, neoconservatives tended to endorse Ronald Reagan ,
5778-486: The behavior, in general, of both the speaker (making them more careful in their pronouncements) and of the listener or reader (making them more discerning with regard to the factual accuracy of content); observations include the propensities of audiences to be completely unpersuaded by corrections to errors regarding the most divisive subjects, or the tendency to be more greatly persuaded by corrections of negative reporting (e.g., "attack ads"), and to see minds changed only when
5885-425: The candidate is being honest." A study of Trump supporters during the 2016 presidential campaign found that while fact-checks of false claims made by Trump reduced his supporters' belief in the false claims in question, the corrections did not alter their attitudes towards Trump. A 2019 study found that "summary fact-checking", where the fact-checker summarizes how many false statements a politician has made, has
5992-428: The country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home. And the question in my mind is how many additional American casualties is Saddam [Hussein] worth? And the answer is not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the president made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in
6099-489: The country’s war aims. Their rhetoric was to link Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden in virtually every paragraph, to join them at the hip in the minds of readers, and then to lay out a strategy that actually gave attacking Saddam priority over eliminating al-Qaeda." On December 16, 2018, co-founder and contributing editor John Podhoretz defended the coverage answering the question by Lulu Garcia-Navarro on NPR : "Do you regret
6206-432: The coverage of Iraq War?" saying "I think, basically, what—all a magazine—editors, writers—can promise is that they will be honest and say what they mean and think and argue the best way that they can. And with the facts available at the time, that is what The Standard did." In 1997, nearly a year after a cover story that included allegations of hiring a prostitute and plagiarism against best-selling author Deepak Chopra ,
6313-627: The decision not to endorse indigenous dissident groups such as the Kurds and Shiites in their 1991–1992 resistance to Hussein as a betrayal of democratic principles. Some of those same targets of criticism would later become fierce advocates of neoconservative policies. During 1992, referring to the first Iraq War , then United States Secretary of Defense and future Vice President Richard Cheney said: I would guess if we had gone in there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. We'd be running
6420-650: The defense of liberal democracy in the face of its vulnerability. Strauss influenced The Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol , William Bennett , Newt Gingrich , Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , as well as Paul Wolfowitz . A theory of neoconservative foreign policy during the final years of the Cold War was articulated by Jeane Kirkpatrick in " Dictatorships and Double Standards ", published in Commentary Magazine during November 1979. Kirkpatrick criticized
6527-456: The editors of The Weekly Standard accepted full responsibility for the errors in the story, and apologized." Chopra claimed that the magazine settled for $ 1.6 million. Neoconservative Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Defunct Neoconservatism
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#17328490313206634-457: The establishment of Associated Press in the 1850s (short factual material needed), Ralph Pulitzer of the New York World (his Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play, 1912), Henry Luce and Time magazine (original working title: Facts), and the famous fact-checking department of The New Yorker . More recently, the mainstream media has come under severe economic threat from online startups. In addition,
6741-416: The fact-checking had an impact. A 2019 study in the Journal of Experimental Political Science found "strong evidence that citizens are willing to accept corrections to fake news, regardless of their ideology and the content of the fake stories." A 2018 study found that Republicans were more likely to correct their false information on voter fraud if the correction came from Breitbart News rather than
6848-544: The fact-checking organizations gave the same ratings for 49 statements and similar ratings for 22, about 92% agreement. Different fact-checking organizations have shown different tendencies in their choice of which statements they publish fact-checks about. For example, some are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate change being real, and others are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate change being fake. Studies of post hoc fact-checking have made clear that such efforts often result in changes in
6955-440: The field further to find automatic ways in which fake news can be filtered out of social media timelines. Lateral reading, or getting a brief overview of a topic from lots of sources instead of digging deeply into one, is a popular method professional fact-checkers use to quickly get a better sense of the truth of a particular claim. Digital tools and services commonly used by fact-checkers include, but are not limited to: Since
7062-437: The following recommendations: A 2019 meta-analysis of research into the effects of fact-checking on misinformation found that fact-checking has substantial positive impacts on political beliefs, but that this impact weakened when fact-checkers used "truth scales", refuted only parts of a claim and when they fact-checked campaign-related statements. Individuals' preexisting beliefs, ideology, and knowledge affected to what extent
7169-602: The forefront of media issues. The holiday is held on April 2 because "April 1 is a day for fools. April 2 is a day for facts." Activities for International Fact-Checking Day consist of various media organizations contributing to fact-checking resources, articles, and lessons for students and the general public to learn more about how to identify fake news and stop the spread of misinformation. 2020's International Fact-Checking Day focused specifically on how to accurately identify information about COVID-19 . Research has shown that fact-checking has limits, and can even backfire, which
7276-478: The foreign policy of Jimmy Carter , which endorsed détente with the Soviet Union. She later served the Reagan Administration as Ambassador to the United Nations. In "Dictatorships and Double Standards", Kirkpatrick distinguished between authoritarian regimes and the totalitarian regimes such as the Soviet Union. She suggested that in some countries democracy was not tenable and the United States had
7383-529: The form of addons ) misinformation mitigation . Efforts such as providing and viewing structured accuracy assessments on posts "are not currently supported by the platforms". Trust in the default or, in decentralized designs, user-selected providers of assessments (and their reliability) as well as the large quantities of posts and articles are two of the problems such approaches may face. Moreover, they cannot mitigate misinformation in chats, print-media and TV . The concept for International Fact-Checking Day
7490-418: The government risks violent overthrow and should expect gradual change rather than immediate transformation. She wrote: "No idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime and anywhere, under any circumstances ... Decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits. In Britain,
7597-611: The idea of selling it. Subsequently, in June 2009, a report circulated that a sale of the publication to Philip Anschutz was imminent, with Murdoch's position being that, having since purchased The Wall Street Journal in 2007, his interest in the smaller publication had diminished. The Washington Examiner reported that month that the Examiner ' s parent company, the Anschutz-owned Clarity Media Group , had purchased
7704-569: The individual in error was someone reasonably like-minded to begin with. Studies have shown that fact-checking can affect citizens' belief in the accuracy of claims made in political advertisement. A 2020 study by Paris School of Economics and Sciences Po economists found that falsehoods by Marine Le Pen during the 2017 French presidential election campaign (i) successfully persuaded voters, (ii) lost their persuasiveness when fact-checked, and (iii) did not reduce voters' political support for Le Pen when her claims were fact-checked. A 2017 study in
7811-515: The invasion of Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein . In November 1997 Bill Kristol and Robert Kagan wrote an editorial titled "Saddam Must Go", in which they stated "We know it seems unthinkable to propose another ground attack to take Baghdad. But it's time to start thinking the unthinkable." In the first issue the magazine published after 9/11 , according to Scott McConnell of The American Conservative , " Gary Schmitt and Tom Donnelly , two employees of Kristol’s PNAC , clarified what ought to be
7918-520: The journal The Public Interest (1965–2005), featuring economists and political scientists, which emphasized ways that government planning in the liberal state had produced unintended harmful consequences. Some early neoconservative political figures were disillusioned Democratic politicians and intellectuals, such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan , who served in the Nixon and Ford administrations, and Jeane Kirkpatrick , who served as United States Ambassador to
8025-416: The journal Science , saying a new investigation is needed because 'theories of accidental release from a lab and zoonotic spillover both remain viable." The policy led to an article by The New York Post that suggested a lab leak would be plausible to be initially labeled as "false information" on the platform. This reignited debates into the notion of scientific consensus . In an article published by
8132-744: The left who criticized the assumptions of American imperialism", rebuttals that may not be factual themselves, issues of general media bias , and "the near ubiquitous refusal to identify patterns, trends, and ... intent in politicians' ... false statements". They further argue that political fact-checking focuses exclusively on describing facts over making moral judgments (ex., the is–ought problem ), assert that it relies on public reason to attempt to discredit public figures, and question its effectiveness on conspiracy theories or fascism . Likewise, writing in The Hedgehog Review in 2023, Jonathan D. Teubner and Paul W. Gleason assert that fact-checking
8239-586: The light of the Yinon Plan and the Clean break analysis, to be proof that Israel is engaged in a modern version of The Great Game , with the backing of Zionist currents in the American neoconservative and Christian fundamentalist movements. They also conclude that Likud Party appears to have implemented both plans. During the 1990s, neoconservatives were once again opposed to the foreign policy establishment, both during
8346-575: The magazine after 23 years. While some speculated that the closure of The Weekly Standard was so Clarity Media's other magazine, the Washington Examiner , could absorb the Standard ' s subscribers, a statement from Clarity Media Group chairman Ryan McKibben said that such speculation was incorrect. Kristol attributed the magazine's demise to the hostility of supporters of the Donald Trump administration. The Standard promoted and supported
8453-468: The magazine to a subsidiary of the Anschutz Corporation . On December 14, 2018, its owners announced that the magazine would cease publication, with the last issue to be published on December 17. Sources have attributed its demise to an increasing divergence between Kristol and other editors' shift towards anti-Trump positions on the one hand, and the magazine's audience's shift towards Trumpism on
8560-456: The magazine's circulation was only 55,000, Kristol said that "We have a funny relationship with the top tier of the administration. They very much keep us at arm's length, but Vice President Dick Cheney does send over someone to pick up 30 copies of the magazine every Monday." In 2006, though the publication had never been profitable and reputedly lost more than a million dollars a year, News Corporation head Rupert Murdoch initially dismissed
8667-448: The magazine's senior writer. Under Hayes' leadership, the Standard continued to be as critical of Donald Trump as it had been under Kristol; Trump's supporters in turn criticized the Standard , and the magazine's influence as Republican circles dwindled. In December 2017, The Weekly Standard became an official fact-checking partner for Facebook . On December 14, 2018, Clarity Media Group announced that it would cease publication of
8774-406: The medical journal The BMJ , journalist Laurie Clarke said "The contentious nature of these decisions is partly down to how social media platforms define the slippery concepts of misinformation versus disinformation . This decision relies on the idea of a scientific consensus. But some scientists say that this smothers heterogeneous opinions, problematically reinforcing a misconception that science
8881-490: The miseries of traditional life are familiar, they are bearable to ordinary people who, growing up in the society, learn to cope. [Revolutionary Communist regimes] claim jurisdiction over the whole life of the society and make demands for change that so violate internalized values and habits that inhabitants flee by the tens of thousands. Kirkpatrick concluded that while the United States should encourage liberalization and democracy in autocratic countries, it should not do so when
8988-564: The more cosmopolitan and progress-oriented neoconservatives, to the leadership of the National Endowment for the Humanities in favor of longtime Democrat William Bennett as emblematic of the neoconservative movement establishing hegemony over mainstream American conservatism. In another (2004) article, Michael Lind also wrote: Neoconservatism ... originated in the 1970s as a movement of anti-Soviet liberals and social democrats in
9095-446: The movement. The term neoconservative was popularized in the United States during 1973 by the socialist leader Michael Harrington , who used the term to define Daniel Bell , Daniel Patrick Moynihan , and Irving Kristol , whose ideologies differed from Harrington's. Earlier during 1973, he had described some of the same ideas in a brief contribution to a symposium on welfare sponsored by Commentary . The neoconservative label
9202-470: The news. There is also many social context features that can play a role, as well as the model of spreading the news. Websites such as " Snopes " try to detect this information manually, while certain universities are trying to build mathematical models to assist in this work. Some individuals and organizations publish their fact-checking efforts on the internet. These may have a special subject-matter focus, such as Snopes.com 's focus on urban legends or
9309-556: The novel coronavirus which created a global pandemic", based on its fact-checking partners, collectively known as the International Fact-Checking Network . In 2021, Facebook reversed its ban on posts speculating the COVID-19 disease originated from Chinese labs, following developments in the investigations into the origin of COVID-19 , including claims by the Biden administration, and a letter by eighteen scientists in
9416-952: The other. Many of the magazine's articles were written by members of conservative think tanks located in Washington , including the American Enterprise Institute , the Ethics and Public Policy Center , the Foundation for Defense of Democracies , the Hudson Institute , and the Foreign Policy Initiative . Individuals who wrote for the magazine included Elliott Abrams , Peter Berkowitz , John Bolton , Ellen Bork, David Brooks , Gertrude Himmelfarb , Christopher Hitchens , Harvey Mansfield , Cynthia Ozick , Joe Queenan , and John Yoo . The magazine's website also produced regular online-only commentaries and news articles. The site's editorial stance
9523-587: The ousting of Saddam Hussein. On 19 February 1998, an open letter to President Clinton was published, signed by dozens of pundits, many identified with neoconservatism and later related groups such as the Project for the New American Century , urging decisive action to remove Saddam from power. Fact-checking Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after
9630-401: The pandemic." Several commentators have noted limitations of political post-hoc fact-checking. While interviewing Andrew Hart in 2019 about political fact-checking in the United States, Nima Shirazi and Adam Johnson discuss what they perceive as an unspoken conservative bias framed as neutrality in certain fact-checks, citing argument from authority , "hyper-literal ... scolding [of] people on
9737-456: The philosophy of John Locke as a bridge to 20th-century historicism and nihilism and instead defended liberal democracy as closer to the spirit of the classics than other modern regimes. For Strauss, the American awareness of ineradicable evil in human nature and hence the need for morality, was a beneficial outgrowth of the pre-modern Western tradition. O'Neill (2009) notes that Strauss wrote little about American topics, but his students wrote
9844-462: The problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq. A key neoconservative policy-forming document, A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm (commonly known as the "Clean Break" report) was published in 1996 by a study group of American-Jewish neoconservative strategists led by Richard Perle on the behest of newly-elected Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu . The report called for
9951-440: The purpose is to confuse and generate clicks. Furthermore, modeling techniques such as n-gram encodings and bag of words have served as other linguistic techniques to estimate the legitimacy of a news source. On top of that, researchers have determined that visual-based cues also play a factor in categorizing an article, specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate and provides us more clarity on
10058-475: The rapid spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories via social media is slowly creeping into mainstream media. One solution is for more media staff to be assigned a fact-checking role, as for example The Washington Post . Independent fact-checking organisations have also become prominent, such as PolitiFact . Ante hoc fact-checking aims to identify errors so that the text can be corrected before dissemination, or perhaps rejected. Post hoc fact-checking
10165-468: The reputational costs or risks of spreading misinformation for political elites. The researchers sent, "a series of letters about the risks to their reputation and electoral security if they were caught making questionable statements. The legislators who were sent these letters were substantially less likely to receive a negative fact-checking rating or to have their accuracy questioned publicly, suggesting that fact-checking can reduce inaccuracy when it poses
10272-711: The road [to democratic government] took seven centuries to traverse. ... The speed with which armies collapse, bureaucracies abdicate, and social structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed frequently surprises American policymakers". In 1982 and around the time of the Lebanon War , a paper known as the Yinon Plan was published under the authorship of Oded Yinon, a senior advisor to Israeli Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon , which called for an aggressive geopolitics aimed at " Balkanizing " Iraq and Syria by provoking sectarian divisions and taking advantage of existing ones in
10379-434: The term to describe foreign policy and war hawks who support aggressive militarism or neocolonialism . Historically speaking, the term neoconservative refers to Americans who moved from the anti-Stalinist left to conservatism during the 1960s and 1970s. The movement had its intellectual roots in the magazine Commentary , edited by Norman Podhoretz . They spoke out against the New Left, and in that way helped define
10486-581: The text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called external fact-checking . Research suggests that fact-checking can indeed correct perceptions among citizens, as well as discourage politicians from spreading false or misleading claims. However, corrections may decay over time or be overwhelmed by cues from elites who promote less accurate claims. Political fact-checking
10593-466: The tradition of Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, Humphrey and Henry ('Scoop') Jackson, many of whom preferred to call themselves 'paleoliberals.' [After the end of the Cold War] ... many 'paleoliberals' drifted back to the Democratic center ... Today's neocons are a shrunken remnant of the original broad neocon coalition. Nevertheless, the origins of their ideology on the left are still apparent. The fact that most of
10700-642: The younger neocons were never on the left is irrelevant; they are the intellectual (and, in the case of William Kristol and John Podhoretz, the literal) heirs of older ex-leftists. C. Bradley Thompson , a professor at Clemson University, claims that most influential neoconservatives refer explicitly to the theoretical ideas in the philosophy of Leo Strauss (1899–1973), although there are several writers who claim that in doing so they may draw upon meaning that Strauss himself did not endorse . Eugene Sheppard notes: "Much scholarship tends to understand Strauss as an inspirational founder of American neoconservatism". Strauss
10807-686: Was a refugee from Nazi Germany who taught at the New School for Social Research in New York (1938–1948) and the University of Chicago (1949–1969). Strauss asserted that "the crisis of the West consists in the West's having become uncertain of its purpose". His solution was a restoration of the vital ideas and faith that in the past had sustained the moral purpose of the West. The Greek classics ( classical republican and modern republican ), political philosophy and
10914-573: Was adopted by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative ' ". His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine Encounter . Another source was Norman Podhoretz , editor of the magazine Commentary , from 1960 to 1995. By 1982, Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative in The New York Times Magazine article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy". The term itself
11021-458: Was described as neoconservative. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other The Standard was viewed as heavily influential during the administration of President George W. Bush (2001–2009), being called the in-flight magazine of Air Force One . In 2003, although
11128-797: Was directed by Richard Perle , who, some years later, became one of the key figures in the formulation of the Iraq War strategy adopted during the administration of George W. Bush in 2003. Both Becker and Polkinghorn admit that avowed enemies of Israel in the Middle East take the sequence of events—Israel's occupation of the West Bank , the Golan Heights , its encirclement of Gaza , the invasion of Lebanon, its bombing of Iraq , airstrikes in Syria and its attempts at containing Iran's nuclear capacities —when read in
11235-508: Was introduced at a conference for journalists and fact-checkers at the London School of Economics in June 2014. The holiday was officially created in 2016 and first celebrated on April 2, 2017. The idea for International Fact-Checking day rose out of the many misinformation campaigns found on the internet, particularly social media sites. It rose in importance after the 2016 elections, which brought fake news, as well as accusations of it, to
11342-455: Was the "Study Group Leader", but the final report included ideas from fellow neoconservatives, pro-Israel right-wingers and affiliates of Netanyahu's Likud party, such as Douglas Feith , James Colbert, Charles Fairbanks Jr., Jonathan Torop, David Wurmser , Meyrav Wurmser , and IASPS president Robert Loewenberg. Within a few years of the Gulf War in Iraq , many neoconservatives were endorsing
11449-434: Was the product of a rejection among formerly self-identified liberals of what they considered a growing leftward turn of the Democratic Party in the 1970s. Neoconservatives perceived in the new left liberalism an ideological effort to distance the Democratic Party and American liberalism from Cold War liberalism as it was espoused by former Presidents such as Harry S. Truman , John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson . After
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