A riff is a short, repeated motif or figure in the melody or accompaniment of a musical composition. Riffs are most often found in rock music , heavy metal music , Latin , funk , and jazz , although classical music is also sometimes based on a riff, such as Ravel 's Boléro . Riffs can be as simple as a tenor saxophone honking a simple, catchy rhythmic figure, or as complex as the riff-based variations in the head arrangements played by the Count Basie Orchestra .
35-407: Waters Edge is the eighth studio album by British glam rock band Sweet , released in 1980. The album was a commercial disappointment and yielded no hits. All songs written and composed by Steve Priest , Andy Scott and Mick Tucker except where noted. The song "Own Up" is different from "Own Up, Take a Look at Yourself", released as B-side to the single "Teenage Rampage" in 1974. This album
70-795: A 1972 interview in which he noted that other artists described as glam rock were doing different work, said "I think glam rock is a lovely way to categorize me and it's even nicer to be one of the leaders of it". Bolan and Bowie were soon followed in the style by acts including Roxy Music , Sweet , Slade , Mott the Hoople , Mud and Alvin Stardust . The popularity of glam rock in the UK was such that three glam rock bands had major UK Christmas hit singles ; " Merry Xmas Everybody " by Slade, " I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday " by Wizzard and " Lonely This Christmas " by Mud, all of which have remained hugely popular. Glam
105-416: A boast: "Your mother can't tell if you're a boy or a girl." Glam was butch and femme at once: bisexuality in sound." The Rocky Horror Show , soundtracked by primarily glam rock, was a keystone of LGBTQ media in the 1970s. A song from the show, " Sweet Transvestite ", was noted as "the first big, glam rock aria of the musical" and that glam rock "was a queering (or camping ) of the genre of rock music" in
140-632: A combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise'. It reads like a glam manifesto." Showmanship and gender identity manipulation acts included the Cockettes and Alice Cooper , the latter of which combined glam with shock rock . Glam rock emerged from the English psychedelic and art rock scenes of the late 1960s and can be seen as both an extension of, and a reaction against, those trends. Its origins are associated with Marc Bolan , who had renamed his acoustic duo T. Rex and taken up electric instruments by
175-533: A darker lyrical content than their British counterparts. In the UK, the term glitter rock was most often used to refer to the extreme version of glam pursued by Gary Glitter and the independent band with whom he often performed known as the Glitter Band . The Glitter Band and Gary Glitter had between them eighteen top ten singles in the UK between 1972 and 1975. A second wave of glam rock acts, including Suzi Quatro , Roy Wood 's Wizzard and Sparks , had hits on
210-449: A product of jazz , blues , and post-blues era music (rock and pop). The musical goal of riff-driven songs is akin to the classical continuo effect, but raised to much higher importance (in fact, the repeated riff is used to anchor the song in the ears of the listener). The riff/continuo is brought to the forefront of the musical piece and often is the primary melody that remains in the listener's ears. A call and response often holds
245-425: Is a short, repeated, memorable musical phrase, often pitched low on the guitar, which focuses much of the energy and excitement of a rock song." BBC Radio 2 , in compiling its list of 100 Greatest Guitar Riffs, defined a riff as the "main hook of a song", often beginning the song, and is "repeated throughout it, giving the song its distinctive voice". Use of the term has extended to comedy , where riffing means
280-605: Is a style of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s and was primarily defined by the flamboyant clothing, makeup , and hairstyles of its musicians, particularly platform shoes and glitter . Glam artists drew on diverse sources, ranging from bubblegum pop and 1950s rock and roll to cabaret , science fiction , and complex art rock . The flamboyant clothing and visual styles of performers were often camp or androgynous , and have been described as playing with other gender roles . Glitter rock
315-535: Is most noted for its sexual and gender ambiguity and representations of androgyny , beside extensive use of theatrics. It was prefigured by the flamboyant English composer Noël Coward , especially his 1931 song " Mad Dogs and Englishmen ", with music writer Daryl Easlea stating, "Noël Coward's influence on people like Bowie, Roxy Music and Cockney Rebel was absolutely immense. It suggested style, artifice and surface were equally as important as depth and substance. Time magazine noted Coward's 'sense of personal style,
350-445: The "overall denim dullness" of "a deadly boring, prematurely matured music scene". Visually, it was a mesh of various styles, ranging from 1930s Hollywood glamour, through 1950s pin-up sex appeal, pre-war cabaret theatrics, Victorian literary and symbolist styles, science fiction , to ancient and occult mysticism and mythology ; manifesting itself in outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots. Glam rock
385-558: The 1920s (Rooksby, ibid , p. 6) and is used primarily in discussion of forms of rock music , heavy metal or jazz . "Most rock musicians use riff as a near-synonym for musical idea " (Middleton 1990, p. 125). The etymology of the term is not clearly known. Ian Anderson, in the documentary "A World Without Beethoven", states (repeatedly) that "riff" is the abbreviation of "repeated motif." Other sources propose riff as an abbreviation for "rhythmic figure" or "refrain". In jazz , blues and R&B , riffs are often used as
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#1732855725527420-553: The British single charts in 1973 and 1974. Quatro and T.Rex directly inspired the pioneering Los Angeles based all-girl group The Runaways . Existing acts, some not usually considered central to the genre, also adopted glam styles, including Rod Stewart , Elton John , Queen and, for a time, the Rolling Stones . After seeing Marc Bolan wearing Zandra Rhodes -designed outfits, Freddie Mercury enlisted Rhodes to design costumes for
455-668: The Darkness , and has inspired pop artists such as Lady Gaga . Its self-conscious embrace of fame and ego continues to reverberate through pop music decades after the death of its prototypical superstar, Marc Bolan of T. Rex, in 1977. As an elastic concept rather than a fixed stratosphere of '70s personalities, it is even equipped to survive the loss of its most enduring artist, David Bowie . The glam rock scene that emerged in early 1970s London included numerous openly bisexual musicians, including Queen's Freddie Mercury, Elton John, and David Bowie. Medium 's Claudia Perry felt that "Glam rock
490-447: The LGBTQ+ community. They helped pave the way for greater acceptance and understanding." Movies that reflect glam rock aesthetics include: Guitar riff David Brackett (1999) defines riffs as "short melodic phrases ", while Richard Middleton (1999) defines them as "short rhythmic, melodic, or harmonic figures repeated to form a structural framework". Rikky Rooksby states: "A riff
525-591: The Noize " and " Mama Weer All Crazee Now ") or composed new songs based on Slade templates. While highly successful in the single charts in the UK (Slade for example had six number one singles), very few of these musicians were able to make a serious impact in the US; David Bowie was the major exception, becoming an international superstar and prompting the adoption of glam styles among acts like Lou Reed , Iggy Pop , New York Dolls and Jobriath , often known as "glitter rock" and with
560-598: The Pops "permitted a generation of teeny-boppers to begin playing with the idea of androgyny". T. Rex's 1971 album Electric Warrior received critical acclaim as a pioneering glam rock album. In 1973, a few months after the release of the album Tanx , Bolan captured the front cover of Melody Maker magazine with the declaration "Glam rock is dead!" From late 1971, already a minor star, David Bowie developed his Ziggy Stardust persona, incorporating elements of professional makeup, mime and performance into his act. Bowie, in
595-692: The Time" (1945) re-emerged four years later as the R&;B dance hit " The Hucklebuck ". The verse of "The Hucklebuck", which was another riff, was "borrowed" from the Artie Matthews composition " Weary Blues ". Glenn Miller's " In the Mood " had an earlier life as Wingy Manone 's "Tar Paper Stomp". All these songs use twelve-bar blues riffs, and most of these riffs probably precede the examples given (Covach 2005, p. 71). In classical music, individual musical phrases used as
630-450: The UK such as Adam and the Ants and A Flock of Seagulls extended glam, and its androgyny and sexual politics were picked up by acts including Culture Club , Bronski Beat and Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Gothic rock was largely informed by the makeup, clothes, theatricality and sound of glam, and punk rock adopted some of the performance and persona-creating tendencies of glam, as well as
665-400: The basis of classical music pieces are called ostinatos or simply phrases. Contemporary jazz writers also use riff- or lick-like ostinatos in modal music and Latin jazz . The term "riff-driven" is used to describe a piece of music that relies on a repeated instrumental riff as the basis of its most prominent melody, cadence , or (in some cases) leitmotif . Riff-driven songs are largely
700-525: The book Trans Representations in Contemporary, Popular Cinema . The musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch from 2001 also used glam rock to tell the story of a gender-affirming surgery gone awry. In discussing why glam rock was used for Hedwig, the article goes on to say "by showcasing a more fluid approach to gender expression, glam rock artists like David Bowie, Marc Bolan, and Freddie Mercury became icons for
735-468: The brash guitar riffs of hard rock , stomping rhythms, and 1950s rock and roll , filtering them through the recording innovations of the late 1960s. Ultimately, it became very diverse, varying between the simple rock and roll revivalism of figures like Alvin Stardust to the complex art pop of Roxy Music . In its beginning, it was a youth-orientated reaction to the creeping dominance of progressive rock and concept albums – what Bomp! called
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#1732855725527770-502: The end of the 1960s. Bolan was, in the words of music critic Ken Barnes , "the man who started it all". Often cited as the moment of inception is Bolan's appearance on the BBC music show Top of the Pops in March 1971 wearing glitter and satins, to perform what would be his second UK Top 10 hit (and first UK Number 1 hit), " Hot Love ". The Independent states that Bolan's appearance on Top of
805-470: The genre's emphasis on pop-art qualities and simple but powerful instrumentation. Glam rock has been influential around the world. In Japan in the 1980s, visual kei was strongly influenced by glam rock aesthetics. Glam rock has since enjoyed continued influence and sporadic modest revivals in R&;B crossover act Prince , bands such as Marilyn Manson , Suede , Placebo , Chainsaw Kittens , Spacehog and
840-670: The genre, artists such as Elton John , Rod Stewart and Freddie Mercury of Queen also adopted glam styles. In the United States, the scene was much less prevalent, with Alice Cooper and Lou Reed the only American artists to score a hit in the UK. Other American glam artists include New York Dolls , Sparks , Suzi Quatro , Iggy Pop and Jobriath . Glam rock declined after the mid-1970s, but influenced other musical genres including punk rock , glam metal , death rock and gothic rock . The New Romantic movement, which began as an underground fashion subculture movement in nightclubs in
875-578: The late 1970s before becoming mainstream in the early 80s, was also inspired by the visuals of the glam rock era. Glam rock can be seen as a fashion as well as musical subgenre. Glam artists rejected the revolutionary rhetoric of the late 1960s rock scene, instead glorifying decadence , superficiality, and the simple structures of earlier pop music. In response to these characteristics, scholars such as I.Taylor and D. Wall characterised glam rock as "offensive, commercial, and cultural emasculation". Artists drew on such musical influences as bubblegum pop ,
910-453: The next Queen tour in 1974. Punk rock , in part a reaction to the artifice of glam rock, but using some elements of the genre, including makeup and involving cover versions of glam rock records, helped end the fashion for glam from about 1976. While glam rock was exclusively a British cultural phenomenon, with Steven Wells in The Guardian writing "Americans only got glam second hand via
945-563: The posh Bowie version", covers of British glam rock classics are now piped-muzak staples at US sporting events. Glam rock was a background influence for Richard O'Brien , writer of the 1973 London musical The Rocky Horror Show . Although glam rock went into a steep decline in popularity in the UK in the second half of the 1970s, it had a direct influence on acts that rose to prominence later, including Kiss and American glam metal acts like Quiet Riot , W.A.S.P. , Twisted Sister , Bon Jovi , Mötley Crüe and Ratt . New Romantic acts in
980-458: The rock scene's first openly gay star, was also part of the glam rock scene. Glam rock hits " Walk on the Wild Side " by Lou Reed and " Rebel Rebel " by David Bowie also brought attention to non-heteronormative situations in the world of rock. When discussing "Rebel Rebel", Tim Bowers of The New York Times recalls that "glam's vocals had a fruity theatricality, supporting lyrics that presented as
1015-547: The song together, creating a "circular" rather than linear feel. A few examples of riff-driven songs are " Whole Lotta Love " and " Black Dog " by Led Zeppelin , " Day Tripper " by The Beatles , " Brown Sugar " and " (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction " by The Rolling Stones , " Smoke on the Water " by Deep Purple , " Back in Black " by AC/DC , " Smells Like Teen Spirit " by Nirvana , " Johnny B Goode " by Chuck Berry , " Back in
1050-553: The starting point for longer compositions. Count Basie's band used many riffs in the 1930's, like in "Jumping at the Woodside" and "One O Clock Jump". Charlie Parker used riffs on "Now's the Time" and "Buzzy". Oscar Pettiford's tune "Blues in the Closet" is a rifftune and so is Duke Ellington's tune "C Jam Blues". Blues guitarist John Lee Hooker used riff on " Boogie Chillen " in 1948. The riff from Charlie Parker 's bebop number "Now's
1085-405: The verbal exploration of a particular subject, thus moving the meaning away from the original jazz sense of a repeated figure that a soloist improvises over, to instead indicate the improvisation itself—improvising on a melody or progression as one would improvise on a subject by extending a singular thought, idea or inspiration into a bit , or routine . The term riff entered musical slang in
Waters Edge - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-490: Was a more extreme version of glam rock. The UK charts were inundated with glam rock acts from 1971 to 1975. The March 1971 appearance of T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan on the BBC's music show Top of the Pops —performing " Hot Love "—wearing glitter and satins, is often cited as the beginning of the movement. Other British glam rock artists included David Bowie , Mott the Hoople , Sweet , Slade , Mud , Roxy Music , Alvin Stardust and Gary Glitter . Though not central to
1155-435: Was a queer paradise of sorts. Watching Mick Ronson and Bowie frolic onstage gave hope to every queer kid in the world. John's flamboyancy was also of great comfort. Marc Bolan of T. Rex is still the subject of speculation (a friend who worked at Creem remembers him coming on to just about everyone when he came through Detroit, but this clearly isn't definitive)." Glam also rock helped to normalise androgynous fashion. Jobriath,
1190-508: Was not only a highly successful trend in UK popular music, it became dominant in other aspects of British popular culture during the 1970s. A heavier variant of glam rock, emphasising guitar riff centric songs, driving rhythms and live performance with audience participation, were represented by bands like Slade and Mott the Hoople , with later followers such as Def Leppard , Cheap Trick , Poison , Kiss , and Quiet Riot , some of which either covered Slade compositions (such as " Cum On Feel
1225-566: Was released in the US and Canada under the title VI with different cover and sleeve. VI is a generic title referring to the fact that this was Sweet's sixth album released on Capitol Records . The track listing also differed from the Polydor version: To date, the VI version of this album has never been reissued on CD. This 1980s rock album–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Glam rock Glam rock
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