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73-546: The Waterloo Cup meet was the biggest annual coursing event in the United Kingdom and was often referred to by its supporters as the blue riband event of the coursing year. A hare coursing event of identical name was held in Australia from 1868 to 1985, at which point it became a lure coursing event. Run as a knock-out tournament between sixty-four coursing greyhounds from Great Britain and Ireland , supporters described

146-440: A 1933 voyage at 28.92 knots (53.56 km/h). CGT also ordered a new superliner in 1929. The next year, Cunard started construction on an 80,000-ton liner that was to be the first of two record-breakers fast enough to fit into a two-ship weekly Southampton–New York service. Consequently, CGT altered its plans to make its new liner even bigger. However, as the 1929 shipping depression intensified, construction on Cunard's hull 534

219-541: A flying boat service, Empire Airways Caledonia reduced this to 15 hours. In the post-war period, times were reduced again by the advent of land-based airliners, such as the Lockheed Constellation . In 1952, hopes were expressed for the new de Havilland Comet jetliner, though these were dashed by the succession of crashes that halted the Comet programme. A regular jetliner service was finally introduced in 1958 with

292-602: A household name in Britain, and such was his fame that Queen Victoria commanded his appearance at Windsor Castle. Master McGrath set the standard by which all later greyhounds would be judged. The great dog's record was finally eclipsed by Colonel North's greyhound "Fullerton" who recorded four consecutive victories in the Waterloo Cup between 1889 and 1892. In later years the event has been championed by Newmarket trainer Sir Mark Prescott . The 2005 event, held on 14–16 February,

365-644: A race. Cunard refused officially to recognise the title because racing vessels was not in line with the company's safety policy. The idea of building a line of transatlantic steamships was mooted in 1832 by Junius Smith , an American lawyer turned London merchant. The idea came to him during an Atlantic crossing which took 57 days, a not unusual occurrence, and it was published in the American Rail Road Journal . After receiving no support for several years, his plan gained credibility when Scottish shipbuilder Macgregor Laird became an investor. Smith, who

438-499: A setback when its Arctic foundered with heavy loss of life. The next year, Cunard put further pressure on Collins by commissioning its first iron-hulled paddler, the Persia , which set a new record with a 9-day, 16-hour Liverpool–New York voyage at 13.11 knots (24.28 km/h). During the Crimean War , Cunard supplied eleven of its ships for war service and suspended all routes except

511-467: A single crossing and return voyage within a specified time. Meanwhile, Incat , builders of fast catamaran ferries, and therefore indisputably commercial vessels, decided to make an attempt to win the Hales Trophy, the record still held by United States . This was achieved in 1990 by Hoverspeed Great Britain , with a non-stop crossing of 79 hours 54 minutes, averaging 36.6 knots, and Incat were awarded

584-575: A steamship to run between Bristol and New York. The necessary investors were recruited by Brunel's friend, Thomas Guppy, a Bristol engineer and businessman. The next year, the Great Western Steamship Company was established, even though the rail line was still years from completion. By spring 1838, Brunel's Great Western was ready for sea, but Smith's first ship was still without engines. When Great Western scheduled its initial sailing, Laird suggested that British and American charter

657-455: A third unit, the Oregon , which raised the record to 18.56 knots (34.37 km/h) in 1884. These ships were uncomfortable and their excessive coal consumption made them uneconomic. However, for a while they were popular with American clients because of their American ownership. After being out of the contest for a decade, Cunard finally started to rebuild. In 1884, Cunard purchased Oregon from

730-655: A voyage at 20.7 knots (38.3 km/h) in 1892. White Star, which had not built an express liner since the Germanic of 1875, commissioned the record-breaker, Teutonic of 1889 and Majestic of 1890 after receiving a subsidy from the Admiralty to make the pair available as merchant cruisers in the event of hostilities. Cunard countered with two even faster ships, the Campania and the Lucania of 1893. The next year, Lucania recorded

803-493: A voyage at 21.81 knots (40.39 km/h). Inman became the American Line and ordered two additional express liners from American yards, but no attempt was made to best the new Cunarders. In 1894, Guion ceased sailing as its ships were now hopelessly outdated. No sooner had Cunard reestablished its supremacy than new rivals emerged. Beginning in the late 1860s, several German firms commissioned liners that were almost as fast as

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876-462: Is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest average speed . The term was borrowed from horse racing and was not widely used until after 1910. The record is based on average speed rather than passage time because ships follow different routes. Also, eastbound and westbound speed records are reckoned separately, as

949-571: Is often considered the Father of the Atlantic Liner , formed the British and American Steam Navigation Company to operate a London-New York service. About the same time, the question of Atlantic steamships was discussed at an 1835 director's meeting of the newly formed Great Western Railway when the line's chief engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel supposedly joked that the line could be made longer by building

1022-488: Is often considered the first record holder even though she would have held the record for only one day, until Great Western' s arrival from her even faster crossing. However the notion of a "Blue Riband" would not be used for several decades. Great Western herself became the prototype for all successful wooden paddlers and made a record-breaking voyage at 10.03 knots (18.58 km/h) as late as 1843. The Cunard Line started its Liverpool-Halifax-Boston service in 1840 with

1095-605: Is often stated to have been the first passenger cruise. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an illustrated account of it as " Bakschisch ". In 1897, its steamer Arcadia was wrecked on the rocks off Newfoundland. In 1900, 1901 and 1903 its liner Deutschland won the Blue Riband taking the prize from the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse . In 1906 Prinzessin Victoria Luise ran aground off the coast of Jamaica . No people died by

1168-713: The Aquitania . There is a persistent rumor that RMS  Titanic was attempting to win the Blue Riband and that such effort resulted in excessive speed and collision with the iceberg. This is likely false, as the Titanic was built for luxury, not speed. As a result of the war, Hamburg American and Norddeutscher Lloyd lost their premier units. In 1926, the U.S. Government awarded Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) $ 27 million in compensation for its confiscated liners. By this time, improvements in turbine technology and hull form, along with

1241-544: The Boeing 707 and the DC 8 , cutting the crossing to 7 hours. The final step in the quest for trans-Atlantic speed was the Concorde , which set a record in 1996 of a second under two hours 53 minutes, at an average speed of 1250 mph (Mach 1.9), but by this time airlines were aware that cost and comfort were more important to passengers than speed, and the emphasis shifted to aircraft like

1314-675: The Boeing 747 , with a sleeper capacity for business passengers. Concorde's crossing was not the fastest ever flight across the Atlantic. That record is still held by a Lockheed SR-71A which crossed the Atlantic in 1 hour 54 minutes in 1974, although it was not carrying commercial passengers. At sea, United States' record stood until 1986, when it was challenged by British entrepreneur Richard Branson and his high-speed motor vessel, Virgin Atlantic Challenger . Despite having to stop to refuel on several occasions, Branson shaved two hours off

1387-529: The Guion Line , a firm primarily engaged in the steerage trade. The first ship Pearce built for Guion, the Arizona was described as a "souped-up transatlantic hot rod" by one nautical historian. While she only won the eastbound record, two years later, Guion took delivery of the even faster Alaska that set the record at 16.07 knots (29.76 km/h). To continue the program, Pearce offered Guion favourable terms on

1460-653: The Italian Line , Compagnie Générale Transatlantique and finally the United States Lines . The record set by United States in 1952 remains unbroken by any passenger liner. The next-longest period through which the Blue Riband was retained was 19 years, held from 1909 to 1929 by Mauretania . The shortest period was six weeks, by Bremen from July to August 1933. Many of these ships were built with substantial government subsidies and were designed with military considerations in mind. Winston Churchill estimated that

1533-799: The Norwegian Campaign ), the HAPAG freighter Seattle sailed into the crossfire between the warships and Norwegian coastal artillery. She was holed and sunk, and her crew briefly became prisoners of war. According to a 1940 US intelligence report compiled by the US War Department, Louis Classing, general manager of the Hamburg-America in Havana was identified as a "well-known nazi agent" who "imported moving pictures for propaganda purposes to be shown at local theaters". The Hamburg America Line lost almost

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1606-621: The Vaterland were briefly in service before the First World War. In 1914, the Vaterland was caught in port at Hoboken, New Jersey at the outbreak of World War I and interned by the United States. She was seized, renamed Leviathan after the declaration of war on Germany in 1917, and served for the duration and beyond as a troopship. In 1917, its liner Allemannia was "torpedoed by German submarine near Alicante"; two people were lost. After

1679-625: The American Line and others. IMM also had trade agreements with Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd. After its bad experience with the Deutschland , Hamburg America also dropped out of the race and commissioned large luxury liners based on the Celtic . However, NDL completed building a fleet of four additional express liners modelled on Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse . After 1902, only the Cunard Line and

1752-449: The Blue Riband (for example, the Hales Trophy was originally only awarded for westbound records ) and changed several times thereafter. It was awarded to just three Blue Riband holders during the express liner era. The trophy continues to be awarded, though many people believe United States remains as the holder of the Blue Riband, because no subsequent record-breaker was in Atlantic passenger service. The first well-documented crossing of

1825-484: The Blue Riband at 29.98 knots (55.52 km/h). Queen Mary was commissioned the next year, and after a few break-in voyages, took the Blue Riband to 30.14 knots (55.82 km/h). The two liners were operated as a pair and traded the Blue Riband again, with the Cunard White Star Liner ultimately posting 30.99 knots (57.39 km/h) in 1938. Queen Mary's consort, Queen Elizabeth , was commissioned after war

1898-418: The Blue Riband in that the trophy was to be awarded only to surface passenger ships achieving the fastest speed in the westbound direction. Other rule changes further complicated the situation, and eventually the trophy was awarded to just three Blue Riband holders; Rex , in 1935, Normandie in 1936, and United States in 1952. Of the ships of state, only Queen Mary , Queen Elizabeth and Europa survived

1971-544: The Blue Riband to 27.92 knots (51.71 km/h) in 1933. In 1928, as Britain's response to the German Bremen and Europa , the White Star Line ordered a new Diesel-electric 1000-ft long ocean liner to be named Oceanic capable of 200,000 SHP. Construction started on 28 June 1928. However, White Star did not have the funds to complete the liner, and Oceanic' s construction was put on hold until 1931 when her keel

2044-577: The British mail steamers working from Liverpool. In 1889, the Hamburg-America Line commissioned four double screw steamers capable of 18.00 knots (33.34 km/h). Its rival, Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) lagged behind until 1895 when it ordered two ships intended to take the record. In 1898, the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse raised the record to 22.29 knots (41.28 km/h), while the other liner, Kaiser Friedrich failed to achieve her contract speed and

2117-599: The French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT) were independent of the IMM combine. British prestige was at stake, and the Government provided Cunard with an annual subsidy of £150,000 plus a low-interest loan of £2.5 million to pay for the construction of the two superliners , Lusitania and Mauretania , under the condition that they be available for conversion to armed cruisers when needed by

2190-575: The Guion line when that firm defaulted on payments to the shipyard. Later that year, Cunard commissioned the first steel-hulled record-breakers, Umbria and Etruria . Etruria , the faster of the pair, raised the record to 19.56 knots (36.23 km/h) on a 6-day, 2-hour run from Queenstown to Sandy Hook in 1888. However, Etruria and her sister represented the limit of single screw technology. The Inman line fell on hard times after their intended record-breaker, City of Rome failed to meet expectations and

2263-576: The Irish Sea steamer Sirius from the St. George Steam Packet Company for two voyages to beat Great Western. While the Sirius left Cork , Ireland four days before Great Western departed Avonmouth , Great Western still came within a day of overtaking Sirius to New York. To complete the voyage, Sirius was forced to burn spars when coal ran low. With her westbound crossing at 8.03 knots (14.87 km/h ), Sirius

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2336-581: The Liverpool–Halifax–Boston service. While the Collins' fortunes improved because of the lack of competition during the war, Collins collapsed in 1858 after the loss of two additional steamers. Cunard emerged as the leading carrier of first-class passengers and in 1862 commissioned the Scotia , the last paddle steamer to set a record with a Queenstown-New York voyage at 14.46 knots (26.78 km/h). Scotia

2409-817: The National Line's America of 1884 that was not confirmed by later researchers. Hamburg America Line The Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft ( HAPAG ), known in English as the Hamburg America Line , was a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg , in 1847. Among those involved in its development were prominent citizens such as Albert Ballin (director general), Adolph Godeffroy, Ferdinand Laeisz, Carl Woermann, August Bolten, and others, and its main financial backers were Berenberg Bank and H. J. Merck & Co. It soon developed into

2482-456: The North Atlantic, though not the earliest , was that of John Cabot 's ship Matthew in the summer of 1497. Matthew crossed from Bristol to Newfoundland in 35 days, returning the following month in just 17 days. Over the next three centuries, countless vessels (merchant ships and warships, fast and slow, in peace and war) crossed back and forth over the North Atlantic, all subject to

2555-485: The Waterloo Cup was a bitch named Milanie, owned by Lord Molyneux , the eldest son of the Earl of Sefton, on whose land the contest was run on the plains of Altcar. In addition to stakes of £16, Lord Molyneux won a trophy in the form of a silver snuff box. The first supreme champion in the sport of coursing was Lord Lurgan 's greyhound Master McGrath , who won the Waterloo Cup three times, in 1868, 1869, and 1871. The dog became

2628-587: The company established lines to all continents. The company built a large ocean liner terminal at Cuxhaven , Germany, in 1900. Connected directly to Hamburg by a dedicated railway line and station, the HAPAG Terminal at Cuxhaven served as the major departure point for German and European immigrants to North America until 1969 when ocean liner travel ceased. Today it serves as a museum and cruise ship terminal. The Atlas Service sailed from New York to Jamaica , Haiti , Colombia , Central America . The service

2701-508: The constant vibration. Rather than match the new German speedsters, White Star decided to drop out of the competition and commission the four large Celtic -class luxury liners of more moderate speed. White Star realised that passengers preferred comfort even if this means spending an extra day at sea. In 1902, White Star joined the well capitalised American combine, the International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM) that owned

2774-462: The controlling partner of the John Elder shipyard , became convinced that a crack steamer that carried only passengers and light freight could be profitable because she would attract more passengers and spend less time in port. He proposed a ship that crammed the most powerful machinery possible into the hull, sacrificing everything to speed. When Cunard rejected his proposal, Pearce offered his idea to

2847-428: The entirety of its fleet twice, as a result of World Wars I and II . In 1970, the company merged with its longstanding rival, Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen , to establish the present-day company Hapag-Lloyd . In the post-war years, HAPAG rebuilt its fleet and focused on cargo container transport. In 1970, the container shipping companies HAPAG and North German Lloyd (NGL) merged into Hapag-Lloyd AG to form one of

2920-551: The equal of Scotia . The Admiralty allowed Cunard to order its first screw express liner, the Russia . In 1871 both companies faced a new rival when the White Star Line commissioned Oceanic and her five sisters. The following year, White Star's Adriatic finally surpassed Scotia with a voyage at 14.65 knots (27.13 km/h). The new White Star record-breakers were especially economical because of their use of compound engines, but their high ratio of length to beam (10:1 compared to

2993-484: The first record-holder, although her crossing was not as fast as some sail packet ships of the period. Early writers including Arthur Maginnus (1892), Henry Frey (1896), Charles Lee (1931) and C. R. Benstead (1936) were the standard sources until the 1950s. Since then, C. R. Vernon Gibbs (1952), and Noel Bonsor (1975) added to the body of knowledge, with additional detail about the German ships provided by Arnold Kludas. Over

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3066-453: The first steamships to cross the Atlantic ( Savannah had crossed in 1819, and Royal William in 1831) nor the fastest to make the crossing (the packet sailing ship Columbia crossed west to east in 15 days 23 hours in 1830, and crossings by sail packets of 16 and 17 days were not unheard of) the Sirius and Great Western were the first steamships offering a regular, scheduled trans-Atlantic service; and crucially, they were involved in

3139-587: The four ships that were slightly reduced versions of Great Western with about the same speed. Ultimately Cunard built nine additional wood paddlers. By 1846, Cunard was the only original steamship line that survived, largely because of its subsidy from the British Admiralty to carry the mails and its emphasis on safety. Until 1850, the record passed between various Cunarders, finally reaching 12.25 knots (22.69 km/h) for an 8-day Liverpool-Halifax crossing by Asia . Record voyages during this period were often

3212-546: The goal of the fastest Atlantic crossings remains a physical and technological challenge, and at least three awards for the feat remain in play. The following is the latest consensus list of the research to date. Because there was no sanctioning body for the Blue Riband, researchers are limited to surviving shipping company archives and press reports to develop the list of Blue Riband winners. These lists are retrospective and limited to steamships only. Therefore, most lists feature Sirius , in her race with Great Western in 1838, as

3285-461: The grounding; however, the ship's captain committed suicide after getting all the passengers safely off the ship. In 1912, its liner SS Amerika was the first ship to warn Titanic of icebergs. HAPAG's general director, Albert Ballin , believed that safety, size, comfort and luxury would always win out over speed. Thus he conceived the three largest liners yet to be built, named Imperator , Vaterland and Bismarck . The Imperator and

3358-592: The historic society as belonging to either the Vaterland or Imperator . It was acquired in 1921, likely during refurbishments, and now lines a portion of the Boulevard. In 1939, the HAPAG liner St. Louis was unable to find a port in Cuba , the United States, or Canada willing to accept the more than 950 Jewish refugees on board and had to return to Europe. On 9 April 1940, when German warships attacked Kristiansand , Norway, during Operation Weserübung (the opening assault of

3431-660: The largest German, and at times the world's largest, shipping company, serving the market created by German immigration to the United States and later, immigration from Eastern Europe. On 1 September 1970, after 123 years of independent existence, HAPAG merged with the Bremen-based North German Lloyd to form Hapag-Lloyd AG . In the early years, the Hamburg America Line exclusively connected European ports with North American ports, such as Hoboken, New Jersey , or New Orleans, Louisiana . With time, however,

3504-524: The meet as the ultimate test of a greyhound , but opponents of hare coursing, such as the League Against Cruel Sports , saw it as a celebration of cruelty. The Hunting Act 2004 , which came into force just after the 2005 cup, made hare coursing events unlawful in England and Wales , and the Waterloo Cup has not taken place since. The Waterloo Cup was the premier event in the coursing calendar and

3577-616: The more difficult westbound record voyage, against the Gulf Stream and the prevailing weather systems, typically results in lower average speeds. Of the 35 Atlantic liners to hold the Blue Riband, 25 were British, followed by five German, three American, as well as one each from Italy and France. Thirteen were Cunarders (plus Queen Mary of Cunard White Star), five by White Star , with four owned by Norddeutscher Lloyd , two by Collins , two by Inman and two by Guion , and one each by British American , Great Western , Hamburg-America ,

3650-624: The navy. Starting in 1907, both ships won the Blue Riband and Mauretania's 1909 record of 26.06 knots (48.26 km/h) stood for 20 years. However, these ships paid a price for speed and lacked many of the amenities found in the new White Star and Hamburg American luxury liners. Both Cunard rivals ordered a trio of even bigger luxury liners, the White Star Olympic -class capable of 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h) and HAPAG's Imperator class capable of 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h). Even Cunard chose this approach when it ordered its third superliner,

3723-439: The possibility of regular, scheduled Atlantic crossings, in periods of two to three weeks, that opened a new era of transatlantic travel and competition. The term "Blue Riband of the Atlantic" did not come into use until the 1890s, and the history of the trans-Atlantic competition, which was compiled retrospectively, was regarded as starting with the crossings by the steamships Sirius and Great Western in 1838. Although not

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3796-436: The previous norm of 8:1) increased vibration. To counter this, White Star placed the dining saloon midships and made their ships more luxurious. Inman rebuilt its express fleet to the new standard, but Cunard lagged behind both of its rivals. In 1875, Inman's new City of Berlin averaged 15.21 knots (28.17 km/h) on its record-breaking voyage. During the five-year shipping depression that began in 1873, William Pearce,

3869-588: The record, crossing in 62 hours at an average speed of 47.4 knots. In 1992, the Virgin Atlantic Challenge was won by the Aga Khan 's Destriero , crossing in 58 hours 34 minutes and averaging 53.09 knots. She also made a record-breaking return journey, winning the Columbus Atlantic Trophy , posted by the yacht club in response to the Virgin Atlantic Challenge for the fastest two-way voyage, i.e.

3942-545: The record, increasing the average speed to 36.4 knots. However, as Virgin Atlantic Challenger was not a passenger vessel, the New York Maritime Museum refused to part with the Hales Trophy, so Branson inaugurated the Virgin Atlantic Challenge Trophy , for the fastest unqualified Atlantic crossing, open to all challengers. Three years later, this was won by Tom Gentry, whose Gentry Eagle slashed

4015-588: The result of using sails to gain extra speed from a following gale. Cunard's first serious competition for the record came from the American-owned Collins Line . The American Government supplied Collins with a substantial subsidy to operate four wooden paddlers that were superior to Cunard's best. In its first year, 1850, the Pacific set the record at 12.46 knots (23.08 km/h) on a 10-day run from Liverpool to New York. Unfortunately, Collins suffered

4088-419: The transatlantic airlines put jet transports into service and the days of the record breakers were numbered. Liberté retired in 1961, along with Queen Mary in 1967, and United States in 1969. With the success of United States in 1952 and Cunard's decision not to challenge the new record, the Blue Riband contest again subsided. There was growing recognition that the era of fast crossings by express liners

4161-539: The trophy by the Hales Trophy Committee. Eight years later, this record was broken by another Incat vessel, Catalonia , and again the following month by Cat-Link V with 68 hours and 9 minutes (41.28 knots). With the end of the express liners era, the Blue Riband has become an item of largely historical interest, with some authors regarding the United States as the last holder of the accolade. Meanwhile,

4234-595: The two Cunard Queens helped shorten the Second World War by a year. The last Atlantic liner to hold the Blue Riband, the SS United States , was designed for her potential use as a troopship as well as her service as a commercial passenger liner. There was no formal award until 1935, when Harold K. Hales donated the Hales Trophy ; though the rules for the Hales Trophy were different from the traditional rules for

4307-638: The use of fuel oil instead of coal, made it possible to build more civilised record breakers. Using these funds, NDL ordered two ships designed to cross the Atlantic in five days, the Bremen and Europa . However, the American government netted the award against debts owed by the German Government and Berlin was forced to directly subsidise NDL to continue the project. Bremen recorded 27.83 knots (51.54 km/h) on her 1929 Blue Riband voyage and Europa increased

4380-411: The vagaries of wind and weather. They arrived at port when they could, dependent on the wind, and left when they were loaded, frequently visiting other ports to complete their routes. During this period eastbound passages of 30 and 45 days were not uncommon, while westward passages of 65 to 90 days excited no attention. It was the advent of the steamship, with its independence from wind power, which offered

4453-573: The war, the Vaterland / Leviathan was retained by the Americans as war reparations . In 1919 Vaterland ' s sister ships – Imperator and the unfinished Bismarck – were handed over to the allies as war reparations to Britain. They were sold to the Cunard Line and White Star Line respectively, and renamed Berengaria and Majestic . A ship chain in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey is identified by

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4526-490: The war. Europa became CGT's Liberté and no attempt was made to retain her former speed when she was reconstructed. However, the United States government was impressed by the large numbers of troops carried by the Queens during the war and ordered a superliner that was as much a troop carrier as an express liner. On her maiden voyage in 1952, the United States upped the Blue Riband to 35.59 knots (65.91 km/h) eastbound and 34.51 knots (63.91 km/h) westbound. In 1958,

4599-457: The years, the lists have not agreed. For example, Gibbs credits Inman's City of Paris with an 1866 Blue Riband voyage, and Cunard's Russia with an eastbound record the following year because he considered as dubious Scotia's Blue Riband claim of 14.46 knots (26.78 km/h), supposedly based on a very long track. Later writers have included the Scotia claim. Gibbs also includes the claimed Blue Riband voyage at 17.6 knots (32.6 km/h) of

4672-427: Was becoming a thing of the past and that the contest for fast transatlantic travel was shifting to the air. In the 1930s, air travel was already competing with the express liners for fast Atlantic crossings. In 1936, the German company DELAG commenced an airship service to New York, their Hindenburg crossing from Europe to America in times ranging from 53 to 78 hours, and the following year, while experimenting with

4745-401: Was declared and was never allowed to attempt the record. In 1935, Harold K. Hales (1868–1942), a member of the UK Parliament and owner of a shipping company, commissioned a large trophy to be presented to the fastest ship crossing the Atlantic, in order to formalize the rules surrounding the trans-Atlantic competition. The rules for the trophy did not correspond to the traditional rules for

4818-493: Was described as a way to "escape the rigors of Northern winters" through taking a Caribbean cruise and was promoted to tourists. The ships Altai , Sarnia , Sibiria , Alleghany , Alene , Adirondack , Valdivia , and Graecia provided this service in 1906. In 1858, its liner Austria sank, killing 449 people. In 1891, the cruise of the Augusta Victoria in the Mediterranean and the Near East from 22 January to 22 March, with 241 passengers including Albert Ballin and wife,

4891-468: Was eventually won by a dog called Shashi, bred by Ernest Smith, and owned by him with Albert Shackcloth and Michael Darnell. Trained at Malton, North Yorkshire , by Jonathan Teal, the winner beat Hardy Admiral, owned by Diana Williams, in the final. The event was memorably filmed by Paul Yule for the documentary The Last Waterloo Cup , subsequently shown on the BBC. Blue Riband#Other meanings The Blue Riband ( / ˈ r ɪ b ə n d / )

4964-487: Was halted while work on the heavily subsidised French ship continued. By 1934, both Cunard and White Star lines were failing and the British Government was concerned about potential job losses. Therefore, the government agreed to give Cunard a loan of £3 million to complete hull 534 as the Queen Mary and an additional £5 million to build a second ship, the Queen Elizabeth only if Cunard merged with White Star. CGT's Normandie entered service in 1935 and won

5037-427: Was known as the 'blue ribbon of the leash'. It was inaugurated in 1836 by Mr William Lynn, proprietor of the Waterloo Hotel in Liverpool's Ranelagh Street. Encouraged by the extra trade generated by the Waterloo Cup, the Liverpool entrepreneur turned his attention to the Turf the following year and organised the first running of the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, known as the Grand National since 1839. The first winner of

5110-423: Was returned to her builders in 1882. Inman directors agreed to voluntary liquidation so that the largest creditor, the Philadelphia-based International Navigation Company could purchase Inman's assets. The new owners provided the capital to build two outstanding record breakers, the twin-screw City of New York and the City of Paris . Starting in 1889, the later ship set the record on four occasions, including

5183-404: Was returned to her builders. Hamburg America ordered the even more powerful Deutschland that reached 23.06 knots (42.71 km/h) on one of her record-breaking 1900 voyages. However, Hamburg America quickly learned that these high powered double screw liners had vibration problems. Deutschland had the unpleasant nickname, "cocktail shaker" and actually lost part of her stern in 1902 because of

5256-510: Was silently scrapped. Her ahead-of-their-time engines might have been powerful enough to enable her to win the Blue Riband. In 1929, two lines from Italy each ordered a ship based on the German pair. Just as these ships were being completed, the Italian government nationalised the shipping industry, creating the Italian Line . While both superliners were successful, only the Rex won the Blue Riband, with

5329-579: Was the final significant paddler ordered for the Atlantic because under the terms of Cunard's mail contract with the Admiralty, it was still required to supply paddle steamers when needed for military service. In 1845, Brunel's Great Britain became the first iron-hulled screw liner on the Atlantic. Starting in 1850, the Inman Line built numerous reduced versions for the steerage trade. In 1866, Inman started to commission single screw express liners that were

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