Washington Works , officially named Chemours Washington Works and previously DuPont Washington Works is a plastics factory in West Virginia , United States.
80-417: The factory was opened by DuPont chemical company in 1948 and ownership transferred to Chemours in 2015 as DuPont restructured. The factory produces chemicals used in semiconductors and in the manufacture of kitchen utensil non-stick product Teflon . Three thousand and five hundred residents are engaged in litigation against the factory following the contamination of soil and groundwater. Washington Works
160-461: A cave at Twin Rivers, near Lusaka , Zambia . Ochre , iron oxide, was the first color of paint. A favored blue pigment was derived from lapis lazuli . Pigments based on minerals and clays often bear the name of the city or region where they were originally mined. Raw sienna and burnt sienna came from Siena , Italy , while raw umber and burnt umber came from Umbria . These pigments were among
240-518: A mercury sulfide , was originally made by grinding a powder of natural cinnabar . From the 17th century on, it was also synthesized from the elements. It was favored by old masters such as Titian . Indian yellow was once produced by collecting the urine of cattle that had been fed only mango leaves. Dutch and Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its luminescent qualities, and often used it to represent sunlight . Since mango leaves are nutritionally inadequate for cattle,
320-487: A bidding war with the giant distillery Seagram Company Ltd. Seagram became DuPont's largest single shareholder, with four seats on the board of directors. On April 6, 1995, after being approached by Seagram Chief Executive Officer Edgar Bronfman Jr. , DuPont announced a deal in which the company would buy back all the shares owned by Seagram. In 1999, DuPont spun off Conoco and sold all of its shares. Conoco later merged with Phillips Petroleum Company . DuPont acquired
400-564: A black pigment since prehistoric times. The first known synthetic pigment was Egyptian blue , which is first attested on an alabaster bowl in Egypt dated to Naqada III ( circa 3250 BC). Egyptian blue (blue frit), calcium copper silicate CaCuSi 4 O 10 , made by heating a mixture of quartz sand, lime , a flux and a copper source, such as malachite . Already invented in the Predynastic Period of Egypt , its use became widespread by
480-410: A computer display. The appearance of a pigment may depend on the brand and even the batch. Furthermore, pigments have inherently complex reflectance spectra that will render their color appearance greatly different depending on the spectrum of the source illumination , a property called metamerism . Averaged measurements of pigment samples will only yield approximations of their true appearance under
560-541: A diverse range of technologies for many markets including agriculture, genetic traits, biofuels , automotive, construction, electronics, chemicals, and industrial materials. In 2002, the company sold the Clysar business to Bemis Company for $ 143 million. In 2004, the company sold its textiles business, which included some of its best-known brands such as Lycra ( Spandex ), Dacron polyester, Orlon acrylic, Antron nylon and Thermolite, to Koch Industries . In May 2007
640-537: A diversified industrial firm. CFO Lori Koch was named CEO effective 1 June 2024, as current CEO Ed Breen transitioned to executive chairman. The split is expected to be completed in 18 to 24 months. The company's corporate headquarters and experimental station were located in Wilmington, Delaware . The company's manufacturing, processing, marketing, and research and development facilities, as well as regional purchasing offices and distribution centers were located throughout
720-463: A major supplier of gunpowder. DuPont developed many polymers such as Vespel , neoprene , nylon , Corian , Teflon , Mylar , Kapton , Kevlar , Zemdrain, M5 fiber , Nomex , Tyvek , Sorona , Corfam and Lycra in the 20th century, and its scientists developed many chemicals, most notably Freon ( chlorofluorocarbons ), for the refrigerant industry. It also developed synthetic pigments and paints including ChromaFlair . In 2015, DuPont and
800-422: A new identity that is "fundamentally different" from DowDuPont. The company published a list of sustainability commitments to be achieved by 2030. In February 2020, DuPont announced that it is bringing back Edward D. Breen as its CEO after removing former Chief Executive Marc Doyle and CFO Jeanmarie Desmond less than a year after they assumed their roles. Lori D. Koch, previously head of investor relations, assumed
880-521: A permit to investigate soil and ground water contamination. The investigation found the four of the five waste management units on site had contaminated soil and/or groundwater. The EPA report on the contamination described the contaminants as primarily " methylene chloride , and trace levels of tetrachloroethene , and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane" with lesser quantities of contamination from perfluorooctanoic acid (C8). In 2005, residents of Parkersburg began finding level of C8 in their bloodstream at
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#1732852557154960-409: A slightly more greenish or reddish blue. The following are some of the attributes of pigments that determine their suitability for particular manufacturing processes and applications: Swatches are used to communicate colors accurately. The types of swatches are dictated by the media, i.e., printing, computers, plastics, and textiles. Generally, the medium that offers the broadest gamut of color shades
1040-403: A specific source of illumination. Computer display systems use a technique called chromatic adaptation transforms to emulate the correlated color temperature of illumination sources, and cannot perfectly reproduce the intricate spectral combinations originally seen. In many cases, the perceived color of a pigment falls outside of the gamut of computer displays and a method called gamut mapping
1120-433: A synthetic form of lapis lazuli . Ultramarine was manufactured by treating aluminium silicate with sulfur . Various forms of cobalt blue and Cerulean blue were also introduced. In the early 20th century, Phthalo Blue , a synthetic metallo-organic pigment was prepared. At the same time, Royal Blue , another name once given to tints produced from lapis lazuli, has evolved to signify a much lighter and brighter color, and
1200-510: A trademark. Colour Index International resolves all these conflicting historic, generic, and proprietary names so that manufacturers and consumers can identify the pigment (or dye) used in a particular color product. In the CII, all phthalocyanine blue pigments are designated by a generic color index number as either PB15 or PB16, short for pigment blue 15 and pigment blue 16; these two numbers reflect slight variations in molecular structure, which produce
1280-470: A volume that exceeded Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Residents launched 3,500 compensation claims, blaming the factory for contaminating water, air, and soil. A DuPont-commissioned survey undertaken by ChemRisk stated that DuPont released over 1.7 million pounds of C8, 632,468 pounds of that into the Ohio River system. 394,486 pounds was reported to be buried in unlined landfills and 686,233 pounds
1360-621: Is a powder used to add color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly insoluble and chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic . Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre , charcoal , and lapis lazuli . In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic , organic , and special pigments were marketed worldwide. According to an April 2018 report by Bloomberg Businessweek ,
1440-437: Is a more stable oil with greater flexibility in food and industrial applications." Plenish is genetically engineered to "block the formation of enzymes that continue the cascade downstream from oleic acid (that produces saturated fats), resulting in an accumulation of the desirable monounsaturated acid." In October 2001, the company sold its pharmaceutical business to Bristol Myers Squibb for $ 7.798 billion. In 2011, DuPont
1520-504: Is a plastics factory that occupies a 1,200 acre site. It is located on DuPont Road, Washington , six miles from Parkersburg, West Virginia , on the Ohio River . The factory manufactures fluoropolymers that are used in semiconductors and perfluorooctanoic acid (commonly known as C8) used to make cookware non-stick coating Teflon . In total, the factory manufactures over 150,000 tons of materials per annum. The factory opened in 1948 and
1600-407: Is difficult to replicate on a computer display . Approximations are required. The Munsell Color System provides an objective measure of color in three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in general fail to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of a computer display deviates from
1680-644: Is used in armor, belts, hoses, composite structures, cable sheathing, gaskets, brake pads, clutch linings, friction pads, slot insulation , phase barrier insulation, and interturn insulation. Following the DuPont and Dow merger and subsequent spinoff, this product line remained with DuPont. On the company's 200th anniversary in 2002, it was presented with the Honor Award by the National Building Museum in recognition of DuPont's "products that directly influence
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#17328525571541760-536: Is used to approximate the true appearance. Gamut mapping trades off any one of lightness , hue , or saturation accuracy to render the color on screen, depending on the priority chosen in the conversion's ICC rendering intent . In biology , a pigment is any colored material of plant or animal cells. Many biological structures, such as skin , eyes , fur , and hair contain pigments (such as melanin ). Animal skin coloration often comes about through specialized cells called chromatophores , which animals such as
1840-433: Is usually mixed from Phthalo Blue and titanium dioxide , or from inexpensive synthetic blue dyes. The discovery in 1856 of mauveine , the first aniline dyes , was a forerunner for the development of hundreds of synthetic dyes and pigments like azo and diazo compounds. These dyes ushered in the flourishing of organic chemistry, including systematic designs of colorants. The development of organic chemistry diminished
1920-417: Is widely used across diverse media. Reference standards are provided by printed swatches of color shades. PANTONE , RAL , Munsell , etc. are widely used standards of color communication across diverse media like printing, plastics, and textiles . Companies manufacturing color masterbatches and pigments for plastics offer plastic swatches in injection molded color chips. These color chips are supplied to
2000-592: The 4th Dynasty . It was the blue pigment par excellence of Roman antiquity ; its art technological traces vanished in the course of the Middle Ages until its rediscovery in the context of the Egyptian campaign and the excavations in Pompeii and Herculaneum . Later premodern synthetic pigments include white lead (basic lead carbonate, (PbCO 3 ) 2 Pb(OH) 2 ), vermilion , verdigris , and lead-tin yellow . Vermilion,
2080-518: The Clayton Antitrust Act forced DuPont to divest its shares of General Motors. In the 1920s, DuPont continued its emphasis on materials science , hiring Wallace Carothers to work on polymers in 1928. Carothers invented neoprene , a synthetic rubber ; the first polyester super polymer ; and, in 1935, nylon . The invention of Teflon followed a few years later and has since been proven responsible for health problems in those exposed to
2160-683: The Colour Index International (CII) as a standard for identifying the pigments that they use in manufacturing particular colors. First published in 1925—and now published jointly on the web by the Society of Dyers and Colourists ( United Kingdom ) and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (US)—this index is recognized internationally as the authoritative reference on colorants. It encompasses more than 27,000 products under more than 13,000 generic color index names. In
2240-532: The Dow Chemical Company agreed to a reorganization plan in which the two companies would merge and split into three. As a merged entity, DuPont simultaneously acquired Dow and renamed itself to DowDuPont on August 31, 2017, and after 18 months spun off the merged entity's material science divisions into a new corporate entity bearing Dow Chemical's name and agribusiness divisions into the newly created Corteva ; DowDuPont reverted its name to DuPont and kept
2320-665: The Hanford plutonium producing plant in Hanford, Washington . In 1950 DuPont also agreed to build the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina as part of the effort to create a hydrogen bomb . DuPont was one of an estimated 150 American companies that provided Nazi Germany with patents, technology and material resources that proved crucial to the German war effort . DuPont maintained business connections with various corporations in
2400-620: The Munsell color system became the foundation for a series of color models, providing objective methods for the measurement of color. The Munsell system describes a color in three dimensions, hue , value (lightness), and chroma (color purity), where chroma is the difference from gray at a given hue and value. By the middle 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international movement to create such standards in industry. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) develops technical standards for
2480-840: The Niagara River at Tonawanda, New York , the Sabine River Works Plant in Orange, Texas , and the Parlin Site in Sayreville, New Jersey . The facilities in Vadodara , Gujarat and Hyderabad , Telangana in India constituted the DuPont Services Center and DuPont Knowledge Center respectively. The European Commission opened a probe to assess whether the proposed merger was in line with
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2560-975: The Pioneer Hi-Bred agricultural seed company in 1999. DuPont ranked 86th in the Fortune 500 on the strength of nearly $ 36 billion in revenues, $ 4.848 billion in profits in 2013. In April 2014, Forbes ranked DuPont 171st on its Global 2000, the listing of the world's top public companies. During this time, DuPont businesses were organized into the following five categories, known as marketing "platforms": Electronic and Communication Technologies, Performance Materials, Coatings and Color Technologies, Safety and Protection, and Agriculture and Nutrition. The agriculture division, DuPont Pioneer , made and sold hybrid seed and genetically modified seed , some of which produces genetically modified food . Genes engineered into their products included LibertyLink , which provides resistance to Bayer's Ignite Herbicide /Liberty herbicides;
2640-612: The octopus and chameleon can control to vary the animal's color. Many conditions affect the levels or nature of pigments in plant, animal, some protista , or fungus cells. For instance, the disorder called albinism affects the level of melanin production in animals. Pigmentation in organisms serves many biological purposes, including camouflage , mimicry , aposematism (warning), sexual selection and other forms of signalling , photosynthesis (in plants), and basic physical purposes such as protection from sunburn . Pigment color differs from structural color in that pigment color
2720-800: The $ 2.1 million DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve, a wildlife observatory and interpretive center on the Delaware Bay near Milford, Delaware was opened to enhance the beauty and integrity of the Delaware Estuary. The facility is state-owned and operated by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). In 2010, DuPont Pioneer received approval to market Plenish soybeans, which contain "the highest oleic acid content of any commercial soybean product, at more than 75 percent. Plenish has no trans fat, 20 percent less saturated fat than regular soybean oil, and
2800-506: The 1960s, DuPont began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. This research would ultimately lead to the bullet-resistant vests that are used by police and military units. In 1962, DuPont applied for a patent on the explosion welding process, which was granted on June 23, 1964, under US Patent 3,137,937[123] and resulted in the use of the Detaclad trademark to describe the process. On July 22, 1996, Dynamic Materials Corporation completed
2880-586: The CFO position. In November 2021, DuPont announced that it intended to acquire Rogers Corporation in a deal valued at $ 5.2 billion. While the deal had been approved by many other regulatory agencies, due to Chinese regulators prolonging the review, DuPont decided on November 1, 2022, to walk away from the deal. DuPont paid Rogers a termination fee of US$ 162.5 million. In May 2024, DuPont announced it would split into three publicly traded companies, separating its electronics and water businesses while continuing as
2960-475: The CII schema, each pigment has a generic index number that identifies it chemically, regardless of proprietary and historic names. For example, Phthalocyanine Blue BN has been known by a variety of generic and proprietary names since its discovery in the 1930s. In much of Europe, phthalocyanine blue is better known as Helio Blue, or by a proprietary name such as Winsor Blue. An American paint manufacturer, Grumbacher, registered an alternate spelling (Thanos Blue) as
3040-470: The Clinton administration, Dan Glickman , and former Governor of Nebraska , Mike Johanns , by creating a single, independent, U.S.-based and – owned pure agriculture company, Dow and DuPont would be able to compete against their still larger global peers. The merger was not opposed by competition authorities around the world due to the view that it did not have noticeable impact on the global seed markets. On
3120-465: The EU's respective regulations. The Commission investigated whether the deal reduced competition in areas such as crop protection, seeds and petrochemicals. The closing date for the merger was repeatedly delayed due to these regulatory inquiries. Ed Breen said the companies were negotiating possible divestitures in their pesticide operations to win approval for the deal. As part of their EU counterproposal,
3200-804: The Herculex I Insect Protection gene, which provides protection against various insects; the Herculex RW insect protection trait, which provides protection against other insects; the YieldGard Corn Borer gene, which provides resistance to another set of insects; and the Roundup Ready Corn 2 trait that provides crop resistance against glyphosate herbicides. DuPont had 150 research and development facilities located in China, Brazil, India, Germany, and Switzerland, with an average investment of $ 2 billion annually in
3280-531: The Materials Science Committee. These Committees were intended to oversee their respective businesses, and would work with both CEOs on the scheduled separation of the businesses’ standalone entities. Announced in February 2018, DowDuPont's agriculture division is named Corteva Agriscience, its materials science division is named Dow, and its specialty products division is named DuPont. In March 2018, it
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3360-554: The Third Reich from 1933 until 1943 when all of DuPont's assets in Germany were seized by the Nazi government along with those of all other American companies. Irénée du Pont , a descendant of Éleuthère Irénée du Pont and the president of the company during the buildup to World War II, was also a financial supporter of Nazi Führer Adolf Hitler and keenly followed Hitler since the 1920s. After
3440-510: The US. Both duopolies would become the "big two" industry dominators. DuPont has been awarded the National Medal of Technology four times: first in 1990, for its invention of "high-performance man-made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber , " Teflon " fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics"; the second in 2002 "for policy and technology leadership in
3520-464: The acquisition of DuPont's Detaclad operations for a purchase price of $ 5,321,850 (or about $ 10.34 million today). In 1981, DuPont acquired Conoco Inc. , a major American oil and gas producing company, which gave it a secure source of petroleum feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of many of its fiber and plastics products. The acquisition, which made DuPont one of the top ten U.S.-based petroleum and natural gas producers and refiners, came about after
3600-508: The chemical through manufacturing and home use. DuPont introduced phenothiazine as an insecticide in 1935. DuPont ranked 15th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. As the inventor and manufacturer of nylon , DuPont helped produce the raw materials for parachutes , powder bags, and tires . DuPont also played a major role in the Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and operating
3680-626: The cleanup of 171 former DuPont sites, which DuPont says will cost between $ 295 million and $ 945 million, was transferred to Chemours. In October 2015, DuPont sold the Neoprene chloroprene rubber business to Denka Performance Elastomers, a joint venture of Denka and Mitsui . On December 11, 2015, DuPont announced a merger with Dow Chemical Company, in an all-stock transaction. The combined company, DowDuPont, had an estimated value of $ 130 billion, being equally held by both companies’ shareholders, while also maintaining its two headquarters. The merger of
3760-461: The companies offered to dispose of a portion of DuPont's crop protection business and associated R&D, as well as Dow's acrylic acid copolymers and ionomers businesses. The remedy submission in turn delayed the commission's review deadline to April 4, 2017. The intended spins of the company businesses were expected to occur about 18 months after closing. According to the Financial Times ,
3840-634: The company at the Eleutherian Mills , on the Brandywine Creek , near Wilmington, Delaware , two years after du Pont and his family left France to escape the French Revolution and religious persecution against Huguenot Protestants. The company began as a manufacturer of gunpowder, as du Pont noticed that the industry in North America was lagging behind Europe. The company grew quickly, and by
3920-531: The company. On May 1, 2012, DuPont announced that it had acquired from Bunge full ownership of the Solae joint venture, a soy-based ingredients company. DuPont previously owned 72 percent of the joint venture while Bunge owned the remaining 28 percent. In February 2013, DuPont Performance Coatings was sold to the Carlyle Group and rebranded as Axalta Coating Systems . In October 2013, DuPont announced that it
4000-458: The construction and design process in the building industry." In 2005, BusinessWeek magazine, in conjunction with the Climate Group, ranked DuPont as the best-practice leader in cutting their carbon gas emissions. DuPont reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65 percent from the 1990 levels while using 7 percent less energy and producing 30 percent more product. In 2012 DuPont
4080-411: The dependence on inorganic pigments. Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent. With the development of a modern color industry, manufacturers and professionals have cooperated to create international standards for identifying, producing, measuring, and testing colors. First published in 1905,
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#17328525571544160-441: The designer or customer to choose and select the color for their specific plastic products. Plastic swatches are available in various special effects like pearl, metallic, fluorescent, sparkle, mosaic etc. However, these effects are difficult to replicate on other media like print and computer display. Plastic swatches have been created by 3D modelling to including various special effects. The appearance of pigments in natural light
4240-570: The double-base powders combining nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine . DuPont subsequently developed the Improved Military Rifle (IMR) line of smokeless powders . In 1910, DuPont published a brochure entitled "Farming with Dynamite". The pamphlet was instructional, outlining the benefits to using their dynamite products on stumps and various other obstacles that would be easier to remove with dynamite as opposed to other more conventional and inefficient means. DuPont also established two of
4320-399: The easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals. These were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies, but the place names remained. Also found in many Paleolithic and Neolithic cave paintings are Red Ochre, anhydrous Fe 2 O 3 , and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe 2 O 3 H 2 O). Charcoal—or carbon black—has also been used as
4400-418: The estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $ 30 billion. The value of titanium dioxide – used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $ 13.2 billion per year, while the color Ferrari red is valued at $ 300 million each year. Like all materials, the color of pigments arises because they absorb only certain wavelengths of visible light . The bonding properties of
4480-547: The explosives business constituted a monopoly and ordered divestment . The court ruling resulted in the creation of the Hercules Powder Company (later Hercules Inc. and now part of Ashland Inc. ) and the Atlas Powder Company (purchased by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) and now part of AkzoNobel ). At the time of divestment, DuPont retained the single-base nitrocellulose powders, while Hercules held
4560-614: The first industrial laboratories in the United States, where they began the work on cellulose chemistry, lacquers and other non-explosive products. DuPont Central Research was established at the DuPont Experimental Station , across the Brandywine Creek from the original powder mills. In 1914, Pierre S. du Pont invested in the fledgling automobile industry, buying stock in General Motors (GM). The following year he
4640-497: The manufacture of pigments and dyes. ISO standards define various industrial and chemical properties, and how to test for them. The principal ISO standards that relate to all pigments are as follows: Other ISO standards pertain to particular classes or categories of pigments, based on their chemical composition, such as ultramarine pigments, titanium dioxide , iron oxide pigments, and so forth. Many manufacturers of paints, inks, textiles, plastics, and colors have voluntarily adopted
4720-570: The material determine the wavelength and efficiency of light absorption. Light of other wavelengths are reflected or scattered. The reflected light spectrum defines the color that we observe. The appearance of pigments is sensitive to the source light. Sunlight has a high color temperature and a fairly uniform spectrum. Sunlight is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources are less uniform. Color spaces used to represent colors numerically must specify their light source. Lab color measurements, unless otherwise noted, assume that
4800-559: The measurement was recorded under a D65 light source, or "Daylight 6500 K", which is roughly the color temperature of sunlight. Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers can affect the color. Minerals have been used as colorants since prehistoric times. Early humans used paint for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in
4880-504: The merger as of April, 2017, although the decision was said to consist of over a thousand pages and was expected to take several months to be released publicly. As part of the approval, Dow must also sell off two acrylic acid co-polymers manufacturing facilities in Spain and the US. China conditionally cleared the merger in May, 2017. According to former United States Secretary of Agriculture during
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#17328525571544960-457: The merger was "on track for approval in March" 2017. Dow Chemical and DuPont postponed the planned deadline during late March, as they struck an $ 1.6 billion asset swap with FMC Corporation in order to win the antitrust clearances. DuPont acquired the corporation's health and nutrition business, while selling its herbicide and insecticide properties. The European Commission conditionally approved
5040-606: The mid-19th century had become the largest supplier of preppy gunpowder to the United States military , supplying one-third to one-half the powder used by the Union Army during the American Civil War . The Eleutherian Mills site is now a museum and a National Historic Landmark . DuPont continued to expand, moving into the production of dynamite and smokeless powder . In 1902, DuPont's president, Eugene du Pont , died, and
5120-506: The other hand, if Monsanto and Bayer , the 1st and 3rd largest biotech and seed firms, together with Dow and DuPont being the 4th and 5th largest biotechnology and seed companies in the world respectively, both went through with the mergers, the so-called "Big Six" (including Syngenta and BASF ) in the industry would control 63 percent of the global seed market and 76 percent of the global agriculture chemical market. They would also control 95 percent of corn, soybeans, and cotton traits in
5200-429: The phaseout and replacement of chlorofluorocarbons ". DuPont scientist George Levitt was honored with the medal in 1993 for the development of sulfonylurea herbicides . In 1996, DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek was recognized for the discovery and development of Kevlar . In the 1980s, Dr. Jacob Lahijani, Senior Chemist at DuPont, invented Kevlar 149 and was highlighted in the "Innovation: Agent of Change. Kevlar 149
5280-459: The practice of harvesting Indian yellow was eventually declared to be inhumane. Modern hues of Indian yellow are made from synthetic pigments. Vermillion has been partially replaced in by cadmium reds. Because of the cost of lapis lazuli , substitutes were often used. Prussian blue , the oldest modern synthetic pigment, was discovered by accident in 1704. By the early 19th century, synthetic and metallic blue pigments included French ultramarine ,
5360-433: The reference value, the hue is also systematically biased. The following approximations assume a display device at gamma 2.2, using the sRGB color space . The further a display device deviates from these standards, the less accurate these swatches will be. Swatches are based on the average measurements of several lots of single-pigment watercolor paints, converted from Lab color space to sRGB color space for viewing on
5440-399: The site are Kuraray America and Celanese Corporation . DuPont DuPont de Nemours, Inc. , commonly shortened to DuPont , is an American multinational chemical company first formed in 1802 by French-American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours . The company played a major role in the development of the U.S. state of Delaware and first arose as
5520-520: The specialty products divisions. Prior to the spinoffs it was the world's largest chemical company in terms of sales. The merger has been reported to be worth an estimated $ 130 billion. The present DuPont, as prior to the merger, is headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware , in the state where it is incorporated . DuPont was founded in 1802 by Éleuthère Irénée du Pont , using capital raised in France and gunpowder machinery imported from France. He started
5600-472: The surviving partners sold the company to three great-grandsons of the original founder. Charles Lee Reese was appointed as director and the company began centralizing their research departments. The company subsequently purchased several smaller chemical companies; in 1912 these actions generated government scrutiny under the Sherman Antitrust Act . The courts declared that the company's dominance of
5680-541: The two largest U.S. chemical companies closed on August 31, 2017. Both companies' boards of directors decided that following the merger DowDuPont would pursue a separation into three independent, publicly traded companies: an agriculture, a materials science, and a specialty products company. Advisory Committees were established for each of the businesses. DuPont CEO Ed Breen would lead the Agriculture and Specialty Products Committees, and Dow CEO Andrew Liveris would lead
5760-482: The war, DuPont continued its emphasis on new materials, developing Mylar , Dacron , Orlon , and Lycra in the 1950s, and Tyvek , Nomex , Qiana , Corfam , and Corian in the 1960s. DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern body armor . In the Second World War , DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by Britain 's Royal Air Force to make flak jackets . With the development of Kevlar in
5840-938: The world. Major manufacturing sites included the Spruance plant near Richmond, Virginia , (currently the company's largest plant), the Washington Works site in Washington, West Virginia , the Mobile Manufacturing Center (MMC) in Axis, Alabama , the Bayport plant near Houston , Texas, the Mechelen site in Belgium , and the Changshu site in China. Other locations included the Yerkes Plant on
5920-453: Was announced that Jeff Fettig would become executive chairman of DowDuPont on July 1, 2018, and Jim Fitterling would become CEO of Dow Chemical on April 1, 2018. In October 2018, the company's agricultural unit recorded a $ 4.6 billion loss in the third quarter after lowering its long-term sales and profits targets. In 2019, DuPont completed its spin off from DowDuPont and the company adapted its marketing and branding in order to establish
6000-529: Was invited to be on GM's board of directors and would eventually be appointed the company's chairman. The DuPont company would assist the struggling automobile company further with a $ 25 million purchase of GM stock ($ 752,960,526 in 2023 dollars ). In 1920, Pierre S. du Pont was elected president of General Motors. Under du Pont's leadership, GM became the number one automobile company in the world. However, in 1957, because of DuPont's influence within GM, further action under
6080-599: Was named after George Washington , who was granted the land in 1772. In 1984, high levels of C8 were found during secretive tests of community drinking water in Little Hocking, Ohio , located across the Ohio River from the factory. DuPont, who did the tests, did not inform regulators of their findings until 2002. A 98 acre wildlife habitat was created on the site in 1988. In 1989, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued DuPont
6160-504: Was named to the Carbon Disclosure Project Global 500 Leadership Index. Inclusion is based on company performance on sustainability metrics, emissions reduction goals, and environmental performance transparency. In 2014 DuPont was the top scoring company in the chemical sector according to CDP, with a score of "A" or "B" in every evaluation area except for supply chain management. Synthetic pigment A pigment
6240-699: Was planning to spin off its Performance Chemicals business into a new publicly traded company in mid-2015. The company filed its initial Form 10 with the SEC in December 2014 and announced that the new company would be called The Chemours Company . The spin-off to DuPont shareholders was completed on July 1, 2015, and Chemours stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on the same date. DuPont then focused on production of GMO seeds, materials for solar panels , and alternatives to fossil fuels. Responsibility for
6320-429: Was released into the environment via chimneys. The factory was operated by DuPont until 2015. In 2015, DuPont formed Chemours , transferring the factory's ownership to the company. Despite the name change, the factory remained under the leadership of the same leadership team. As of 2019, Jay Valvo was the plant manager. That year there was 608 full time employees and 432 full time contractors working on site. Also using
6400-409: Was the largest producer of titanium dioxide in the world, primarily provided as a white pigment used in the paper industry . On January 9, 2011, DuPont announced that it had reached an agreement to buy Danish company Danisco for US$ 6.3 billion. On May 16, 2011, DuPont announced that its tender offer for Danisco had been successful and that it would proceed to redeem the remaining shares and delist
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