Misplaced Pages

#362637

58-567: Washington Declaration may refer to: Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence or Washington Declaration (1918), declaration proclaiming the First Czechoslovak Republic Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art or Washington Declaration (1998), statement concerning the restitution of art confiscated by the Nazi regime during World War II 1994 declaration that paved

116-568: A Czech magazine. Hardships during the World War I took their toll, and she died in 1923. Their son, Jan , was a Czechoslovak ambassador in London, foreign minister in the Czechoslovak government-in-exile (1940–1945) and in the governments from 1945 to 1948. They had four other children: Herbert, Alice , Eleanor, and Olga. Born and raised a Catholic , Masaryk later became a Protestant ; first joining

174-627: A Czechoslovak state. With the fall of Austria-Hungary in late 1918, the First Czechoslovak Republic received recognition from the Allied powers and Masaryk was recognised as head of its provisional government. He was formally elected president in November, and was reelected three times subsequently. Masaryk presided over a period of stability as Czechoslovakia emerged as a strong democratic state. He resigned from office in 1935 due to old age, and

232-556: A July 1924 gathering of 120 global labour experts (of which 60 were from the United States ), organized with Masaryk Academy of Labour. After the rise of Adolf Hitler , Masaryk was one of the first political figures in Europe to voice concern. Masaryk resigned from office on 14 December 1935, because of old age and poor health, and was succeeded by Edvard Beneš . Masaryk (b. 07 March 1850) died less than two years after leaving office, at

290-619: A State (1927). Karel Čapek wrote a series of articles, Hovory s T.G.M. ("Conversations with T.G.M."), which were later collected as Masaryk's autobiography . Masaryk married Charlotte Garrigue in 1878, and took her family name as his middle name. They met in Leipzig , Germany, and became engaged in 1877. Garrigue was born in Brooklyn to a Protestant family with French Huguenots among their ancestors. She became fluent in Czech and published articles in

348-524: A bust was erected in 2002 on Zakhysnykiv Ukrainy Square (former Druzhby Narodiv Square) in Uzhhorod , Ukraine. Avenida Presidente Masaryk (President Masaryk Avenue) is a main thoroughfare in the exclusive Polanco neighbourhood of Mexico City . In 1999 the city of Prague donated a statue of Masaryk to Mexico City, one of the two originals made when the statue for the Prague Castle was being prepared for

406-591: A deputy of the Austrian Reichsrat , serving from 1891 to 1893 and from 1907 to 1914. He was an advocate of restructuring the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a federal state , but by the outbreak of the First World War , he had become a supporter of Czech and Slovak independence. He went into exile, and travelled around Europe to organise and promote the Czechoslovak cause. He played a pivotal role in

464-520: A figure of interest to sociology and philosophy, especially within Czechoslovakia, where his significance has been analysed in depth by philosophers such as Jan Patočka (1991 monograph), Milan Machovec (1968 monograph) and others. As the founding father of Czechoslovakia, Masaryk remains revered by Czechs and Slovaks. Masaryk University in Brno , founded in 1919 as Czechoslovakia's second university,

522-659: A leading Russian historian and one of the leaders of the Kadet Party, to introduce him to various members of Russian high society. In early 1916, the Czechs and Slovaks in Russian service were reorganized as the First Czecho-Slovak Rifle Regiment. In a rare attempt to influence public opinion, Masaryk opened up an office on Piccadilly Circus in London whose exterior was covered with pro-Czechoslovak slogans and maps with

580-566: A main thoroughfare in Ljubljana is named after Masaryk. Streets named Thomas Masaryk can be found in Geneva and Bucharest . Asteroid 1841 Masaryk , discovered by Luboš Kohoutek , is named after him. He received awards and decorations before and after World War I. Masaryk's motto was "Fear not, and steal not" ( Czech : Nebát se a nekrást ). A philosopher and an outspoken rationalist and humanist , he emphasised practical ethics reflecting

638-474: A multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals An Evangelical Manifesto , 2008 document subtitled The Washington Declaration of Evangelical Identity and Public Commitment Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q3) for a July 15 conference with German Chancellor Angela Merkel Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

SECTION 10

#1732852374363

696-454: A proclamation two days later that would have significantly altered the structure of the Austrian half of the monarchy. Imperial Austria was to be transformed into a federal union composed of four parts: German, Czech, South Slav and Ukrainian (Galicia would be allowed to secede). Each was to be governed by a national council that would negotiate the future of the empire with Vienna , and Trieste

754-504: A somewhat limited role; the framers of the constitution intended to create a parliamentary system in which the prime minister and cabinet held actual power. However, a complex system of proportional representation made it all but impossible for one party to win a majority. Usually, ten or more parties received the 2.6 per cent of votes needed for seats in the National Assembly. With so many parties represented, no party even approached

812-743: A student in Leipzig, on 15 March 1878. They lived in Vienna until 1881, when they moved to Prague . Masaryk was appointed professor of philosophy at the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University, the Czech-language part of Charles University , in 1882. He founded Athenaeum , a magazine devoted to Czech culture and science, the following year. Athenaeum , edited by Jan Otto, was first published on 15 October 1883. Masaryk's students included Edward Benes and Emanuel Chalupny. Masaryk challenged

870-562: A symbol of Czech nationalism. There were founded "The Masaryk Academy of Labour", for the scientific study of scientific management too, with the Masaryk's supporting in Prague in 1918 and Masaryk University in Brno . Masaryk visited France, Belgium, England, Egypt and the Mandate for Palestine in 1923 and 1927. With Herbert Hoover , he sponsored the first Prague International Management Congress,

928-783: Is commemorated by a number of statues, busts, plaques, coins and postage stamps. Although most are in or of the Czech Republic and Slovakia , Masaryk has a statue on Embassy Row in Washington, D.C. , and in the Midway Plaisance park in Chicago and is memorialized in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park rose garden . A plaque with a portrait of Masaryk is on the wall of a hotel in Rakhiv, Ukraine , where he reportedly resided from 1917 to 1918, and

986-754: The Institut d'études slaves of the Sorbonne on " Les Slaves parmi les nations " ("The Slavs Among the Nations"), receiving what was described as a "vigorous applause". During the war, Masaryk's intelligence network of Czech revolutionaries provided critical intelligence to the allies. His European network worked with an American counterespionage network of nearly 80 members, headed by Emanuel Viktor Voska (including G. W. Williams ). Voska and his network, who (as Habsburg subjects) were presumed to be German supporters, spied on German and Austrian diplomats. Among other achievements,

1044-585: The Russian Empire , the United States and Japan . Masaryk began organizing Czechs and Slovaks outside Austria-Hungary during his exile, establishing contacts which would be crucial to Czechoslovak independence. He delivered lectures and wrote several articles and memoranda supporting the Czechoslovak cause. Masaryk was pivotal in establishing the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia as an effective fighting force on

1102-468: The 150th anniversary of his birth. The community of Masaryktown, Florida , founded by Slovaks and Czechs, is named after him. In Israel, Masaryk is considered an important figure and a national friend. A village was named after him - Kibbutz Kfar Masaryk near Haifa, which was largely founded by Jewish immigrants from Czechoslovakia. One of the main squares in Tel Aviv is Masaryk Square (he had visited

1160-436: The 151 seats needed for a majority; indeed, no party ever won more than 25 per cent of the vote. These factors resulted in frequent changes of government; Masaryk's tenure saw ten cabinets headed by nine statesmen. Under the circumstances, Masaryk's presence gave Czechoslovakia a large measure of stability. This stability, combined with his domestic and international prestige, gave Masaryk's presidency more power and influence than

1218-544: The Allied side during World War I, when he held a Serbian passport. In 1915 he was one of the first staff members of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (now part of University College London ), where the student society and senior common room are named after him. Masaryk became professor of Slavic Research at King's College London , lecturing on the problem of small nations. Supported by Norman Hapgood T. G. Masaryk wrote

SECTION 20

#1732852374363

1276-657: The Austrian empire. After the 1917 February Revolution he proceeded to Russia to help organize the Czechoslovak Legion , a group dedicated to Slavic resistance to the Austrians. Miliukov became the new Russian foreign minister in the Provisional government, and proved very sympathetic towards the idea of creating Czechoslovakia. After the Czechoslovak troops' performance in July 1917 at the Battle of Zborov (when they overran Austrian trenches),

1334-644: The Chicago meeting on 8 October 1918, Chicago industrialist Samuel Insull introduced him as the president of the future Czechoslovak Republic de facto and mentioned his legions. On 18 October 1918 he submitted to president Thomas Woodrow Wilson "Washington Declaration" ( Czechoslovak declaration of independence ) created with the help of Masaryk American friends ( Louis Brandeis , Ira Bennett, Gutzon Borglum , Franklin K. Lane , Edward House, Herbert Adolphus Miller , Charles W. Nichols , Robert M. Calfee , Frank E. J. Warrick , George W. Stearn and Czech Jaroslav Císař ) as

1392-651: The Russian High Command authorized the formation of a battalion recruited from Czechs and Slovaks in Russia. The unit went to the front in October 1914 and was attached to the Russian Third Army. From its start, Masaryk wanted to develop the legion from a battalion to a formidable military formation. To do so, however, he realized that he would need to recruit Czech and Slovak prisoners of war (POWs) in Russian camps. In late 1914, Russian military authorities permitted

1450-733: The Russian provisional government granted Masaryk and the Czechoslovak National Council permission to recruit and mobilize Czech and Slovak volunteers from the POW camps. Later that summer a fourth regiment was added to the brigade, which was renamed the First Division of the Czechoslovak Corps in Russia (Československý sbor na Rusi, also known as the Czechoslovak Legion – Československá legie). A second division of four regiments

1508-616: The US government and Wilson. It was published in Paris 18 October 1918, with authorship attributed to Masaryk. On the same day, US Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied that the Allies were now committed to the causes of the Czechs, Slovaks, and South Slavs. Therefore, he said that autonomy for the nationalities, the tenth of the Fourteen Points, was no longer enough and the US could no longer deal on

1566-541: The University of Chicago and introduced to the highest political circles (including Wilson). Except for president Wilson and the secretary of the state Robert Lansing this was Ray Stannard Baker , W. Phillips, Polk, Long, Lane, D. F. Houston, William Wiseman , Harry Pratt Judson and the French ambassador Jean Jules Jusserand . And Bernard Baruch , Vance McCormick, Edward N. Hurley , Samuel M. Vauclain, Colonel House too. At

1624-570: The age of 87, in Lány on 14 September 1937. He was buried next to his wife in a plot at Lány cemetery, where later the remains of Jan Masaryk and Alice Masaryková were laid to rest. Masaryk did not live to see the Munich Agreement or the Nazi occupation of his country, and was known as the Grand (Great) Old Man of Europe. Masaryk's unique combination of intellectual and political authority has made him

1682-494: The autumn of 1918, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was collapsing. As one of his Fourteen Points , U.S. president Woodrow Wilson demanded for the empire's nationalities to have the "freest opportunity to autonomous development." On 14 October 1918, Foreign Minister Baron István Burián von Rajecz asked for an armistice based on the Fourteen Points. In an apparent attempt to demonstrate his good faith, Emperor Charles I issued

1740-675: The basic document for the foundation of a new independent Czechoslovak state. Speaking on 26 October 1918 as head of the Mid-European Union in Philadelphia, Masaryk called for the independence of Czechoslovaks and the other oppressed peoples of central Europe. T.G. Masaryk's heroic defence of the Jewish defendant in the Hilsner Trial left a lasting mark on him and led to a deep interest in Jewish thought, Zionism and interreligious relations. At

1798-461: The basis of the Fourteen Points. The Lansing note was, in effect, the death sentence of Austria-Hungary. The national councils had already begun acting, more or less, as provisional governments of independent countries. With defeat in the war imminent after the Italian offensive in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto on 24 October, Czech politicians peacefully took over command in Prague on 28 October, which

Washington Declaration - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-566: The city in 1927). In Haifa , one of the junctions in the city was named after him as well. Many cities in Israel named streets after his name, including Jerusalem , Petach Tikva , Netanya , Nahariya and others. A Masaryk forest was planted in the Western Galilee. Streets in Zagreb , Belgrade , Dubrovnik , Daruvar , Varaždin , Novi Sad , Smederevo and Split are named Masarykova ulica, and

1914-590: The establishment of the Czechoslovak Legion , which fought against the Central Powers during the war. In 1918, Masaryk, along with his protégés Edvard Beneš and Milan Rastislav Štefánik , travelled to the United States to obtain support from President Woodrow Wilson and Secretary of State Robert Lansing . Their negotiations resulted in the Washington Declaration , which proclaimed the independence of

1972-656: The estate, she met Masárik and they married on 15 August 1849. After grammar school in Brno and Vienna from 1865 to 1872, Masaryk attended the University of Vienna and was a student of Franz Brentano . He received his Ph.D. from the university in 1876 and completed his habilitation thesis, Der Selbstmord als soziale Massenerscheinung der modernen Civilisation ( Suicide as a Social Mass Phenomenon of Modern Civilization ), there in 1879. From 1876 to 1879, Masaryk studied in Leipzig with Wilhelm Wundt and Edmund Husserl . He married Charlotte Garrigue , whom he had met while

2030-509: The first memorandum to president Wilson , concerning to independence of the Czechoslovak state, here in January 1917. During World War I and afterwards, Masaryk supported the unification of Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Montenegro . Masaryk championed feminist causes, being influenced by his wife Charlotte Garrigue . Masaryk's progressive ideas strongly influenced Washington Declaration of Czechoslovak Independence. On 5 August 1914,

2088-555: The framers of the constitution intended. He used his authority in Czechoslovakia to create the Hrad (the Castle), an extensive, informal political network. Under Masaryk's watch, Czechoslovakia became the strongest democracy in Central Europe. Masaryk's status as a Protestant leading a mainly Catholic nation led to criticism, as did his promotion of the 15th-century proto-Protestant Jan Hus as

2146-592: The inaugural address at the newly opened School of Slavonic Studies at King's College London on "The Problem of Small Nations in the European Crisis", arguing that on both moral and practical grounds that the United Kingdom should support the independence efforts of "small" nations such as the Czechs. Shortly afterwards, Masaryk crossed the English Channel to go to Paris, where he delivered a speech in French at

2204-511: The influence of Anglo-Saxon philosophers, French philosophy and—in particular—the work of 18th-century German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder , who is considered the founder of nationalism. Masaryk was critical of German idealism and Marxism . He wrote several books in Czech, including The Czech Question (1895), The Problems of Small Nations in the European Crisis (1915), The New Europe (1917), and The World Revolution ( Svĕtová revoluce ; 1925) translated into English as The Making of

2262-554: The intelligence from these networks was critical in uncovering the Hindu–German Conspiracy in San Francisco . Masaryk began teaching at London University in October 1915. He published "Racial Problems in Hungary", with ideas about Czechoslovak independence. In 1916, Masaryk went to France to convince the French government of the necessity of dismantling Austria-Hungary. He consulted with his friend professor Pavel Miliukov ,

2320-461: The intention of attracting the interest of those walking by. One of Masaryk's most important British friends was the journalist Wickham Steed who wrote articles in the newspapers urging British support for Czechoslovakia. Another important British contract for Masaryk was the historian Robert Seton-Watson , who also wrote widely in the British press urging British support for the "submerged" nations of

2378-567: The legion to enlist Czech and Slovak POWs from the Austro-Hungarian army; the order was rescinded in a few weeks, however, because of opposition from other areas of the Russian government. Despite continuing efforts to persuade the Russian authorities to change their minds, the Czechs and Slovaks were officially barred from recruiting POWs until the summer of 1917. Under these conditions, the Czechoslovak armed unit in Russia grew slowly from 1914 to 1917. Masaryk preferred to concentrate on elites rather than public opinion. On 19 October 1915, Masaryk gave

Washington Declaration - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-463: The press and the right of assembly and petition, separation of church from the state, universal suffrage, and equal rights for women. The declaration calls for a parliamentary political system with respect for rights of national minorities and equal rights. Social, economic, and land reform is announced, along with the cancellation of aristocratic privileges. The declaration uses the term "Czechoslovak nation" ( národ československý ), which deviates from

2494-651: The results of ignorance, and that provided that one undertook a proper "scientific" approach to studying the underlying causes it would be possible to devise the correct solutions. As such, Masaryk saw his role as an educator who would enlighten the public from its ignorance and apathy. Masaryk served in the Reichsrat from 1891 to 1893 with the Young Czech Party and from 1907 to 1914 in the Czech Progressive Party , which he had founded in 1900. At that time, he

2552-476: The same time, according to Czech historian Jan Láníček , Masaryk believed that Jews had a "great influence on newspapers in all the Allied countries", and helped the nascent state of Czechoslovakia during its struggle for independence. With the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, the Allies recognized Masaryk as head of the provisional Czechoslovak government. On 14 November of that year, he

2610-473: The streets to welcome him; Chicago was the centre of Czechoslovak immigration to the United States, and the city's reception echoed his earlier visits to the city and his visiting professorship at the University of Chicago in 1902 (Masaryk had lectured at the university in 1902 and 1907). He also had strong links to the United States, with his marriage to an American citizen and his friendship with Chicago industrialist Charles R. Crane , who had Masaryk invited to

2668-506: The title Washington Declaration . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Declaration&oldid=1230867209 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence In

2726-555: The validity of the epic poems Rukopisy královedvorský a zelenohorský , supposedly dating to the early Middle Ages and presenting a false, nationalistic Czech chauvinism to which he was strongly opposed. He also contested the Jewish blood libel during the 1899 Hilsner trial . Masaryk was greatly influenced by the 19th-century cult of science. The 19th century was an age of tremendous scientific and technological advances, and as such scientists enjoyed immense prestige. Masaryk believed that social problems and political conflicts were

2784-404: The village of Čejkovice , in South Moravia , before moving to Brno to study. His father, Jozef Masárik, was Slovak, born in Kopčany , Slovakia . Jozef Masárik was a carter and, later, the steward and coachman at the imperial estate in the nearby town of Hodonín. Tomáš's mother, Teresie Masaryková (née Kropáčková), was a Moravian of Slavic origin who received a German education. A cook at

2842-475: The way for the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace An agreement announced at the 2008 G20 Washington summit regarding objectives to strengthen economic growth and deal with financial crisis In South Korea–United States relations , an April 2023 nuclear deterrence plan aimed at North Korea See also [ edit ] Washington (disambiguation) Declaration (disambiguation) Washington Agreement (disambiguation) Washington Convention or CITES,

2900-457: The wording of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Agreements , which defined two separate Czech and Slovak nations. The declaration is signed Masaryk (as Prime Minister and Minister of Finance), Milan Rastislav Štefánik (as Minister of National Defense) and Edvard Beneš (as Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Interior). Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1 Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 1850 – 14 September 1937)

2958-489: Was elected president of Czechoslovakia by the National Assembly in Prague while he was in New York. On 22 December, Masaryk publicly denounced the Germans in Czechoslovakia as settlers and colonists. Masaryk was re-elected three times: in May 1920 , 1927 , and 1934 . Normally, a president was limited to two consecutive terms by the 1920 constitution , but a one-time provision allowed the first president–Masaryk–to run for an unlimited number of terms. On paper, Masaryk had

SECTION 50

#1732852374363

3016-454: Was a Czechoslovak statesman, progressive political activist and philosopher who served as the first president of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1935. He is regarded as the founding father of Czechoslovakia . Born in Hodonín , Moravia (then part of the Austrian Empire ), Masaryk obtained a doctorate at the University of Vienna and was a professor of philosophy at the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University . He began his political career as

3074-452: Was added to the legion in October 1917, raising its strength to about 40,000 by 1918. Masaryk formed a good connection with Russian supreme commanders, Mikhail Alekseyev , Aleksei Brusilov , Nikolay Dukhonin and Mikhail Diterikhs , in Mogilev , from May 1917. Masaryk travelled to the United States in 1918, where he convinced President Woodrow Wilson of the righteousness of his cause. On 5 May 1918, over 150,000 Chicagoans filled

3132-426: Was later declared the birthday of Czechoslovakia, and followed up in other major cities over the next few days. On 30 October, the Slovaks followed with the Martin Declaration , and the Austro-Hungarian state was dissolved the next day. Much of the declaration catalogues a litany of grievances against the Habsburgs. The latter portion of the document declares a Czechoslovak Republic, with freedom of religion, speech,

3190-496: Was named after him when it was founded; after 30 years as Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně v Brně, it was renamed for Masaryk in 1990. Commemorations of Masaryk have been held annually in the Lány cemetery on his birthday and day of death (7 March and 14 September) since 1989. The Czechoslovak, then Czech Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , established in 1990, is an honour awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to humanity, democracy and human rights. He

3248-549: Was not yet campaigning for Czech and Slovak independence from Austria-Hungary. Masaryk helped Hinko Hinković defend the Croat-Serb Coalition during their 1909 Vienna political trial ; its members were sentenced to a total of over 150 years in prison, with a number of death sentences. When the World War I broke out in 1914, Masaryk concluded that the best course was to seek independence for Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. He went into exile in December 1914 with his daughter, Olga, staying in several places in Western Europe,

3306-452: Was succeeded by Beneš. He retired to the village of Lány and died two years later at the age of 87. Masaryk was born to a poor, working-class family in the predominantly Catholic city of Hodonín , Margraviate of Moravia , in Moravian Slovakia (in the present-day Czech Republic , then part of the Austrian Empire ). The nearby Slovak village of Kopčany , the home of his father Jozef, also claims to be his birthplace. Masaryk grew up in

3364-478: Was to receive a special status. However, on the same day, a Czecho-Slovak provisional government joined the Allies. The provisional government had begun drafting a declaration of independence on 13 October and completed its task on 16 October. The document was drafted by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and American sculptor Gutzon Borglum (Borglum hosted future soldiers of a Czecho-Slovak army on his farm in Stamford, Connecticut . ) On 17 October, Masaryk presented it to

#362637