Warshiiq
66-464: Warsheikh ( Somali : Warsheekh, Warshiiq, Warshiikh , Arabic : ورشيخ ,) is an administration center and coastal town of Warsheikh district . Warsheikh is located in the southeastern Middle Shabelle region of Hirshabelle State of Somalia . On the south, Warsheikh is bordered by the Banadir region , and on the north Adale District . Warsheikh was known to the ancient Greeks as Sarapion. Warsheikh
132-738: A Latin orthography as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use. Concurrently, the Italian -language daily newspaper Stella d'Ottobre ("The October Star") was nationalized, renamed to Xiddigta Oktoobar , and began publishing in Somali. The state-run Radio Mogadishu has also broadcast in Somali since 1951. Additionally, other state-run public networks like Somaliland National TV , regional public networks such as Puntland TV and Radio and, as well as Eastern Television Network and Horn Cable Television , among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali. Somali
198-532: A Technical Mission to Mogadishu and is scheduled to re-open its embassy in the city. In 2013, Egypt likewise announced plans to re-open its embassy in Mogadishu. In January 2013, the United States announced that it was set to exchange diplomatic notes with the new central government of Somalia, re-establishing official ties with the country for the first time in 20 years. For travel, Somali citizens can obtain
264-605: A Technical Selection Committee, which was tasked with vetting potential legislators that were in turn nominated by a National Constituent Assembly consisting of elders. The current Speaker of the Federal Parliament is Aaden Maxamed Nuur . The national court structure is organized into three tiers: the Constitutional Court, Federal Government level courts and Federal Member State level courts. A nine-member Judicial Service Commission appoints any Federal tier member of
330-698: A central government in Somalia since the collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic . It replaced the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia on 20 August 2012 with the adoption of the Constitution of Somalia . It officially comprises the executive branch of government, with the parliament serving as the legislative branch. It is headed by the President of Somalia , to whom
396-546: A number of educational development projects in the district with the participation of locals and diasporas from the District with the help of international agencies. The Districts Primary and Middle School was built to improve the District's educational activities. Somali language Somali ( / s ə ˈ m ɑː l i , s oʊ -/ sə- MAH -lee, soh- ; Latin script: Af Soomaali ; Wadaad : اف صومالِ ; Osmanya : 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 [af soːmaːli] )
462-488: A prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary. Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns. These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work. In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic. The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from
528-569: Is 4 years. The Warsheikh district consists of 45 villages. Following are names of sub-districts and villages of broader Warsheikh District . Bakaaroole, Cadayo, Ceel Cusub, Ceel Jaamac, Ceel Macaan, Ceelbashaqley, Ceelow, Cisaleey, Deebley, Fila-Dheere, Hawaay, Kaxyalo, Koogaar, Kulanley, Maaxaay, Malableey, Maraweyne, Nagaadi, Qeylo-Weyne, Qorilow, Ruun-Shiikow, Sheeq-Yaale, Sigaale, Timere, War Dhagax, Xamaroow, Xaluule. Yaq-Qoley and Yay-Goley Warsheikh has several landmarks and noticeable places both from historic periods and from later times. Some of
594-516: Is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the Gulf of Aden littoral. Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and
660-448: Is a tonal language, whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a pitch system. The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and
726-703: Is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken primarily in Greater Somalia , and by the Somali diaspora as a mother tongue. Somali is an official language in both Somalia and Ethiopia , and serves as a national language in Djibouti , it is also a recognised minority language in Kenya . The Somali language is officially written with the Latin alphabet although
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#1732851271163792-579: Is exclusively inhabited by Abgaal of the Hawiye clan. Especially Cumar Galmaax (Celi and Mataan). Warsheikh has various resources such as livestock, marine resources and agricultural production which gives the district several economic and productivity opportunities. But following the collapse of the military regime of Said Barre , the town shared with other districts in the Middle Shabelle region various challenges in terms of security, economy and society. On
858-583: Is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished. Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya , Borama and Kaddare alphabets , which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid , Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare , respectively. Several digital collections of texts in the Somali language have been developed in recent decades. These corpora include Kaydka Af Soomaaliga (KAF), Bangiga Af Soomaaliga,
924-476: Is officially responsible for education in Somalia. As of 24th June 2016, the institution is led by Abdulkadir Abdi Hashi . The Ministry of Health heads the country's healthcare system. As of January 2015, the institution is led by Mohamed Xaji Abdinur . The federal government has two main media outlets: Radio Mogadishu , the state-run radio station and Somali National Television , the national television channel and Somali national news agency. In March 2023,
990-477: Is rarely pronounced as a velar fricative, Partially the reason why is that it is mostly found in Arabic loanwords. It is pronounced as the phoneme χ when it is an allophone for the letter ⟨q⟩ in syllabic codas. As in A kh ri from A q ri meaning (read). Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a pitch accent , or it is a tonal language . Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali
1056-570: Is recognized as an official working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Although it is not an official language of Djibouti , it constitutes a major national language there. Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts, with the government-operated Radio Djibouti transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards. The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts in the Somali language in its Iftin FM Programmes. The language
1122-467: Is similar to the stem alternation that typifies Cairene Arabic . Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns. The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. adiga , "you"). This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word. For example, adna meaning "and you..." (from adi - na ). Clitic pronouns are attached to
1188-412: Is situated about 70 km on the coast north of Mogadishu . Warsheikh is important historical Islamic center and has been centre of trade and learning in the region. The origins of the name Warsheikh ( ( Somali : Warsheekh, Warshiiq, Warshiikh ) has theory based on oral history and goes the following; According to oral tales, the name ‘Warsheik’ was coined by religious scholars who wanted to spread
1254-712: Is spoken by an estimated 95% of the country's inhabitants, and also by a majority of the population in Djibouti. Following the start of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe. Constitutionally, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages of Somalia . Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when
1320-507: Is spoken in Somali inhabited areas of Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya , Yemen and by members of the Somali diaspora . It is also spoken as an adoptive language by a few ethnic minority groups and individuals in Somali majority regions. Somali is the most widely spoken Cushitic language in the region followed by Oromo and Afar . As of 2021, there are approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in Greater Somalia of which around 17 million reside in Somalia. The language
1386-685: Is spoken in the Somali territories within North Eastern Kenya , namely Wajir County , Garissa County and Mandera County . The Somali language is regulated by the Regional Somali Language Academy , an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in Djibouti City by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia. It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language. As of October 2022, Somali and Oromo are
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#17328512711631452-510: Is to operate. It was passed on June 23, 2012, after several days of deliberation between Somali federal and regional politicians. To come into effect, the constitution must be ratified by the new parliament. Under the new constitution, Somalia, now officially known as the Federal Republic of Somalia , is a federation . The President is elected by the Parliament. The president serves as
1518-627: The Arabic script and several Somali scripts like Osmanya , Kaddare and the Borama script are informally used. Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family, specifically, Lowland East Cushitic in addition to Afar and Saho . Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century. The Somali language
1584-773: The Council of Ministers of the Federal Government of Somalia but is sometimes referred to as the Cabinet. Its members are appointed by the Prime Minister. The Federal Parliament of Somalia elects the President and Prime Minister and has the authority to pass and veto laws. It is bicameral , and consists of a 275-seat lower house , as well as an upper house , capped at 54 representatives. By law, at least 30% of all MPs must be women. The current Members of parliament were selected by
1650-566: The Council of Ministers reports through the Prime Minister . After the collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic in 1991, there were no relations between the government of Somalia and the Somaliland government , which declared itself an independent country. [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League The national constitution lays out the basic way in which the government
1716-659: The Federal Member States , have a degree of autonomy over regional affairs and maintain their police and security forces. However, they are constitutionally subject to the authority of the Government of the Federal Republic of Somalia. The national parliament is tasked with selecting the ultimate number and boundaries of the Federal Member States within the Federal Republic of Somalia. The Ministry of Education
1782-450: The Near East and South Asia (e.g. khiyaar "cucumber" from Persian : خيار khiyār ). Other loan words have also displaced their native synonyms in some dialects (e.g. jabaati "a type of flat bread" from Hindi: चपाती chapāti displacing sabaayad). Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic. As part of a broader governmental effort of linguistic purism in
1848-542: The Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, scientist Johann Maria Hildebrandt noted upon visiting the area that "we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised[...] I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters[...] These have hitherto not been deciphered." According to the 1974 report for Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents
1914-487: The Somali Armed Forces and its various subdivisions.The Ministry is led by Abdirashid Abdullahi Mohamed . The constitution recognizes Mogadishu as the capital of Somalia. The Parliament of Somalia meets in the city, which is also the seat of the nation's Supreme Court . In addition, Mogadishu is the location of the presidential palace, Villa Somalia , where the President resides. The Prime Minister also lives in
1980-516: The Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) declared it the Somali Democratic Republic 's primary language of administration and education. Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in forms 1 through 4 , following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee. It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979. In 1972, the SRC adopted
2046-597: The University of Rome , but were later lost in World War II. According to Cerulli, similar coins were found in the village of Mos (Moos), located about 14 km to Warsheikh's northwest. Freeman-Grenville (1963) also record another discovery of ancient coins in the latter town. The population of Warsheikh center does not have official figures but is estimated at 65,000. While the broader Warsheikh District has an estimated population of 150,573 residents as of 2016. The district
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2112-460: The head of state and chooses the Prime Minister, who serves as the head of government and leads the Council of Ministers. According to Article 97 of the constitution, most executive powers of the Somali government are vested in the Council of Ministers. The incumbent President of Somalia is Hassan Sheikh Mohamud . Hamza Abdi Barre is the national Prime Minister. The Council is formally known as
2178-629: The Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. Amharic ). However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective. This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Somali uses three focus markers: baa , ayaa and waxa(a) , which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis. Baa and ayaa require
2244-539: The Islamic religion in Somalia. They felt thirsty after a long journey, and then they raised their hands to pray to Allah to give them water to drink. Allah answered their prayers. They saw the splash of water on the ground a few steps away. After drinking the water, they met pastoralist family and asked for food and hospitality, but the family said there is no water to prepare food on, then the scholar said, “Don’t worry about it go there and you will find water". The found water on
2310-498: The Latin nor Osmanya scripts accommodate this numerical switching. *the commas in the Osmanya number chart are added for clarity Federal Government of Somalia The Federal Government of Somalia ( FGS ; Somali : Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya , DFS; Arabic : الحكومة الفيدرالية الصومالية ) is the internationally recognised government of Somalia , and the first attempt to create
2376-579: The Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas). Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central Indian Ocean seaboard, including Mogadishu . It forms a relatively smaller group. The dialect is fairly mutually intelligible with Northern Somali. The language has five basic vowels . Somali has 22 consonant phonemes . The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some Somali Bantu speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as
2442-509: The Middle Ages. The town has an old mosque situated near a cape, which features an inscription noting its construction in 1278H (1861–1862 CE) by Sheikh Abu Bakr b. Mihzar b. Ahmad al-Kasadi. The masjid has three rows of transverse, east–west piers, and a foliate mihrab . It also has attached chambers, with the Sheikh's tomb situated in an adjacent room. During the Middle Ages, Warsheikh and much of
2508-570: The Semitic Himyarite and Sabaean languages that were largely spoken in what is modern day Yemen —"there is an extensive and ancient relationship between the people and cultures of both sides of the Red Sea coast" Mire posits. Yet, while many more such ancient inscriptions are yet to be found or analyzed, many have been "bulldozed by developers, as the Ministry of Tourism could not buy the land or stop
2574-656: The Somali Web Corpus (soWaC), a Somali read-speech corpus, Asaas (Beginning in Somali) and a Web-Based Somali Language Model and text Corpus called Wargeys (Newspaper in Somali). For all numbers between 11 kow iyo toban and 99 sagaashal iyo sagaal , it is equally correct to switch the placement of the numbers, although larger numbers is some dialects prefer to place the 10s numeral first. For example 25 may both be written as labaatan iyo shan and shan iyo labaatan (lit. Twenty and Five & Five and Twenty). Although neither
2640-513: The Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or neologisms . To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms. Archaeological excavations and research in Somalia uncovered ancient inscriptions in a distinct writing system . In an 1878 report to
2706-522: The Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula. Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. aamiin for "faith in God"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. kubbad-da , "ball"). Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985,
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2772-463: The Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic. Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet , officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and recognised as official orthography of
2838-417: The capital and nearby districts with its less crowded beaches. Majority off the tourists are young students on weekend trips from the capital, while others are Somali diasporas from different countries around the world. The tourists experience the beaches, sand dunes and other attractions such as visiting Alifuuto Nature Reserve and grassland area. The districts have undergone various administrations during
2904-843: The city. The Federal Government of Somalia is internationally recognized as Somalia's official central government. It occupies the country's seat in the United Nations , the African Union , and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). The Somali federal government has a Permanent Representative and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations. It also has embassies in various countries. Additionally, there are various foreign diplomatic missions in Somalia . Ethiopia maintains an embassy in Mogadishu, and consulates in Hargeisa in
2970-543: The colonial period. Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and Italian and are used to describe modern concepts (e.g. telefishen-ka , "the television"; raadia-ha , "the radio"). There are 300 loan words from Italian, such as garawati for "tie" (from Italian cravatta ), dimuqraadi from democratico (democratic), mikroskoob from microscopio , and so on. Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from Persian , Urdu and Hindi that were acquired through historical trade with communities in
3036-534: The destruction". Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing . According to Bogumił Andrzejewski , this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems ( qasidas ), recitations and chants. Among these texts are
3102-485: The district council by the residents. Hassan Ahmed become the first district commissioner in Hirshabelle state of Somalia to be elected by the local council, a shift from previous appointments where previous commissioners were selected by the Federal Member States. Warsheikh district has a local council consisting of 21 person and is headed by a district commissioner. Term length of the elected district council leadership
3168-402: The earliest written attestation of Somali. Much more recently, Somali archaeologist Sada Mire has published ancient inscriptions found throughout Somaliland . As much for much of Somali linguistic history the language was not widely used for literature, Dr. Mire's publications however prove that writing as a technology was not foreign nor scarce in the region. These piece of writing are from
3234-475: The federal government established the National Identification and Registration Authority , whose mandates includes developing a National Identification Number, designed to streamline administrative processes, enhance security, and mitigate fraud and corruption by verifying identities in both digital and in-person transactions. The central government's Ministry of Defence is officially responsible for
3300-441: The flap [ɽ] . Some speakers produce /ħ/ with epiglottal trilling as / ʜ / in retrospect. /q/ is often epiglottalized . The letter ⟨dh⟩ is a retroflex flap when it is pronounced intervocalically, hence becoming the phoneme ( ɽ ): for example, Qu r aanjo (Ant) from Qu dh aanjo; But however, more often than not is the pronunciation of ɽ to the unretained-retroflex ɾ . The letter ⟨kh⟩
3366-400: The focused element to occur preverbally, while waxa(a) may be used following the verb. Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian). Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary. This is a legacy of
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#17328512711633432-471: The fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted. Somali is an agglutinative language, and also shows properties of inflection . Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case. Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation. This general pattern
3498-502: The hand, the absence of a functioning government during the post-crisis period has created a climate of consultation and collaboration among the local community to overcome the crisis of the time with internal and external mobilizations so that the local community can play an active role in the recovery. restoring life in the district. Tourism in Somalia is regulated by the Federal Government of Somalia 's Ministry of Tourism. After
3564-525: The judiciary. It also selects and presents potential Constitutional Court judges to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament for approval. If endorsed, the President appoints the candidate as a judge of the Constitutional Court. The five-member Constitutional Court adjudicates issues about the constitution, in addition to various Federal and sub-national matters. Local state governments, officially recognized as
3630-467: The landmarks and buildings date back to centuries. Following are known landmarks both from the town and from the broader Warsheikh district. The Casa Sul Mare (House On The Sea) The Casa Sul Mare building from 1800s is over 100 years ago and reported to be one of the very historical buildings in Warsheikh. The building is from colonial times, when Italy controlled Warsheikh. The colonial power at
3696-512: The only Cushitic languages available on Google Translate . The Somali languages are broadly divided into three main groups: Northern Somali , Benadir and Maay . Northern Somali forms the basis for Standard Somali. It is spoken by the majority of the Somali population with its speech area stretching from Djibouti , and the Somali Region of Ethiopia to the Northern Frontier District . This widespread modern distribution
3762-520: The place the scholar water told her about, then the other villagers saw her carrying a Jerry-can and asked her where she gets the water from, she replied that the Sheik told her the information and she followed it (literally; Warkii (information) Sheekha (religious scholar). Warsheikh is an early Muslim center in southern Somalia, Warsheikh was one of the principal settlements of the Sultanate of Mogadishu during
3828-453: The plural of the masculine noun dibi ("bull") is formed by converting it into feminine dibi . Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo. Somali is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language. It is largely head final , with postpositions and with obliques preceding verbs. These are common features of
3894-582: The revolution, the collapse of central government, the civil war, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) period, and the current government in Somalia. On Thursday, 2 July 2015, Colonel Ahmed Hussein Ahmed (Shidka) was officially appointed as the new district commissioner of Warsheikh District by the Ministry of Interior of Somalia. But in 2019 the district held an election, Hassan Mohamed Ahmed were elected in as district commissioner and chairman of
3960-564: The self-declared Republic of Somaliland and Garowe in Puntland . Djibouti re-opened its embassy in Mogadishu in December 2010. The following year, India also re-opened its embassy in the capital after a twenty-year absence, as did Turkey . Iran and the United Kingdom followed suit in 2013, as well as Qatar and China in 2014. Italy maintains a special diplomatic delegation and
4026-522: The start of the civil war in the early 1990s, the Tourism Ministry shut down operations. It was re-established in the 2000s, and once again oversees the national tourist industry. The Mogadishu -based Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA) provides on-the-ground consulting services. The district is located on the long coastline of Somalia and has attractive beaches. The district is near the capital Mogadishu and in this connection attracts tourists from
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#17328512711634092-494: The state. The script was developed by a number of leading scholars of Somali, including Musa Haji Ismail Galal , B. W. Andrzejewski and Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for transcribing the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p , v and z . There are no diacritics or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the glottal stop , which does not occur word-initially. There are three consonant digraphs : DH, KH and SH. Tone
4158-425: The surrounding area in southern Somalia was governed by the Ajuran Sultanate . The town later came under the administration of the Hiraab Imamate in the late 17th century after the collapse of the powerful Ajuran Empire . In April 1890, an Italian ship lieutenant Carlo Zavagli and sailor captain Angelo Bartorello were killed offshore by local Somalis that led to the first colonial naval bombardment in retaliation. At
4224-509: The time used the coastline of Warsheikh as one of several ports that commercially connected the southern part of Somalia with the rest of the world. Warsheikh has a modest community hospital. The hospital covers basic needs and provides health services to the residents of Warsheikh and surrounding villages. The hospital was established and is funded by WARMOCAD Umbrella Organization, an organization by diaspora organizations and individuals originating from Warsheikh. It has been possible to implement
4290-422: The turn of the 20th century, Warsheikh was incorporated into the Italian Somaliland protectorate . After independence in 1960, the town was made the administration center of the official Warsheikh District. Over the course of three archaeological expeditions in Warsheikh between 1920 and 1921, Enrico Cerulli uncovered coins from the medieval Sultans of Mogadishu. They were deposited in the Scuola Orientale of
4356-408: The verb and do not take nominal morphology. Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as Rendille and Dhaasanac. As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali is characterized by polarity of gender , whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender agreement of their singular forms. For example,
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