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58-631: Wapiti is named after the Cree word for elk ( waapiti ). Wapiti River originates as the outflow of Tuck Lake , east of Wapiti Pass , in Wapiti Lake Provincial Park , east-central British Columbia , in the Canadian Rockies . It then runs in a north-eastern direction, crosses into Alberta, where it becomes more meandered as it continues through the County of Grande Prairie No. 1 . It merges into

116-428: A consonant , can be written four ways, each direction representing its corresponding vowel . Some dialects of Cree have up to seven vowels, so additional diacritics are placed after the syllabic to represent the corresponding vowels. Finals represent stand-alone consonants. The Cree language also has two semivowels . The semivowels may follow other consonants or be on their own in a word. The following tables show

174-408: A fricative , nasal , or y . The coda , when it occurs, is either [s] or [h] but many Plains Cree words end in a vowel . The following table describes the phonotactics of Plains Cree by the distribution of consonants and semivowels with relation to the obligatory vowel. Parentheses indicate optional components. Plains Cree is classified as a polysynthetic fusional language as a result of

232-461: A complex polysynthetic morphosyntax. A common grammatical feature in Cree dialects, in terms of sentence structure, is non-regulated word order. Word order is not governed by a specific set of rules or structure; instead, "subjects and objects are expressed by means of inflection on the verb". Subject, Verb, and Object (SVO) in a sentence can vary in order, for example, SVO, VOS, OVS, and SOV. Obviation

290-526: A different pattern with respect to voicing. Plains Cree ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , ᐠ k /k/ , ᐨ c /t͡s/ , and also ᐢ s /s/ normally correspond to the Michif sounds p /p/ , t /t/ , k /k/ , ch /t͡ʃ/ , and sh /ʃ/ , which in Michif do not have voiced allophones. Michif has voiced sounds b /b/ , d /d/ , g /ɡ/ , j /d͡ʒ/ , and zh /ʒ/ which are distinct phonemes, and in some cases

348-417: A dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel ; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels , the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: nāpēw mīna iskwēw "a man and a woman" is reduced to nāpēw mīn īskwēw . Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by

406-673: A final consonant (and nasalized vowels), as aenhenk ' yes ' . There is a degree of variation in the sounds ᐨ c /t͡s/ and ᐢ s /s/ . On the Sweetgrass Reserve in Saskatchewan in 1925, ᐨ c /t͡s/ was either alveolar [t͡s] or palatoalveolar [t͡ʃ] , but ᐢ s /s/ was normally alveolar [s] , and only abnormally palatoalveolar [ʃ] . In contrast to this, Michif words of Plains Cree origin at Turtle Mountain, North Dakota, invariably have palatoalveolar pronunciation for both of these sounds. Voicing of

464-448: A final glottal stop. However, there is no way of writing a glottal stop in the standard Latin alphabet or in Cree syllabics. Wolfart 's grammar contains a text sample which includes this word without a glottal stop, and in his synopsis of Plains Cree sounds no mention of this sound is made. The same word also occurs in Michif , a language derived in part from Plains Cree. There it appears with

522-446: A following stop or affricate; these are not separate phonemes. Pre-aspiration can uniquely distinguish words. For example, compare the simple ᐠ k and cluster ᕽ hk in ᐑᒋᐦᐃᐠ wīcihik ' help me! ' and ᐑᒋᐦᐃᕽ wīcihihk ' help him! ' . Plains Cree is often described as having seven contrastive vowels, three short and four long. However, northern Plains Cree has only three long vowels. These vowels in

580-802: A full-stop glyph ( ⟨᙮⟩ ) or a double em-width space has been used between words to signal the transition from one sentence to the next. For Plains Cree and Swampy Cree , Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet to denote the dialect's ten consonants ( ⟨p⟩ , ⟨t⟩ , ⟨c⟩ , ⟨k⟩ , ⟨s⟩ , ⟨m⟩ , ⟨n⟩ , ⟨w⟩ , ⟨y⟩ and ⟨h⟩ ) and seven vowels ( ⟨a⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ā⟩ , ⟨ī⟩ , ⟨ō⟩ and ⟨ē⟩ ). Upper case letters are not used. For more details on

638-405: A word are replaced by /c/ before the diminutive suffixes /es/ , /esis/ , etc. Thus, nitēm "my horse" would become nicēmisis "my little horse" and atimw- /aθemw/ "dog" would realize as acimosis "little dog". Palatalization to indicate diminution extends even to internal changes within the stem . This is why the statement yōtin "it is windy" can change to yōcin to say that "it

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696-593: A work. The vowel ē /eː/ , used in southern Plains Cree, is always long and the grapheme ⟨e⟩ is never used. In northern Plains Cree the sound has merged with ī , and thus ⟨ē⟩ is not used at all. The use of unmarked ⟨o⟩ and marked ⟨ō⟩ for the phonemes /u/ and /oː/ emphasizes the relationship that can exist between these two vowels. There are situations where o can be lengthened to ō , as for example in ᓂᑲᒧ! nikamo! 'sing (now)!' and ᓂᑲᒨᐦᑲᐣ! nikamōhkan! 'sing (later)!'. In alphabetic writing,

754-854: Is [iː] ; ᐁ ē /eː/ is close-mid [eː] ; ᐆ ō /oː/ is typically close-mid [oː] but its range includes close [uː] ; and ᐋ ā /aː/ ranges from front open [aː] to back open [ɑː] . The description of ᐁ ē /eː/ must be further qualified to account for geographic variation. Although this sound is [eː] in southern Plains Cree, it becomes closer farther north, becoming [iː] and merging with /iː/ in northern Plains Cree, as it has done also in neighbouring Woods Cree. Contrast in vowel length can be seen in such pairs as: ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sakahikan nail vs     ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sākahikan lake ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ {vs} ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sakahikan {} sākahikan nail {} lake ᓂᐱᐩ nipiy water vs     ᓃᐱᐩ nīpiy leaf ᓂᐱᐩ {vs} ᓃᐱᐩ nipiy {} nīpiy water {} leaf The vowel /i/

812-552: Is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 indigenous people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador . If considered one language, it is the aboriginal language with the highest number of speakers in Canada. The only region where Cree has any official status is in the Northwest Territories , alongside eight other aboriginal languages. There, Cree

870-457: Is a little windy". Word-final short vowels tend to be subject to apocope except for when the stem is syllabic . That is, the word /sīsīp-a/ would become sīsīp "duck" but /nisk-a/ remains niska "goose" because the stem is composed of only a single syllable . Similarly, post-consonantal word-final /w/ is lost. In the case of the Plains Cree word for "dog" /atimwa/ , the /w/

928-404: Is also a key aspect of the Cree language(s). In a sense, the obviative can be defined as any third-person ranked lower on a hierarchy of discourse salience than some other (proximate) discourse-participant. "Obviative animate nouns, [in the Plains Cree dialect for instance], are marked by [a suffix] ending –a , and are used to refer to third persons who are more peripheral in the discourse than

986-435: Is day-break". Also, the combination of a long vowel and a short vowel deletes the short vowel . Therefore, nīpā "in the dark" and ohtē "walk" form nīpāhtēw "he walks in the dark". This deletion is true whether the short vowel occurs before or after the long vowel . When two short vowels occur in sequence, however, it is the second that deletes. For instance, the stem ositiyi "his foot/feet" combines with

1044-444: Is inserted when morphemes with non-syllabic endings are followed by morpheme-initial consonants, such as when the transitive animate conjunct ending - at is followed by the third person plural marker - k . The result is not atk but rather acik . Note the palatalization of the /t-i/ sequence. This insertion does not occur before semivowels such as /w/ or in certain specific combinations. Because Plains Cree does not accept

1102-499: Is not phonologically transparent, which means gender must be learned along with the noun. As is common in polysynthetic languages, a Cree word can be very long, and express something that takes a series of words in English. For example: kiskinohamātowikamikw know. CAUS . APPL . RECP .place kiskinohamātowikamikw know.CAUS.APPL.RECP.place 'school' ( lit. 'knowing-it-together-by-example place') This means that changing

1160-427: Is only lost after the short vowel /a/ is dropped when the plural suffix - k is added. Thus, the word is realized atim while its plural form is atimwak . In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase nāpēw mīna atim is reduced to nāpēw mīn ātim "a man and

1218-565: Is pronounced /'pasa'kwa:pi'simowin/. This rule holds even in cases where the penultimate syllable is long. The syllable itself consists of an optional onset , a peak obligatory vowel and an optional coda . The onset can be non-syllabic or a consonant , sometimes followed by a w . Although any vowel can occur in any position in the word, the long vowels /iː/, /eː/, and /oː/ are found only rarely in initial and final positions. Plains Cree does not permit vowel clusters ; clusters of identical non-syllabics; or fricatives followed by

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1276-678: Is spoken mainly in Fort Smith and Hay River . Endonyms are: Cree is believed to have begun as a dialect of the Proto-Algonquian language spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original Algonquian homeland , an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of James Bay . The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas

1334-407: Is the last syllable that receives primary stress , as in the word /is'kwe:w/ iskwēw "woman" or /mih'ti/ mihti "piece of firewood". Words of three syllables or more exhibit primary stress on the third syllable from the end. In this case, secondary stress falls on alternate syllables from the antepenult . One may observe, for instance, that the word pasakwāpisimowin "Shut-Eye Dance"

1392-530: Is used in Eastern dialects where s and š are distinct phonemes. In other dialects, s is used even when pronounced like [ʃ] . ⟨l⟩ and ⟨r⟩ are used natively in Moose and Attikamek Cree, but in other dialects only for loanwords. The stops, p , t , k , and the affricate, c , can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to

1450-453: Is used. John John cî Q kî-mîciso-w PST -eat- 3SG Plains Cree language Plains Cree ( endonym : ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ nēhiyawēwin ; alternatively: ᐸᐢᑳᐧᐃᐧᓃᒧᐃᐧᐣ paskwâwinîmowin "language of the prairie people" ) is a dialect of the Algonquian language , Cree , which is the most populous Canadian indigenous language . Plains Cree is considered a dialect of

1508-526: Is word boundary, not phrase boundary. So voiceless variants occur at the beginning of a word, at the end of a word, and after ᐦ h /h/ or ᐢ s /s/ . The voiced variants occur in all other situations. However, other distributions of voiceless versus voiced sounds are possible. Bloomfield reported the same voicing pattern as a possibility for the phoneme ᐠ k /k/ , but did not mentioned it for ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , or ᐨ c /t͡s/ . The Plains Cree component of Michif shows

1566-745: The Smoky River 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Grande Prairie . From west to east, Wapiti River flows through the alpine environment of the Rocky Mountains , the rolling foothills, then farmlands and aspen parkland in western Alberta. Wapiti Lake Provincial Park, Bear River Park, O'Brien Provincial Park and Pipestone Creek Park are protected areas along the river. Close to its mouth, Wapiti has an average discharge of 100 cubic metres per second (3,500 cu ft/s). Download coordinates as: Cree language Cree ( / k r iː / KREE ; also known as Cree– Montagnais – Naskapi )

1624-425: The ending /in/ and kinātitin "I fetch you" where it is not palatalized before the ending /etin/ . This pattern includes several important exceptions, including that of the stem wāt- "hole". Before the inanimate proximate singular suffix /i/ , one would expect the /t/ to become either /s/ or /t͡s/ but it does not. Palatalization is also found in diminutives , where all instances of /t/ in

1682-619: The fur trade posits that the Western Woods Cree and the Plains Cree (and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the Museum of the American Indian stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts

1740-454: The insertion of the /h/ sound: mīna iskwēw and mīna(h) iskwēw respectively. Within words, short vowels may also disappear when they are unstressed , especially between [s] and [t] or [n] and [s] . In normal speech, for example, the greeting tānisi "hello" is reduced to tānsi . The stress pattern of Plains Cree is dependent on the number of syllables rather than on vowel length . For instance, in disyllabic words, it

1798-418: The locative suffix /ehk/ to produce ositiyihk "on his foot/feet". Normal patterns of vowel combination and deletion , however, are set aside during prefixation , a process in which a [t] is inserted between vowels when the personal prefixes ki- , ni- , o- , and mi- precede a stem-initial vowel. As a result, when the personal prefix for "I" ni- is affixed to the stem for "sit" apin ,

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1856-469: The proximate third person". For example: Sam Sam wâpam- ew see- 3SG Susan- a Susan- 3OBV Sam wâpam- ew Susan- a Sam see-3SG Susan-3OBV "Sam sees Susan." The suffix -a marks Susan as the obviative, or 'fourth' person, the person furthest away from the discourse. The Cree language has grammatical gender in a system that classifies nouns as animate or inanimate. The distribution of nouns between animate or inanimate

1914-480: The syllabaries of Eastern and Western Cree dialects, respectively: Speakers of various Cree dialects have begun creating dictionaries to serve their communities. Some projects, such as the Cree Language Resource Project, are developing an online bilingual Cree dictionary for the Cree language. Cree syllabics has not commonly or traditionally used the period ( ⟨.⟩ ). Instead, either

1972-488: The y dialect, refer to their language as nēhi y awēwin , whereas Woods Cree speakers say nīhi th awīwin , and Swampy Cree speakers say nēhi n awēwin . Another important phonological variation among the Cree dialects involves the palatalisation of Proto-Algonquian *k : East of the Ontario–Quebec border (except for Atikamekw), Proto-Algonquian *k has changed into /tʃ/ or /ts/ before front vowels. See

2030-569: The Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact. The Cree dialect continuum can be divided by many criteria. Dialects spoken in northern Ontario and the southern James Bay, Lanaudière, and Mauricie regions of Quebec differentiate /ʃ/ (sh as in sh e ) and /s/ , while those to the west have merged the two phonemes as /s/ and in the east the phonemes are merged as either /ʃ/ or /h/ . In several dialects, including northern Plains Cree and Woods Cree,

2088-424: The Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent syllable codas , as in ᐁᐤ ēw , ᐁᑊ ēp , [ᐁᐟ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ēt , etc. The consonants are represented differently when they comprise or are a component of a syllable onset , as in ᐍ wē , ᐯ pē , ᐻ pwē , ᑌ tē , etc. The exception is ᐦ h , which always has

2146-519: The Cree-Montagnais language or a dialect of the Cree language that is distinct from the Montagnais language. Plains Cree is one of five main dialects of Cree in this second sense, along with Woods Cree, Swampy Cree, Moose Cree, and Atikamekw. Although no single dialect of Cree is favored over another, Plains Cree is the one that is the most widely used. Out of the 116,500 speakers of the Cree language,

2204-757: The Plains Cree [j] that is [ð] in Rocky Cree as ⟨ý⟩ . Similarly, in dictionaries focused on Western Swampy Cree, Woods Cree may readily substitute ⟨ē⟩ with ⟨ī⟩ , while materials accommodating Woods Cree will indicate the Western Swampy Cree [n] that is [ð] in Woods Cree as ⟨ń⟩ . Atikamekw uses ⟨c⟩ [ ʃ ], ⟨tc⟩ [ t͡ʃ ], and ⟨i⟩ [ j ] (which also serves as ⟨i⟩ [ i ]). Eastern James Bay Cree prefers to indicate long vowels (other than [eː] ) by doubling

2262-662: The Plains Cree dialect is spoken by about 34,000 people primarily in Saskatchewan and Alberta but also in Manitoba and Montana . The number of people who can speak an Aboriginal language, such as Plains Cree, has increased. For example, in the 2016 census, 263,840 people could speak an Aboriginal language well enough to conduct a conversation. From 1996 to 2016, the total number of people who were able to speak an Aboriginal language went up by 8%. The number of Plains Cree speakers similarly has increased along with population increases over

2320-458: The Plains Cree sounds correspond to these. These cases all involve syncope of vowel i /i/ that results in a cluster of nasal consonant plus stop, affricate or sibilant . At the beginning of a word, the nasal consonant is subsequently lost. Unlike the stops and the affricate, sh /ʃ/ becomes voiced only at the beginning of a word. Plains Cree has pre-aspirated stops and a pre-aspirated affricate which are actually clusters of /h/ plus

2378-504: The dialects which use syllabics as their orthography (including Atikamekw but excluding Kawawachikamach Naskapi), the term Montagnais then applies to those dialects using the Latin script (excluding Atikamekw and including Kawawachikamach Naskapi). The term Naskapi typically refers to Kawawachikamach (y-dialect) and Natuashish (n-dialect). The Cree dialects can be broadly classified into nine groups. Roughly from west to east: This table shows

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2436-407: The language phonetically. Cree is always written from left to right horizontally. The easternmost dialects are written using the Latin script exclusively. The dialects of Plains Cree, Woods Cree, and western Swampy Cree use Western Cree syllabics and the dialects of eastern Swampy Cree, East Cree, Moose Cree, and Naskapi use Eastern Cree syllabics . In Cree syllabics, each symbol, which represents

2494-453: The long vowels /eː/ and /iː/ have merged into a single vowel, /iː/ . In the Quebec communities of Chisasibi , Whapmagoostui , and Kawawachikamach , the long vowel /eː/ has merged with /aː/ . However, the most transparent phonological variation between different Cree dialects are the reflexes of Proto-Algonquian *l in the modern dialects, as shown below: The Plains Cree, speakers of

2552-464: The past 20 years. The consonant inventory of Plains Cree contains 10 or 11 sounds. This includes the semi-vowels /w/ and /j/ , which are glides that act like and often follow consonants. The consonants of Plains Cree in the two standard writing systems , Cree syllabics and the Cree Latin alphabet, are listed in the following table (with IPA phonemic notation within slashes). Note that

2610-490: The phonetic values of these letters or variant orthographies, see the § Phonology section above. The /ð/ sound of Woods Cree is written ⟨th⟩ , or ⟨ð⟩ in more recent material. Plains and Swampy material written to be cross-dialectical often modify ⟨y⟩ to ⟨ý⟩ and ⟨n⟩ to ⟨ñ⟩ when those are pronounced /ð/ in Swampy. ⟨š⟩

2668-401: The phonological sequence /ww/ , however, one /w/ is dropped. When the morpheme /ahkw/ , a marker for the inclusive plural in the conjunct order, is followed by /waːw/ , the third person plural marker, the word is realized as /ahkwaːw/ . The glide /j/ is inserted between two long vowels , which is why the combination of kīsikā "be day" and āpan "be dawn" forms kīsikāyāpan "it

2726-511: The possible consonant phonemes in the Cree language or one of its varieties. In dictionaries focused on Eastern Swampy Cree, Western Swampy Cree may readily substitute ⟨sh⟩ with ⟨s⟩ , while Lowland Moose Cree may readily substitute ⟨ñ⟩ with their ⟨l⟩ . In dictionaries focused on Southern Plains Cree, Northern Plains Cree may readily substitute ⟨ē⟩ with ⟨ī⟩ , while materials accommodating Rocky Cree will indicate

2784-568: The same representation, as in ᐁᐦ ēh or ᐦᐁ hē . The status of the glottal stop , /ʔ/ , as a phoneme in Plains Cree is uncertain. It was recorded in the word ēhaʔ ' yes ' (transcribed ähaʔ ) by Leonard Bloomfield , who stated that the sound occurred only in this word. In a collaborative online dictionary, Cree speakers have contributed several variants of this word, including ᐁᐦᐊ ēha (written eha and êha ), ᐁᐦᐁ ēhē (written êhê ), and ᐄᐦᐃ īhi (written îhi ). None of these forms includes

2842-452: The sometimes back vowels ᐊ a and ᐋ ā are not. Within these phonemes there is a degree of allophonic variation. The short close vowels ᐃ i /i/ and ᐅ o /u/ are typically near close [ɪ] and [ʊ] , but range to close [i] and [u] . The short open vowel ᐊ a /a/ is typically open, ranging from front [a] to back [ɑ] , but its range extends to front open-mid [ɛ] and back open-mid [ʌ] . The long front close vowel ᐄ ī /iː/

2900-493: The standard writing systems are listed in the following table (with IPA phonemic notation within slashes). Note that the Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent syllable nuclei which have no syllable onset. The vowels are represented differently with non-null onset, as for example with n -onset in ᓀ nē , ᓂ ni , ᓃ nī , etc. A distinction not indicated in the table is between back rounded and back unrounded. The back vowels ᐅ o and ᐆ ō are rounded, whereas

2958-580: The stops and the affricate is not contrastive in Plain Cree, which is to say that the phonemes ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , ᐠ k /k/ , ᐨ c /t͡s/ have voiceless allophones [p] , [t] , [k] , [t͡s, t͡ʃ] and voiced allophones [b] , [d] , [ɡ] , [d͡z, d͡ʒ] . According to Wolfart and Carroll, the distribution of voiceless and voiced allophones is complementary: voiceless allophones occur in unvoiced phonological contexts; voiced allophones occur in voiced contexts. The context limit

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3016-493: The table above for examples in the * kīla column. Very often the Cree dialect continuum is divided into two languages: Cree and Montagnais. Cree includes all dialects which have not undergone the *k > /tʃ/ sound change (BC–QC) while Montagnais encompasses the territory where this sound change has occurred (QC–NL). These labels are very useful from a linguistic perspective but are confusing as East Cree then qualifies as Montagnais. For practical purposes, Cree usually covers

3074-444: The unvoiced pronunciation, e.g. ⟨p⟩ not ⟨b⟩ , ⟨t⟩ not ⟨d⟩ , etc. The phoneme /t͡s/ is represented by ⟨c⟩ , as it is in various other languages . Long vowels are denoted with either a macron , as in ⟨ā⟩ , or a circumflex , as in ⟨â⟩ . Use of either the macron or circumflex is acceptable, but usage should be consistent within

3132-418: The use of punctuation has been inconsistent. For instance, in the Plains Cree dialect, the interrogative enclitic cî can be included in the sentence to mark a yes–no question such that this is sometimes considered to be sufficient without including a question mark (?). However, in many modern publications and text collections ( cf. The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw (1998) ) full punctuation

3190-466: The vowel, while the western Cree use either a macron or circumflex diacritic; as [eː] is always long, often it is written as just ⟨e⟩ without doubling or using a diacritic. While Western Cree dialects make use of ⟨o⟩ and either ⟨ō⟩ or ⟨ô⟩ , Eastern Cree dialects instead make use of ⟨u⟩ and either ⟨uu⟩ , ⟨ū⟩ , or ⟨û⟩ . Cree features

3248-501: The western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later. After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours. A traditional view among 20th-century anthropologists and historians of

3306-410: The word is realized as nitapin instead of nipin . In isolated cases, /h/ or /w/ is sometimes inserted instead of [t] , such as the word nihayān "I have it". Palatalization of the sounds /θ/ and /t/ to /s/ and /t͡s/ respectively occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/ . For example, the stem /naːθ/ "fetch" becomes kināsin "you fetch me" before

3364-467: The word order in Cree can place emphasis on different pieces of the sentence. Wolfart and Carroll give the following example by transposing the two Cree words: Cree dialects, except for those spoken in eastern Quebec and Labrador , are traditionally written using Cree syllabics , a variant of Canadian Aboriginal syllabics , but can be written with the Latin script as well. Both writing systems represent

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