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24-575: Historically, the area had the largest copper deposits in the Southern Levant . Also has a number of significant early prehistoric sites. The rich copper deposits of Wadi Faynan became the basis for the rapid development of copper culture. Mining and smelting of ore began from the Chalcolithic period (4500–3100 BCE), and continued onward to the Mamluk period (1250–1516 CE). German scientists excavating

48-767: A huge malachite vase, and the Malachite Room in Castillo de Chapultepec in Mexico City . Another example is the Demidov Vase, part of the former Demidov family collection , and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . "The Tazza ", a large malachite vase, one of the largest pieces of malachite in North America and a gift from Tsar Nicholas II , stands as the focal point in the centre of the room of Linda Hall Library . In

72-518: A mineral pigment in green paints from antiquity until c. 1800. The pigment is moderately lightfast , sensitive to acids , and varying in color. This natural form of green pigment has been replaced by its synthetic form, verditer , among other synthetic greens. Malachite is also used for decorative purposes, such as in wands and the Malachite Room in the Hermitage Museum , which features

96-554: A principal ore of nickel that is also known as niccolite, weathers at the surface into a green mineral ( annabergite ) that resembles malachite. This resemblance resulted in occasional attempts to smelt nickeline in the belief that it was copper ore, but such attempts always ended in failure due to high smelting temperatures needed to reduce nickel. In Germany this deceptive mineral came to be known as kupfernickel , literally "copper demon ." The Swedish alchemist Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (who had been trained by Georg Brandt ,

120-557: A talisman for young people because of its protective qualities and its ability to help with sleep. It has also historically been worn for protection from lightning and contagious diseases and for health, success, and constancy in the affections. During the Middle Ages it was customary to wear it engraved with a figure or symbol of the Sun to maintain health and to avert depression to which Capricorns were considered vulnerable. In ancient Egypt

144-464: Is a low grade copper ore, however, due to increase demand for metals, more economic processing such as hydrometallurgical methods (using aqueous solutions such as sulfuric acid ) are being used as malachite is readily soluble in dilute acids. Sulfuric acid is the most common leaching agent for copper oxide ores like malachite and eliminates the need for smelting processes. The chemical equation for sulfuric acid leaching of copper ore from malachite

168-783: Is as follows: Mining for malachite for ornamental or copper ore purposes involves open-pit mining or underground mining depending on the grade of the ore deposits. Open-pit and underground mining practices can cause environmental degradation through habitat and biodiversity loss . Acid mine drainage can contaminate water and food sources to negatively impact human health if improperly managed or if leaks from tailing ponds occur. The risk of health and environmental impacts of both traditional metallurgy and newer methods of hydrometallurgy are both significant, however, water conservation and waste management practices for hydrometallurgy processes for ore extraction, such as for malachite, are stricter and relatively more sustainable. New research

192-402: Is different from Wikidata Malachite Malachite is a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral, with the formula Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 . This opaque, green-banded mineral crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system , and most often forms botryoidal , fibrous, or stalagmitic masses, in fractures and deep, underground spaces, where the water table and hydrothermal fluids provide

216-429: Is often found with azurite (Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ), goethite , and calcite . Except for its vibrant green color, the properties of malachite are similar to those of azurite and aggregates of the two minerals occur frequently. Malachite is more common than azurite and is typically associated with copper deposits around limestones , the source of the carbonate. Large quantities of malachite have been mined in

240-806: The Urals , Russia . Ural malachite is not being mined at present, but G.N Vertushkova reports the possible discovery of new deposits of malachite in the Urals. It is found worldwide including in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Gabon ; Zambia ; Tsumeb , Namibia ; Mexico ; Broken Hill, New South Wales ; Burra, South Australia ; Lyon , France ; Timna Valley , Israel ; and the Southwestern United States , most notably in Arizona . Anthropogenic malachite

264-1441: The copper mining process: Image Name Formula % Copper when pure [REDACTED] Chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 34.5 [REDACTED] Chalcocite Cu 2 S 79.8 [REDACTED] Covellite CuS 66.5 [REDACTED] Bornite 2Cu 2 S·CuS·FeS 63.3 [REDACTED] Tetrahedrite Cu 3 Sb S 3 + x(Fe,Zn) 6 Sb 2 S 9 32–45 [REDACTED] Digenite Cu 9 S 5 78.1 [REDACTED] Malachite CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2 57.7 [REDACTED] Azurite 2CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2 55.1 [REDACTED] Cuprite Cu 2 O 88.8 [REDACTED] Chrysocolla (Cu,Al) 2 H 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ·n(H 2 O) 37.9 [REDACTED] Tennantite Cu 12 As 4 S 13 51.6 [REDACTED] Dioptase CuSiO 2 (OH) 2 45.3 [REDACTED] Enargite Cu 3 AsS 4 48.4 References [ edit ] ^ Samans, Carl H. Engineering Metals and their Alloys MacMillan 1949 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_copper_ores&oldid=1224655584 " Categories : Copper ores Mining-related lists Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

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288-401: The monoclinic system . The structure consists of chains of alternating Cu ions and OH ions, with a net positive charge, woven between isolated triangular CO 3 ions. Thus each copper ion is conjugated to two hydroxyl ions and two carbonate ions; each hydroxyl ion is conjugated with two copper ions ; and each carbonate ion is conjugated with six copper ions. Malachite was used as

312-421: The 10th century BC, encouraged the trade and production of copper instead of destroying the region. This Jordanian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Copper ore (Redirected from Copper ore ) Materials with copper content to be processed to recover copper Following is a list of minerals that serve as copper ores in

336-438: The addition of heat and a carbon, causing the carbonate to decompose leaving copper oxide and an additional carbon source such as coal converts the copper oxide into copper metal. The basic word equation for this reaction is: Copper carbonate + heat → carbon dioxide + copper oxide (color changes from green to black). Copper oxide + carbon → carbon dioxide + copper (color change from black to copper colored). Malachite

360-430: The colour green (wadj) was associated with death and the power of resurrection as well as new life and fertility. Ancient Egyptians believed that the afterlife contained an eternal paradise, referred to as the "Field of Malachite", which resembled their lives but with no pain or suffering. Simple methods of copper ore extraction from malachite involved thermodynamic processes such as smelting . This reaction involves

384-601: The development of technology: in the second half of the 10th century BCE there was a standardization of the production process over a large area, including the Wadi Faynan and Timna Valley deposits, and a sharp decrease in the copper content in the slag, indicating more efficient ore processing. Part of the wadi is included in the Dana Biosphere Reserve . The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) opened

408-478: The discoverer of the nickel-like metal cobalt ) realized that there was probably a new metal hiding within the kupfernickel ore, and in 1751 he succeeded in smelting kupfernickel to produce a previously unknown (except in certain meteorites ) silvery white, iron-like metal. Logically, Cronstedt named his new metal after the nickel part of kupfernickel . Malachite often results from the supergene weathering and oxidation of primary sulfidic copper ores , and

432-745: The first of its eco hotels , the Feynan Ecolodge , there in 2005. Archaeological sites in Faynan have been extensively excavated by the Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeology Project, led by Thomas E. Levy and Mohammad Najjar. Levy and Najjar have argued that Iron Age sites in the region relate to the earliest phases of the Biblical kingdom of Edom . These scholars, along with Erez Ben-Yosef , also argue that Pharaoh Shoshenk I of Egypt (the Biblical "Shishak"), who attacked Jerusalem in

456-457: The means for chemical precipitation. Individual crystals are rare, but occur as slender to acicular prisms. Pseudomorphs after more tabular or blocky azurite crystals also occur. The stone's name derives (via Latin : molochītis , Middle French : melochite , and Middle English melochites ) from Greek Μολοχίτης λίθος molochites lithos , "mallow-green stone", from μολόχη molochē , variant of μαλάχη malāchē , "mallow". The mineral

480-509: The mined malachite. Archaeological evidence indicates that the mineral has been mined and smelted to obtain copper at Timna Valley in Israel for more than 3,000 years. Since then, malachite has been used as both an ornamental stone and as a gemstone. The use of azurite and malachite as copper ore indicators led indirectly to the name of the element nickel in the English language. Nickeline ,

504-545: The region in 1983 concluded that copper production in the region was on a scale unprecedented in the southeastern Mediterranean, with the possible exception of the copper mines of Cyprus . Copper production became widespread during the period when Wadi Faynan was part of the Kingdom of Edom at the turn of the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE. Presumably, the aggressive campaigns of the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I played an important role in

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528-520: The time of Tsar Nicolas I decorative pieces with malachite were among the most popular diplomatic gifts. It was used in China as far back as the Eastern Zhou period. The base of FIFA World Cup Trophy has two layers of malachite. A 17th-century Spanish superstition held that having a child wear a lozenge of malachite would help them sleep, and keep evil spirits at bay. Marbodus recommended malachite as

552-679: Was given this name due to its resemblance to the leaves of the mallow plant . Copper (Cu ) gives malachite its green color. Malachite was mined from deposits near the Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai as early as 4000 BCE. It was extensively mined at the Great Orme Mines in Britain 3,800 years ago, using stone and bone tools. Archaeological evidence indicates that mining activity ended c.  600 BCE , with up to 1,760 tonnes of copper being produced from

576-463: Was historically believed to be the primary component of the patina which forms on copper and copper alloy structures exposed to open-air weathering ; however, atmospheric sources of sulfate and chloride (such as air pollution or sea winds) typically favour the formation of brochantite or atacamite . Malachite can also be produced synthetically, in which case it is referred to as basic copper carbonate or green verditer. Malachite crystallizes in

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