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40-428: Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit and a potential lion stronghold. This Benin location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Burkina Faso location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Niger location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Africa protected areas related article

80-404: A population isolated from gene flow . One possible cause of genetic divergence is the founder effect , which is when a few individuals become isolated from their original population. Those individuals might overrepresent a certain genetic pattern, which means that certain biological characteristics are overrepresented. These individuals can form a new population with different gene pools from

120-475: A Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for West and Central Africa. Contemporary lion distribution and habitat quality in savannahs of West and Central Africa was assessed in 2005, and Lion Conservation Units (LCU) mapped. Educated guesses for size of populations in these LCUs ranged from 3,274 to 3,909 individuals between 2002 and 2012. The last populations of the West African lion clade are surviving in

160-912: A black tail tuft. Average head-to-body length of male lions is 2.47–2.84 m (8 ft 1 in – 9 ft 4 in) with a weight of 148.2–190.9 kg (327–421 lb). Females are smaller and less heavy. Zoological lion specimens range in colour from light to dark tawny. Male skins have short manes, light manes, dark manes or long manes. Taxonomists recognised that neither skin nor mane colour and length of lions can be adduced as distinct subspecific characteristics. Then they turned to measuring and comparing lion skulls and found that skull length of Barbary and Indian lion samples does not differ significantly, ranging from 28–31.17 cm (11.02–12.27 in) in females and 33.8–36.2 cm (13.3–14.3 in) in males. A few lion specimens from West Africa obtained by museums were described as having shorter manes than lions from other African regions. In general,

200-709: A few protected areas from Senegal in the west to Nigeria in the east. This population has lost 99% of its former range. Between 246 and 466 lions live in the WAP-Complex , a large system of protected areas formed mainly by W , Arli , and Pendjari National Parks in Burkina Faso , Benin , and Niger . It is regionally extinct in Mauritania , Gambia , Guinea-Bissau , Mali , Sierra Leone , Ivory Coast , and Togo , and possibly extinct in Guinea and Ghana . The border between

240-447: A lesser extent also on waterbuck, crested porcupine ( Hystrix cristata ), bushpig, roan antelope, olive baboon ( Papio anubis ) and oribi ( Ourebia ourebi ). In India's Gir Forest National Park, lions predominantly kill chital ( Axis axis ), Sambar deer ( Rusa unicolor ), nilgai ( Boselaphus tragocamelus ), cattle ( Bos taurus ), domestic buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) and less frequently also wild boar ( Sus scrofa ). Outside

280-630: A lion in the Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal has given birth to three cubs, two males and a female. The park is aiming to increase the lion population to 50 lions by the end 2025, before doubling that population in the 5 years after that. Genetic divergence Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes ( mutations ) through time, often leading to reproductive isolation and continued mutation even after

320-644: A major clade distinct from lion populations in Southern and East Africa . In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group subsumed lion populations according to the major clades into two subspecies, namely P. l. leo and P. l. melanochaita . Within P. l. leo three subclades are clearly distinguishable. One from Asia, which includes the extinct Barbary lions of North Africa, another one from West Africa and

360-404: A population with both high and low phenotypic extremes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype. These individuals occupy two different niches, within each niche there is Gaussian trait distribution . If the genetic variation between niches is high then there will be strong reproductive isolation. If genetic variation is below a certain threshold than introgression will occur but if variation

400-611: A single clade, and the lions in West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa also form distinct clades. Analysis of phylogenetic data of 194 lion samples from 22 countries revealed that Central and West African lions diverged about 186,000–128,000 years ago from the melanochaita group in East and Southern Africa. Samples from West Africa shared alleles with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This indicates that Central Africa

440-450: A single male. In Waza National Park, three female and two male lions were radio-collared in 1999 and tracked until 2001. The females moved in home ranges of between 352 and 724 km (136 and 280 sq mi) and stayed inside the park during most of the survey period. The males used home ranges of between 428 and 1,054 km (165 and 407 sq mi), both inside and outside the park, where they repeatedly killed livestock. One

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480-401: A sufficient wild prey base, make lion-human coexistence sustainable and reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations. Surveys and interviews with herders around protected areas revealed that improved enclosures for livestock significantly decreased depredation by lions, and hence contributed to mitigating human-lion conflict. The effect of lion trophy hunting and whether it

520-552: A third one from Central Africa, north of the rainforest belt. P. l. leo is regionally extinct in North Africa , southern Europe , and West Asia . Asia's sole lion population lives in and around Gir National Park , India. The West African lion population is geographically isolated and numbers fewer than 250 mature individuals. It is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List . A lion from Constantine, Algeria ,

560-680: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . West African lion Panthera leo leo is a lion subspecies present in West Africa , northern Central Africa and India . In West and Central Africa it is restricted to fragmented and isolated populations with a declining trajectory. It has been referred to as the northern lion . Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that lion populations in West and Central African range countries are genetically close to populations in India, forming

600-445: Is a sustainable conservation measure, has been discussed controversially. In 2016, a group of authors recommended a quota for lion trophy hunting of one lion per 1,000 km (390 sq mi) in the WAP protected area complex, and to refrain from imposing an import embargo of lion trophies from this region. This recommendation was questioned and strongly opposed, with the argument that

640-479: Is above a certain threshold the population can split resulting in speciation. Disruptive selection is seen in the bimodal population of Darwin's finches , Geospiza fortis . The two modes specialize in eating different types of seeds small and soft versus large and hard, this results in beaks of different sizes with different force capacities. Individuals with intermediate beak sizes are selected against. The song structure and response to song also differs between

680-512: Is different from the original population. Another possible cause of genetic divergence is the bottleneck effect . The bottleneck effect is when an event, such as a natural disaster, causes a large portion of the population to die. By chance, certain genetic patterns will be overrepresented in the remaining population, which is similar to what happens with the founder effect . Genetic divergence can occur without geographic separation, through Disruptive selection . This occurs when individuals in

720-448: Is unlikely that divergence is a result of a significant, single, dominant mutation in a genetic locus because if that were so, the individual with that mutation would have zero fitness . Consequently, they could not reproduce and pass the mutation on to further generations. Hence, it is more likely that divergence, and subsequently reproductive isolation , are the outcomes of multiple small mutations over evolutionary time accumulating in

760-537: The East African Rift possibly constituted major barriers between the two groups. The two lion groups overlap in Ethiopia, as lion samples from Bale Mountains National Park clustered with lion samples from Central Africa, whereas other samples from this country clustered with samples from East Africa. Three clades can be distinguished within P. l. leo . Lion samples from North Africa and India clustered into

800-464: The phenotype ) or give rise to significant morphological and/or physiological changes. Genetic divergence will always accompany reproductive isolation, either due to novel adaptations via selection and/or due to genetic drift, and is the principal mechanism underlying speciation . On a molecular genetics level, genetic divergence is due to changes in a small number of genes in a species, resulting in speciation . However, researchers argue that it

840-443: The political insecurity in the region posed a threat to the area's lion population. Poaching of lions by paramilitary forces has been reported by local people living in the vicinity of Ethiopia's Gambella National Park. Local people around Chebera Churchura National Park kill lions, leopards ( Panthera pardus ) and spotted hyenas ( Crocuta crocuta ) using traps to retaliate against attacks on their livestock. Surveys in

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880-612: The rainy season when wild prey disperses away from artificial waterholes. In Africa, lions are killed pre-emptively or in retaliation for preying on livestock. Populations are also threatened by depletion of prey base, loss and conversion of habitat. The lion population in West Africa is fragmented and isolated, comprising fewer than 250 mature individuals. It is threatened by poaching and illegal trade of body parts. Lion body parts from Benin are smuggled to Niger, Nigeria, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Senegal and Guinea, and from Burkina Faso to Benin, Ivory Coast, Senegal and Guinea. In Nigeria,

920-541: The Central African Republic's Chinko area revealed that the number of lions decreased significantly between 2012 and 2017 after transhumant pastoralists from the border area with Sudan moved into the area. Rangers found multiple lion cadavers and confiscated large amounts of poison in the camps of livestock herders. They were accompanied by armed merchants who also engaged in poaching large herbivores, sale of bushmeat and trading lion skins. In India,

960-595: The West African and the Central African lion clade is following largely the lower Niger River, which seems to act as a permanent barrier for gene flow. The Central African lion population inhabits protected areas of: The Asiatic lion is the last surviving population of this clade. Once also found in the Middle East, it is nowadays confined in the wild to Gujarat in India. Genetically, the extinct lions from Northern Africa, formally termed as Barbary lions , fall into

1000-604: The West African lion is similar in general appearance and size as lions in other parts of Africa and Asia. Skeletal muscles make up 58.8% of the lion's body weight. Today, P. l. leo occurs in West and Central Africa and India. It is regionally extinct in The Gambia , Mauritania , Sierra Leone , the Western Sahara , Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Jordan , Lebanon , Syria , Turkey, Palestine , Israel , Iraq, Iran and Pakistan . In 2005,

1040-763: The estimate for lion population size in the WAP region is not reliable and therefore the suggested quota inappropriate. In 2006, 1258 captive lions were registered in the International Species Information System, including 13 individuals originating from Senegal to Cameroon, 115 from India and 970 with uncertain origin. In addition, several lions kept in Ethiopia's Addis Ababa Zoo were thought to be genetically similar to wild lions from Cameroon and Chad. They also differed from lions kept at Sana'a Zoo , which were suspected to be of Ethiopian origin. Genetic research did not corroborate this result, but placed these lions in P. l. melanochaita . In 2023,

1080-547: The following decades, there has been much debate among zoologists on the validity of proposed subspecies: In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group subsumed lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia to P. l. leo , based on results of genetic research on lion samples. Since the beginning of the 21st century, several phylogenetic studies were conducted to aid clarifying

1120-554: The isolated lion population in Gashaka Gumti National Park is hunted and poisoned by local people. The lion population in Central Africa is threatened by loss of habitat and prey base and trophy hunting . Between seven and 12 lion trophies were exported from Cameroon every year between 1985 and 2010. In Bénoué National Park, local people were observed at a lion kill cutting off chunks of meat. Local people living in

1160-730: The lion is protected, and included in CITES Appendix I . African lions are included in CITES Appendix II . In 2004, it was proposed in 2004 to list all lion populations in CITES Appendix I to reduce exports of lion trophies and implement a stricter permission process, due to the negative impact of trophy hunting. In 2006, a Lion Conservation Strategy for West and Central Africa was developed in cooperation between IUCN regional offices and several wildlife conservation organisations. The strategy envisages to maintain sufficient habitat, ensure

1200-434: The original population. For example, 10% of the original population has blue eyes and 90% has brown eyes. By chance, 10 individuals are separated from the original population. If this small group has 80% blue eyes and 20% brown eyes, then their offspring would be more likely to have the allele for the blue eyes. As a result, the percentage of the population with blue eyes would be higher than the population with brown eyes, which

1240-479: The populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time, as there is not any genetic exchange anymore. In some cases, subpopulations cover living in ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a population, especially where the range of a population is very large (see parapatric speciation ). The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve silent mutations (that have no effect on

W-Arly-Pendjari Complex - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-614: The protected area where wild prey species do not occur, lions prey on buffalo and cattle, rarely also on Arabian camel ( Camelus dromedarius ). They kill most prey less than 100 m (330 ft) away from water bodies, charge prey from close range and drag carcasses into dense cover. Lions probably prey on livestock when wild prey species occur at lower densities, especially during the wet season. An interview survey among livestock owners in six villages in Waza National Park's vicinity revealed that lions attack cattle mostly during

1320-701: The same clade as the Asiatic lion. Therefore, the range of this lion clade encompassed historically North Africa, southeastern Europe , the Arabian Peninsula , the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In these regions, lions occurred in: The Barbary lion population in North Africa is extinct since the mid 1960s. The Asiatic lion population survives in Gir Forest National Park and remnant forest habitats in

1360-472: The same sites. Females associate with up to 12 females forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. They share large carcasses among each other, but seldom with males. Female and male lions usually associate only for a few days when mating , but rarely travel and feed together. In Pendjari National Park, groups of lions range from 1–8 individuals. Outside the National Park, groups are smaller and with

1400-446: The taxonomic status of lion samples kept in museums and collected in the wild. Scientists analysed between 32 and 480 lion samples from up to 22 countries. They all agree that the lion comprises two evolutionary groups, one in the northern and eastern parts of its historical range, and the other in Southern and East Africa ; they are estimated to have genetically diverged between 245,000 and 50,000 years ago. Tropical rainforest and

1440-415: The two hill systems of Gir and Girnar that comprise Gujarat 's largest tracts of dry deciduous forest , thorny forest and savanna. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because of its small size and area of occupancy . Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males forming a loose pride. Pairs of males rest, hunt and feed together, and display marking behaviour at

1480-537: The vicinity of the protected area accounted in interviews that lions frequently attack livestock during the dry season. They use poison on carcasses to kill carnivores. In Waza National Park, two of four radio-collared lions were killed between 2007 and 2008, and probably also an adult female, two other adult males and three cubs. Nomadic herders use bow and arrows poisoned with cobra venom to kill lions in retaliation for attacks on livestock. In northern parts of Cameroon, increased migration of people from Nigeria following

1520-577: Was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated. They possibly migrated through corridors in the Nile Basin during the early Holocene . Genome -wide data of a historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with P. l. leo in mitochondrial DNA -based phylogenies, but with a high affinity with P. l. melanochaita . The taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may therefore require revision. The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. It has rounded ears and

1560-1233: Was killed and the other shot at by local people. After the pellets were removed, he recovered and shifted his home range to inside the park, and was not observed killing livestock any more. In general, lions prefer large prey species within a weight range of 190–550 kg (420–1,210 lb). They hunt large ungulates in the range of 40–270 kg (88–595 lb) including gemsbok ( Oryx gazella ), Cape buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ), blue wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus ), giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ), common eland ( Tragelaphus oryx ), greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ), nyala ( T. angasii ), roan antelope ( Hippotragus equinus ), sable antelope ( H. niger ), zebra ( Equus quagga ), bushpig ( Potamochoerus larvatus ), common warthog ( Phacochoerus africanus ), hartebeest ( Alcephalus buselaphus ), common tsessebe ( Damaliscus lunatus ), Thomson's gazelle ( Eudorcas thomsonii ), waterbuck ( Kobus ellipsiprymnus ) and kob ( K. kob ). Analysis of 119 faecal samples of lions collected in Cameroon's Faro National Park revealed that lions preyed foremost on kob and harnessed bushbuck ( Tragelaphus scriptus ), and to

1600-489: Was the type specimen for the specific name Felis leo used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion zoological specimens from Africa and Asia were described and proposed as subspecies : In 1930, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera when he wrote about Asiatic lion specimens in the zoological collection of the British Museum of Natural History. In

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