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52-542: There are several dialects: Moshi is the language of the Chaga cultural capital, Moshi , and the prestige dialect of the Chaga languages . This Bantu language -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Moshi, Kilimanjaro Moshi is a municipality and the capital of Kilimanjaro region in the north eastern Tanzania . As of 2017, the municipality has an estimated population of 201,150 and

104-539: A community-established secondary school, such as Rau Secondary School and Kiboriloni Secondary School . There are also various English medium schools with pre-primary, primary, and secondary education, such as the Eden Garden schools. The main private hospital in the area is the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), a zonal referral hospital. This complex has more than 450 beds and serves

156-670: A huge wild population of 13.5 to 19.5 billion individuals throughout its native range, C. arabica is still considered endangered on the IUCN Red List due to numerous threats it faces. Due to being an understory plant, it requires standing forest, making it highly susceptible to the historically significant deforestation levels in Ethiopia; prior to major deforestation, forest cover was thought to be between 25–31% of Ethiopia's total land surface, but has dropped to just 4%, and deforestation still continues. In addition, climate change may have

208-527: A major effect on growing areas for wild C. arabica in Ethiopia due to its high-temperature sensitivity, and estimates indicate that population could reduce by 50–80% with a 40–50% reduction in area of occupancy by 2088; climate change can also impact reproductive success. In addition, the main pest of coffee, the coffee berry borer ( Hypothenemus hampei ) may benefit from climate change and colonize higher altitudes that were formerly too cold for it, which can also impact coffee populations. The conservation of

260-486: A population density of 3,409 persons per km . In the last official census of 2022, the municipality had a population of 221,733. The municipality is situated on the lower slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro , a dormant volcano that is the highest mountain in Africa. The name Moshi has been reported to refer to the smoke that emanates from the nearby mountain. The municipality covers about 59 square kilometres (23 sq mi) and

312-529: A population of over 11 million individuals. The Good Samaritan Foundation of Tanzania founded KCMC in March 1971. Next to KCMC is the Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology (KCCO), which was founded in 2001 and is co-directed by Dr. Paul Courtright and Dr. Susan Lewallen. A new three-story building for KCCO was finished in 2007, funded by several individuals and non-governmental organizations. The KCCO

364-476: A sign of quality. In 2023, several large coffee roasters dropped the "100% Arabica" declaration previously residing on some of their packages and started to blend less expensive Robusta coffee into the mix. To avoid making larger changes to the visual design of the package the Arabica label was replaced by other labeling, keeping the previous ornamental design, thereby presenting a case of shrinkflation . In some case,

416-591: Is "dedicated to the elimination of avoidable blindness through programmes, training, and research focusing on the delivery of sustainable and replicable community ophthalmology services". The KCCO has an "official memorandum of understanding ... with the Department of Ophthalmology and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College under which the KCCO assumes or shares responsibility (subject to specific funding grants) for many teaching activities, running workshops and seminars, supervising

468-682: Is a highly invasive weed. In the Udawattakele and Gannoruwa Forest Reserves near Kandy, Sri Lanka, coffee shrubs are also a problematic invasive species. Coffee has been produced in Queensland and New South Wales of Australia, starting in the 1980s and 1990s. The Wet Tropics Management Authority has classified Coffea arabica as an environmental weed for southeast Queensland due to its invasiveness in non-agricultural areas. The first written record of coffee made from roasted coffee beans (botanical seeds) comes from Arab scholars, who wrote that it

520-450: Is accompanied by the highest temperatures of the year. The southeast monsoon prevails from June through September. Unique among the world's monsoons, both monsoons in Tanzania are divergent in the low levels, shallow (averaging only 2 kilometres or 1.2 miles in depth), and capped by inversion and dry, subsiding air. These factors result in light or insignificant rainfall year-round except during

572-880: Is administratively divided into 21 wards and then subdivided into 60 hamlets. As the capital of the region, it is the center of government activities, trade, finance, and tourism. In the first half of the 20th century, Moshi was traditionally an important railway town, center of banana agriculture, and commercial producer of pyrethrum . Moshi is one of tourism centers in the northern safari circuit of Tanzania. The closest tourism spots include Kilimanjaro National Park , Mkomazi National Park , Lake Jipe , and Lake Chala . There are also several waterfalls, natural springs, and tropical forests. Tours can also be arranged from Moshi to other areas such as Serengeti National Park , Ngorongoro Conservation Area , Arusha National Park , Lake Manyara National Park , and Tarangire National Park . The city has several hotels and recreation centers. There

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624-587: Is an active sport in Moshi and it holds tournaments as well such as the annual Nyerere Cup hosted by the Sikh Community. Moshi has several football pitches where players from different ethnicities and backgrounds come together to enjoy the sport. The Ushirika Stadium is the only full - sized pitch where many official league matches have been played including the Tanzanian Premier League. Other pitches include

676-497: Is annual fair, KiliFair , organized to be an international tourism & industry fair, promoting and presenting companies based in the Kilimanjaro region. The fair has the character of a business networking event for the tourism industry, in combination with a community fair to attract local people, families & expats. Recently, Karibu Fair (TATO) and Kilifair, both well-known tourism fairs decided to join into one and create by far

728-529: Is dangerous not only to the patient but also to his/her attendant...." The hospital includes a Care and Treatment Centre for people living with HIV/AIDS. The hospital's physical therapy department has a student learning program in cooperation with Norway, in which Norwegian physiotherapy students in their second and third years come as short term apprentices. Moshi is connected to other cities in Tanzania by Tanroads highway T2. Several bus companies operate intercity routes from Moshi. There are also local buses for

780-609: Is prevented by pruning the tree. The flowers only last a few days, leaving behind only the thick, dark-green leaves. The berries then begin to appear. These are as dark green as the foliage until they begin to ripen, at first to yellow and then light red and finally darkening to a glossy, deep red. At this point, they are called " cherries ", which fruit they then resemble, and are ready for picking. The berries are oblong and about 1 cm long. Inferior coffee results from picking them too early or too late, so many are picked by hand to be able to better select them, as they do not all ripen at

832-627: Is regular passenger service to Arusha and Dar Es Salaam. Moshi hosts the Kilimanjaro Marathon, Tanzania's largest sport event, held annually at the end of February or beginning of March since 2002. The race is a member of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races . Apart from promoting tourism, the race promotes the sport in Tanzania and has the official backing of the Tanzania Tourist Board , Athletics Tanzania , and

884-520: Is severely underfunded. In late 2010, its surgical services were suspended indefinitely by the Government and Private Hospitals Inspection Committee of the Tanzanian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The head of the committee, Dr. Pamella Sawa, said, "During our inspection, we inspected the theatre room of Mawenzi Hospital and found it very dirty, with no[t] enough ventilation, the situation which

936-452: Is the smallest municipality in Tanzania by area. Germany established a military camp in Moshi ( Neumoschi ) in August 1893. The northern line railroad reached Moshi in 1912. Moshi attained the status of a town in 1956. In 1988, it became a municipality under Tanzanian law, but as of 31 October 2014, the process for submitting its application to become a city was in its final stages. Moshi

988-631: Is widely naturalised in areas outside its native land, in many parts of Africa , Latin America , Southeast Asia , India , China , and assorted islands in the Caribbean and in the Pacific . The coffee tree was first brought to Hawaii in 1813, and it began to be extensively grown by about 1850. It was formerly more widely grown, especially in Kona , and it persists after cultivation in many areas. In some valleys, it

1040-502: The International Association of Athletics Federations . In 2015, 313 persons finished the 42.2 kilometres (26.2 mi) full marathon, and 2,593 persons finished the 21.1 kilometres (13.1 mi) half marathon. The race also includes a 5 kilometer (3.1 mile) fun run. Moshi has one field hockey pitch, formerly known as Sikh Club and it is home to well known hockey teams from Moshi like Moshi Khalsa and Kili Vijana. Hockey

1092-839: The Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU), the College of African Wildlife Management (CAWM), the Kilimanjaro School of Pharmacy (KSP), and the Tanzania Training Centre for Orthopaedic Technologists (TATCOT). Moshi also has several secondary schools. The government schools are Mawenzi Secondary School , Moshi Technical School , Moshi Secondary School , and J. K. Nyerere Secondary School . The private schools are Majengo Secondary School , Northern Highland Secondary School , United World College East Africa , and Kibo Secondary School . In addition, each ward of Moshi has

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1144-417: The coffee and madder family Rubiaceae . It is believed to be the first species of coffee to have been cultivated and is the dominant cultivar, representing about 60% of global production. Coffee produced from the less acidic, more bitter, and more highly caffeinated robusta bean ( C. canephora ) makes up most of the remaining coffee production. The natural populations of Coffea arabica are restricted to

1196-439: The leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 6–12 cm (2.5–4.5 in) long and 4–8 cm (1.5–3 in) broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 10–15 mm in diameter, and grow in axillary clusters. The seeds are contained in a drupe (commonly called a "cherry") 10–15 mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically containing two seeds , often called coffee beans. Endemic to

1248-610: The ... [Ophthalmic Resource Centre for Eastern Africa], serving in an advisory capacity for planning Eye Department services, conducting epidemiologic and clinical research in prevention or treatment of vision loss or related fields, and serves on committees". Moshi also hosts the Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), which is the research arm of KCMC. KCRI evolved from the Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Centre (KCRC) in 2009. KCRC

1300-596: The 2 copies of diploid species. Specifically, Coffea arabica is itself the result of a hybridization between the diploids Coffea canephora and Coffea eugenioides , thus making it an allotetraploid , with two copies of two different genomes. This hybridization event at the origin of Coffea arabica is estimated between 1.08 million and 543,000 years ago and is linked to changing environmental conditions in East Africa. Wild plants grow between 9 and 12 m (30 and 39 ft) tall, and have an open branching system;

1352-613: The Hindu Mandal ground and the Moshi Club. Moshi has two golf courses, Moshi Golf Course operated by Moshi Gymkhana Club (MGC) and TPC Moshi Golf Course operated by TPC Club. The clubs host various national and regional events, annually, coordinated by the Tanzania Golf Union. Moshi has a tropical wet and dry climate . Its weather is dominated year round by monsoonal flow. The northeast monsoon prevails December through March and

1404-419: The Moshi region in 1893. The Kilimanjaro Native Co-operative Union was established in 1929 by the district commissioner, Charles Cecil Farquharson Dundas . Its purpose was to enable Chagga coffee growers to compete on equal terms in world markets with European growers. KNCU collects coffee from 96 village societies, representing over 150,000 small-scale farmers. KNCU handles between 50 and 70 percent of

1456-718: The Tanzania Poverty and Human Development Report 2005, the Moshi urban district had the highest literacy rate for persons over 15 years of age when compared to any of the 128 other districts in Tanzania. Moshi hosts a number of higher education facilities, which include the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College (KCMCo), the Stefano Moshi Memorial University College (SMMUCo), the Mwenge Catholic University (MWECAU),

1508-657: The base of opposition politics since the struggle for independence. The last Mangi Mkuu (Paramount Chief) of the Chagga, Thomas Lenana Marealle II , whose palace was located in Moshi, worked for the independence of Tanganyika when it was still a United Nations trust territory under British administration. In his speech to the United Nations Trusteeship Council on 17 June 1957, he said that Tanganyika could become self-governing within ten to fifteen years. This speech occurred one day before Julius Nyerere addressed

1560-418: The beans. The coffee beans are actually two seeds within the fruit; sometimes, a third seed or one seed, a peaberry , grows in the fruit at the tips of the branches. These seeds are covered in two membranes; the outer one is called the "parchment coat" and the inner one is called the "silver skin". On Java , trees are planted at all times of the year and are harvested year-round. In parts of Brazil , however,

1612-412: The coffee growing on plantations around the world contains less than 1% of the diversity in the wilds of Yemen alone. Climate change also serves as a threat to cultivated C. arabica due to their temperature sensitivity, and some studies estimate that by 2050, over half of the land used for cultivating coffee could be unproductive. The more heat-tolerant Coffea stenophylla may replace C. arabica as

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1664-501: The coffee grown in the area and trades over 5,250 tons of Arabica coffee, or about 11 percent of national production. In recent years, efforts have been made to diversify Moshi's agricultural economy beyond traditional coffee production. In 2019, a dairy cooperative located on the eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro partnered with the Poland-East Africa Economic Foundation and Polish Aid to boost dairy farming in

1716-478: The coffee is still advertised as "100% Arabica" in flyers in 2024, but is no longer declared so on the actual package. One strain of Coffea arabica (called AC1, AC2 and AC3 in honour of the geneticist Alcides Carvalho) naturally contains very little caffeine. While beans of normal C. arabica plants contain 12 mg of caffeine per gram of dry mass, these mutants contain only 0.76 mg of caffeine per gram, with similar expected cup quality. Although it has

1768-482: The forests of South Ethiopia and Yemen. Coffea arabica was first described scientifically by Antoine de Jussieu , who named it Jasminum arabicum after studying a specimen from the Botanic Gardens of Amsterdam . Linnaeus placed it in its own genus Coffea in 1737. Coffea arabica is one of the polyploid species of the genus Coffea , as it carries 4 copies of the 11 chromosomes (44 total) instead of

1820-486: The genetic variation of C. arabica relies on conserving healthy populations of wild coffee in the Afromontane rainforests of Yemen. Genetic research has shown coffee cultivation is threatening the genetic integrity of wild coffee because it exposes wild genotypes to cultivars . Nearly all of the coffee that has been cultivated over the past few centuries originated from just a handful of wild plants from Yemen, and

1872-679: The intracity travel. Kilimanjaro International Airport , which is operated by the Kilimanjaro Airport Development Company and located in Hai District approximately 40 km along the Moshi-Arusha Highway. There is also a small airport nearby (Moshi Airport) approximately 5 km from the city center. The airport serves mostly chartered and private flights. Tanga Line passes through Moshi. The line carries cargo mostly cement from Tanga to Moshi and Arusha. There

1924-400: The largest and most important Tourism Trade Fair in East Africa. The newly formed “Karibu/KiliFair” is expecting to host 350+ exhibitors from East and Central Africa, 300+ international hosted and semi-hosted buyers, as well as approximately 4000 trade visitors during the days of the fair. The fair will annually alternate between Moshi and Arusha starting 2018 event. Moshi is the home to one of

1976-623: The main crops grown on the higher slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro , coffee and bananas, do not thrive there. The surrounding areas in Moshi district are known for extensive farms of maize and beans, grown once per year during the long rainy season (known as "masika" in Kiswahili). In addition, the Tanganyika Planting Company operates a very large sugar cane plantation and company town 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Moshi. Roman Catholic missionaries introduced Arabica coffee cultivation to

2028-600: The region. The cooperative expanded significantly, benefiting over 900 local farmers and establishing new facilities to support milk production and processing Like all of Tanzania, Moshi has universal primary education. According to the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010, the Kilimanjaro Region, which includes Moshi, had the second highest female literacy rate and the third highest male literacy rate among Tanzania's then-existing 26 regions. According to

2080-591: The same body. In 2010, the unsuccessful Chadema presidential candidate, Willibrod Slaa , received 55.6 percent of the popular vote in the Moshi Urban District compared to 43.5 percent for the nationwide winner, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete of the Chama cha Mapinduzi party. In 2010, the Chadema parliamentary candidate, Philemon Kiwelu Ndesamburo, was elected to office with 62.3 percent of the vote. As of May 2012, six of

2132-433: The same time. They are sometimes shaken off the tree onto mats, which means ripe and unripe berries are collected together. The trees are difficult to cultivate and each tree can produce from 0.5 to 5.0 kilograms (1.1 to 11.0 lb) of dried beans, depending on the tree's individual character and the climate that season. The most valuable part of this cash crop is the beans inside. Each berry holds two locules containing

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2184-514: The seven special seats on the Moshi Municipal Council are held by Chadema party members. In 1953, Journalist John Gunther described Moshi as "the kind of town Somerset Maugham , if he ever wrote about Africa, might have invented." Coffea arabica Coffea arabica ( / ə ˈ r æ b ɪ k ə / ), also known as the Arabica coffee , is a species of flowering plant in

2236-634: The southwestern highlands of Ethiopia , Coffea arabica is grown in dozens of countries between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer . It is commonly used as an understory shrub. It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in South Sudan . Coffea arabica is also found on Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya , but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence; recent studies support it being naturalised. The species

2288-465: The spread of Yemen's trade. Indonesian coffees, such as Sumatran and Java, are known for their heavy body and low acidity. This makes them ideal for blending with the higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa . Coffea arabica accounts for 60% of the world's coffee production. C. arabica takes approximately seven years to mature fully, and it does best with 1.0–1.5 metres (39–59 in) of rain, evenly distributed throughout

2340-480: The sustainability of arabica coffee production, leading to attempts to breed new cultivars for the changing conditions. Gourmet coffees are almost exclusively high-quality mild varieties of arabica coffee, and among the best known arabica coffee beans in the world are those from Jamaican Blue Mountain , Colombian Supremo , Tarrazú , Costa Rica , Guatemalan Antigua , and Ethiopian Sidamo . Blends consisting only of Arabica are often labelled "100% Arabica" as

2392-419: The sweet smell of jasmine flowers. Flowers opening on sunny days result in the greatest number of berries. This can be problematic and deleterious, however, as coffee plants tend to produce too many berries; this can lead to an inferior harvest and even damage yield in the following years, as the plant will favor the ripening of berries to the detriment of its own health. On well-kept plantations, overflowering

2444-469: The three Coca-Cola bottlers in Tanzania, Bonite Botters Ltd. Serengeti Breweries, an East African Breweries company, also has a manufacturing plant in Moshi. Just south of the city, there is a sugar production facility by TPC Ltd which owns one of the largest and oldest sugar cane plantation in the country. There are several small and medium scale manufacturing facilities in dairy and food packaging sector. Moshi's lower altitude and drier climate mean that

2496-673: The transitional periods between the monsoons. Moshi's altitude keeps temperatures lower than surrounding cities, even without the maritime effects that a coastal city enjoys. Nighttime temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year, averaging from 15 to 17 degrees Celsius. Moshi has noticeably warmer daytime temperatures from October through March, when average high temperatures exceed 30 degrees Celsius, and noticeably cooler daytime temperatures from May through August, when average high temperatures are 25 to 26 degrees Celsius. Moshi's wettest months are March through May, when around 71 percent of its annual rainfall occurs. Moshi has been

2548-484: The trees have a season and are harvested only in winter. The plants are vulnerable to damage in such poor growing conditions as cold or low pH soil , and they are also more vulnerable to pests than the C. robusta plant. It is expected that a medium-term depletion of indigenous populations of C. arabica may occur, due to projected global warming , based on IPCC modelling. Climate change—rising temperatures, longer droughts, and excessive rainfall—appears to threaten

2600-702: The year. It is usually cultivated at an altitude between 1,300 and 1,500 m (4,300 and 4,900 ft), but there are plantations that grow it as low as sea level and as high as 2,800 m (9,200 ft). The plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost, and it does best with an average temperature between 15 and 24 °C (59 and 75 °F). Commercial cultivars mostly only grow to about 5 m, and are frequently trimmed as low as 2 m to facilitate harvesting. Unlike Coffea canephora , C. arabica prefers to be grown in light shade. Two to four years after planting, C. arabica produces small, white, highly fragrant flowers. The sweet fragrance resembles

2652-600: Was established in 2006 with the support of the Dutch government through the Netherlands-African partnership for Capacity development and Clinical interventions Against Poverty-related disease (NACCAP). The primary public hospital in Moshi is the Mawenzi Regional Hospital , which started sometime before 1920 as a small dispensary for German soldiers and became a hospital in 1956. The hospital has about 300 beds but

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2704-678: Was useful in prolonging their working hours. The Arab innovation in Yemen of making a brew from roasted beans spread first among the Egyptians and Turks , and later on found its way around the world. Other scholars believe that the coffee plant was introduced from Yemen, based on a Yemeni tradition that slips of both coffee and qat were planted at Udein ('the two twigs') in Yemen in pre-Islamic times. Arabica coffee production in Indonesia began in 1699 through

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