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42-491: Vulcano is located approximately 20 km (12 mi) north of Sicily and is approximately 8 km (5 mi) long by 4 km (2 mi) wide. The island is 21 km (8 sq mi) in area and rises to 501 m (1,644 ft) above sea level . The island is separated by a 750 m (2,461 ft)-wide strait from Lipari to the north and is administratively part of the Commune of Lipari. As of 2019, Vulcano had

84-597: A beginning of the terraced gardens there. The Head of the religion after him, Shoghi Effendi , began building other structures and the Universal House of Justice continued the work until the Bahá'í World Centre was brought to its current state as the spiritual and administrative centre of the religion. Its gardens are highly popular places to visit and Mohsen Makhmalbaf 's 2012 film The Gardener featured them. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

126-578: A passage about Musa ( Moses ) proclaiming to the Children of Israel : "O my people! Enter the Holy Land which Allah has destined for you ˹to enter˺. And do not turn back or else you will become losers." The Quran also refers to the land as being 'Blessed'. Jerusalem (referred to as Al-Quds , Arabic : الـقُـدس , 'The Holy') has particular significance in Islam. The Quran refers to Muhammad 's experiencing

168-527: A population of 450 residents, a decrease from a population of 953 in 2011. The majority of the population resides in Vulcano Porto on the north side of the island, with secondary population centres at Vulcano Piano and Vulcanello. Volcanic activity in the region is largely the result of tectonic activity , the northward-moving African Plate meeting the Eurasian Plate . There are three volcanic centres on

210-463: A wide land-range including Syria and Lebanon , especially the cities of Tyre and Sidon ; Az-Zujaj describes it as " Damascus , Palestine, and a bit of Jordan "; Muadh ibn Jabal as "the area between al-Arish and the Euphrates "; and Ibn Abbas as "the land of Jericho ". This overall region is referred to as " Ash-Shām " ( Arabic : الـشَّـام ). The holiest places for Baháʼí pilgrimage are

252-452: Is also mentioned in the pilgrimage report (ca. 1350) by Ludolf von Sudheim , who, however, claims that he did not dare to climb it. Unlike Burchard of Mount Sion, Ludolf expected to find the entrance to hell at the crater. The Provençal knight Antoine de La Sale tells of an excursion to the island in 1406. His text is a didactic textbook for his pupil John of Calabria, the son of Duke Rene I of Anjou. After Bourbon rule collapsed in 1860 ,

294-550: Is complex. Land mass subsidence (as occurs naturally in some regions) can give the appearance of rising sea levels . Conversely, markings on land masses that are uplifted (due to geological processes) can suggest a relative lowering of mean sea level. Holy Land The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River , traditionally synonymous both with

336-399: Is formalized as orthometric height . The zero level varies in different countries due to different reference points and historic measurement periods. Climate change and other forces can cause sea levels and elevations to vary over time. Elevation or altitude above sea level is a standard measurement for: Elevation or altitude is generally expressed as " metres above mean sea level" in

378-677: Is generally implied by the Tanakh's claim that the Land was given to the Israelites by God, that is, it is the " Promised Land ", an integral part of God's covenant . In the Torah , many mitzvot commanded to the Israelites can only be performed in the Land of Israel, which serves to differentiate it from other lands. For example, in the Land of Israel, "no land shall be sold permanently" (Leviticus 25:23). Shmita

420-557: Is guaranteed entrance to the World to Come ". A story says that when R. Eleazar b. Shammua' and R. Johanan HaSandlar left Israel to study from R. Judah ben Bathyra , they only managed to reach Sidon when "the thought of the sanctity of Palestine overcame their resolution, and they shed tears, rent their garments, and turned back". Due to the Jewish population being concentrated in Israel, emigration

462-487: Is like being buried under the altar." The saying "His land will absolve His people" implies that burial in Israel will cause one to be absolved of all one's sins. For Christians , the Holy Land is considered holy because of its association with the birth , ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus , whom Christians regard as the incarnation of God and the Messiah . Christian books, including many editions of

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504-494: Is only observed with respect to the Land of Israel, and the observance of many holy days is different, as an extra day is observed in the Jewish diaspora . According to Eliezer Schweid : The uniqueness of the Land of Israel is...'geo-theological' and not merely climatic. This is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. This

546-405: Is the key to the land's unique status with regard to prophecy and prayer, and also with regard to the commandments. From the perspective of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia , the holiness of Israel had been concentrated since the sixteenth century, especially for burial, in the " Four Holy Cities ": Jerusalem , Hebron , Safed and Tiberias – as Judaism 's holiest cities. Jerusalem, as the site of

588-500: The Abrahamic religions , including Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Baháʼís . Pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith , to confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and to connect personally to the Holy Land. Researchers consider that the concept of a land made holy by being the "earthly dwelling of the God of Israel "

630-714: The Crusades , as European Christians sought to win back the Holy Land from Muslims, who had conquered it from the Christian Eastern Roman Empire in AD 630. In the 19th century, the Holy Land became the subject of diplomatic wrangling as the holy places played a role in the Eastern Question which led to the Crimean War in the 1850s. Many sites in the Holy Land have long been pilgrimage destinations for adherents of

672-726: The First and Second Temples ), as well as its historical significance as the setting for most of the Bible , the historical locale of Jesus' ministry , the location of the first Qibla before Kaaba in Mecca and the site of the Isra and Mi'raj event in Islam , and the site of the most revered pilgrimage sites in the Baháʼí Faith . The holiness of the land as a destination of Christian pilgrimage contributed to launching

714-666: The Isra and Mi'raj as "Glory be to the One Who took His servant ˹Muḥammad˺ by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque whose surroundings We have blessed, so that We may show him some of Our signs". Ahadith infer that the "Farthest Masjid" is in Al-Quds; for example, as narrated by Abu Hurairah : "On the night journey of the Apostle of Allah, two cups, one containing wine and

756-777: The Kaaba in the Hijazi city of Mecca , following a revelation to Muhammad by the Archangel Jibril . The current construction of the Al-Aqsa mosque , which lies on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, is dated to the early Umayyad period of rule in Palestine . Architectural historian K. A. C. Creswell , referring to a testimony by Arculf , a Gallic monk, during his pilgrimage to Palestine in 679–82, notes

798-550: The Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh and the Shrine of the Báb , which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the coastal cities of Acre and Haifa , respectively. The Baháʼí Faith 's founder, Bahá'u'lláh , was exiled to Acre Prison from 1868 and spent his life in its surroundings until his death in 1892. In his writings he set the slope of Mount Carmel to host the Shrine of the Báb which his appointed successor 'Abdu'l-Bahá erected in 1909 as

840-508: The Temple , is considered especially significant. Sacred burials are still undertaken for diaspora Jews who wish to lie buried in the holy soil of Israel. According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is Mount Moriah , the location of the binding of Isaac . The Hebrew Bible mentions the name " Jerusalem " 669 times, often because many mitzvot can only be performed within its environs. The name " Zion ", which usually refers to Jerusalem, but sometimes

882-591: The metric system , or " feet above mean sea level" in United States customary and imperial units . Common abbreviations in English are: For elevations or altitudes, often just the abbreviation MSL is used, e.g., Mount Everest (8849 m MSL), or the reference to sea level is omitted completely, e.g., Mount Everest (8849 m). Altimetry is the measurement of altitude or elevation above sea level. Common techniques are: Accurate measurement of historical mean sea levels

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924-522: The Bible, often have maps of the Holy Land (considered to be Galilee, Samaria, and Judea). For instance, the Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae ( lit.   ' Travel book through Holy Scripture ' ) of Heinrich Bünting (1545–1606), a German Protestant pastor, featured such a map. His book was very popular, and it provided "the most complete available summary of biblical geography and described

966-628: The Land of Israel, appears in the Hebrew Bible 154 times. The Talmud mentions the religious duty of populating Israel. So significant in Judaism is the act of purchasing land in Israel, the Talmud allows for the lifting of certain religious restrictions of Sabbath observance to further its acquisition and settlement. Rabbi Johanan said that "Whoever walks four cubits in Eretz Yisrael [the Land of Israel]

1008-558: The Quran and Islamic traditions, Al-Aqsa Mosque is the place from which Muhammad went on a night journey ( al-isra ) during which he rode on Buraq , who took him from Mecca to al-Aqsa. Muhammad tethered Buraq to the Western Wall and prayed at al-Aqsa Mosque and after he finished his prayers, the angel Jibril ( Gabriel ) traveled with him to heaven, where he met several other prophets and led them in prayer. The historical significance of

1050-485: The Scottish industrialist and philanthropist James Stevenson bought the northern part of the island. He then built a villa , reopened the local mines, and planted vineyards for making Malmsey wine . Stevenson lived on Vulcano until the last major eruption on the island, in 1888. This eruption lasted the better part of two years, by which time Stevenson had sold all of his property to the local populace. He never returned to

1092-461: The al-Aqsa Mosque in Islam is further emphasized by the fact that Muslims turned towards al-Aqsa when they prayed for a period of 16 or 17 months after migration to Medina in 624; it thus became the qibla ('direction') that Muslims faced for prayer. The exact region referred to as being 'blessed' in the Quran, in verses like 17:1 , 21:71 and 34:18 , has been interpreted differently by various scholars. Abdullah Yusuf Ali likens it to

1134-408: The biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine . Today, the term "Holy Land" usually refers to a territory roughly corresponding to the modern states of Israel and Palestine . Jews , Christians , Muslims , and Baháʼís regard it as holy . Part of the significance of the land stems from the religious significance of Jerusalem (the holiest city to Judaism , and the location of

1176-546: The geography of the Holy Land by tracing the travels of major figures from the Old and New testaments." As a geographic term, the description "Holy Land" loosely encompasses modern-day Israel , the Palestinian territories , Lebanon , western Jordan and south-western Syria . In the Quran , the term Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah ( Arabic : الأرض المقدسة , English: 'Holy Land' ) is used in

1218-480: The island after him. According to the Roman myths, the island had grown due to his periodic clearing of cinders and ashes from his forge. They also explained earthquakes that either preceded or accompanied the explosions of ash as being due to Vulcan making weapons for their god Mars for his armies to wage war. The Romans used the island mainly for raw materials, harvesting timber, and mining alum and sulfur . These were

1260-430: The island of Vulcano were photographed by him or his assistants. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a multicomponent gas analyzer system, which detects degassing of rising magmas before an eruption, improving prediction of volcanic activity . A survey on local groundwater from 1995 to 1997 found temperatures of 49–75 °C, sodium sulfate -chloride chemical composition, and near neutral pH in

1302-568: The island. His villa is still intact. An asteroid is named after this island, 4464 Vulcano . The American attorney and writer, Richard Paul Roe, asserts that the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare is set on the island of Vulcano, rather than the more authoritative interpretation that the setting was based on reports about Bermuda in the Americas because of the hurricane. In JoJo's Bizarre Adventure : Battle Tendency , Joseph Joestar accidentally imbues Ripple energy into Vulcano, causing

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1344-487: The island: Vulcano has been quiet since the eruption of the Fossa cone on 2 August 1888 to 22 March 1890, which deposited about 5 m (16 ft) of pyroclastic material on the summit. The style of eruption seen on the Fossa cone is called a Vulcanian eruption , being the explosive emission of pyroclastic fragments of viscous magmas caused by the high viscosity preventing gases from escaping easily. This eruption of Vulcano

1386-708: The landscape and nature, for example describing the fumaroles or the diameter of the crater. The island of Vulcano as well as the Aeolian Islands are already known to Isidor of Seville , the Gallic bishop Arculf , who dictated his journey to the Holy Land to the Irishman Adomnan (before 680), or Bartholomew Anglicus . They are an integral part of medieval knowledge of the geography of the Mediterranean, but none of them wrote about Vulcano on their own initiative. Vulcano

1428-457: The other containing milk, were presented to him at Al-Quds (Jerusalem). He looked at them and took the cup of milk. Angel Gabriel said, 'Praise be to Allah, who guided you to Al-Fitrah (the right path); if you had taken (the cup of) wine, your Ummah would have gone astray'." Jerusalem was Islam's first Qiblah (direction of prayer) in Muhammad's lifetime, however, this was later changed to

1470-607: The possibility that the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate , Umar ibn al-Khattab , erected a primitive quadrangular building for a capacity of 3,000 worshipers somewhere on the Haram ash-Sharif. However, Arculf visited Palestine during the reign of Mu'awiyah I , and it is possible that Mu'awiyah ordered the construction, not Umar. This latter claim is explicitly supported by the early Muslim scholar al-Muthahhar bin Tahir. According to

1512-530: The principal activities on the island until the end of the nineteenth century. The first ascent of the volcanic cone is documented for the 13th century. The Dominican friar Burchard of Mount Sion , in his pilgrimage report to the Holy Land , tells of his return journey via Sicily, which probably took place in 1284. On Vulcano he had climbed the summit "crawling on his hands and feet". His ascent can be considered authentic, as he reports in detail on his observations of

1554-547: The private foundry of the Olympian god Hephaestus , the patron of blacksmiths . Their myths noted two more of his foundries, at Etna and Olympus . Strabo also mentions Thermessa as sacred place of Hephaestus (ἱερὰ Ἡφαίστου), but it is not certain whether this was a third name for the island, or merely an adjective . Similarly, the Romans believed that Vulcano was the chimney of their god Vulcan's workshop and, therefore, named

1596-480: The volcano to erupt and launch his foe Kars into outer space. In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Concerning Flight", the island is mentioned by a holographic Leonardo Da Vinci. Above mean sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance ( height , elevation or altitude ) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level . In geodesy , it

1638-573: The water wells closest to the slopes of the volcanic cone. This is mainly due to condensation onto the slopes of the volcanic cone and water-rock interaction buffering. Since Vulcano island has volcanic activity, it is a place where thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are found. The hyperthermophilic archaean Pyrococcus furiosus was described for the first time when it was isolated from sediments of this island. The Ancient Greeks named this island Therasía (Θηρασία) and Thérmessa (Θέρμεσσα, source of heat). The island appeared in their myths as

1680-478: Was carefully documented at the time by Giuseppe Mercalli . Mercalli described the eruptions as "...explosions sounding like a cannon at irregular intervals..." As a result, vulcanian eruptions are based on his description. A typical vulcanian eruption can hurl blocks of solid material several hundreds of metres from the vent. Mercalli reported that blocks from the 1888–1890 eruption fell into the sea between Vulcano and neighboring Lipari , and several that had fallen on

1722-512: Was generally prevented, which resulted in a limiting of the amount of space available for Jewish learning. However, after suffering persecutions in Israel for centuries after the destruction of the Temple, Rabbis who had found it very difficult to retain their position moved to Babylon , which offered them better protection. Many Jews wanted Israel to be the place where they died, in order to be buried there. The sage Rabbi Anan said "To be buried in Israel

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1764-515: Was present in Judaism at the latest by the time of Zechariah (6th century BCE). Jews commonly refer to the Land of Israel as "The Holy Land" ( Hebrew : אֶרֶץ הַקוֹדֵשׁ Eretz HaKodesh ). The Tanakh explicitly refers to it as "holy land" in Zechariah 2:16. The term "holy land" is further used twice in the deuterocanonical books (Wisdom 12:3, 2 Maccabees 1:7). The holiness of the Land of Israel

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