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27-416: Incorporated as a Federal State Unitary Enterprise until 2010, it is now an open joint-stock company . The company has two separate facilities: a final assembly plant located some 12 kilometers outside of Votkinsk where missiles are assembled, and the main plant, located in downtown Votkinsk, where missile components as well as civil and consumer goods are produced. During the mid-18th century, there arose

54-557: A diverse range of tools showcased its versatility and adaptability, solidifying its status as a pioneer in the field of metallurgy. It is worth noting the skilled craftsmanship exhibited by the craftsmen in Votkinsk, as they were granted the opportunity in 1858 to undertake the construction and assembly of the framework for the tower of the Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. In 1871,

81-678: A ministry's activity, such as a printing house under the Ministry of Education or a production facility for police equipment under the Ministry of Internal Affairs . Unitary enterprises have a distinct legal status, different from regular market-sector corporations. Some of the largest federal state unitary enterprises include Russian Post , Air Traffic Management Corporation  [ ru ] and All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company , while large non-federal unitary enterprises include Moscow Metro , Mosgortrans and Saint Petersburg Metro . This Russia -related article

108-503: A need for ironworks due to the depletion of forests around the existing mining operations in the Urals . This led to increased costs in transporting firewood from far-off areas, putting a strain on production expenses. To combat this issue, it was determined that the most practical solution would be to move the production facilities to regions with plentiful forests. As a result, the Izhevsk ironworks

135-643: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Siva (river) The Siva ( Russian : Сива ) is a river in Udmurt Republic and Perm Krai in Russia , a right-bank tributary of the Kama . The river is 206 kilometres (128 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 4,870 square kilometres (1,880 sq mi). It starts in the Chastinsky District , near the village of Pikhtovka. Then it flows through

162-469: Is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. Unitary enterprises have no right to set up subsidiaries, but they can, with the owner's consent, open branches and representation offices. Though government entities own the unitary enterprises, the enterprises themselves work on the basis of commercial accounts and of commercial legislation. They come under ministerial responsibility but are off-budget. They may be auxiliary to

189-807: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR , the enterprise was converted into the country's primary producer of ballistic missiles for the Soviet Armed Forces. The following year, the plant delivered the first short-range attack missiles 8A61 developed by the Design Bureau-1 with a liquid-fueled engine and with a range of 150 km, adopted in July 1955. Also,

216-404: The federal government , to a Russian federal subject , or to a municipality. A unitary enterprise holds assets under economic management (for both state and municipal unitary enterprises) or under operative management (for state unitary enterprises only), but has limited property rights over the assets. The term "unitary" specifies the assets as indivisible, i.e., they may not be distributed among

243-670: The Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Subsequently, however, those missiles were terminated in accordance to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the USA and the USSR from 8 December 1987. In 1974, the plant began to produce 15ZH42 intercontinental missiles for the mobile intercontinental ballistic missile complex SS-16 Sinner , in 1975 - the intermediate-range ballistic missiles 15ZH45 for

270-627: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant started to master the production of more powerful tactical missiles 9M76, being a part of the mobile theatre ballistic missile TR-1 Temp . The first serial missile systems rolled out of the plant in 1966. "TR-1 Temp" became a first missile system with a solid-fuelled piloted ballistic rocket adopted by

297-560: The Russian Empire. Over time, the company's focus shifted towards the production of steam locomotives, which accounted for approximately 40% of its manufacturing capacity. During the Russian Civil War , the factory was heavily looted by all warring parties, and as a result it basically ceased operations and was closed in 1922. On September 9, 1925 the factory reopened as a manufacturer of agricultural machinery. Between 1930 and 1937,

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324-634: The assets that they use in their operations. This form is possible only for state and municipal enterprises, which respectively operate state or municipal property. The owners of the property of a unitary enterprise have no responsibility for its operation and vice versa. Federal Law No. 161-ФЗ " On State and Municipal Unitary Enterprises " (amended July 13, 2015), defines the legal status of unitary enterprises in Russia. The State Duma passed this law on October 11, 2002, and President Putin signed it on November 14, 2002. The assets of unitary enterprises belong to

351-762: The complex SS-20 Saber , in 1976 - the short-range attack missiles 9M714 for the complex OTR-23 Oka , and in 1989 - the tactical missiles 9M79-1 fot the complex OTR-21 Tochka . In 1998, the plant launched the production of one of the most recent intercontinental ballistic missiles 'RT-2PM2 Topol-M'. In 2006 the plant started mass production of ' 9K720 Iskander ' missiles. The company's products include R-11/SS-1B Scud -A and B SRBMs; RT-21M/ SS-20 Saber and SS-23 Spider IRBMs; RT-21 ( SS-16 Sinner), RT-2PM ( SS-25 Sickle) and RT-2PM2 Topol-M (SS-27 Sickle-B) ICBMs. It also manufactures oil and gas equipment, refrigeration equipment, metal-cutting equipment, castings, forgings, stampings and domestic electric appliances. Votkinsk

378-465: The directive of Catherine the Great , the factory commenced the production of steel anchors for national military shipbuilding. Furthermore, during the initial half of the 19th century, the plant accounted for no less than 62% of the total anchor output in Russia. In 1811, the plant began its production of steel and cast iron, a remarkable feat that was considered highly advanced for its time. This achievement

405-575: The entire shipyard area, allowing newly constructed ships to surface. Once the sluice gates were opened, the newly built steam ships descended the Votka and Siva rivers, eventually reaching the Kama River. Overall, approximately 400 ships of various types were constructed. Similarly, during the annual spring flood season, steam locomotives were transported from the plant to the nearest railway station using specialized barges. This practice continued until 1916, when

432-413: The factory began production of the 45mm M1937 antitank cannon , and starting from 1943, the 76mm M1942 divisional gun . From the early post-war period until 1957, the factory produced 100 mm air defense gun KS-19 and 57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2). It also produced civilian products, such as agricultural traction engines , narrow-gauge locomotives and tower cranes . In 1957, by the resolution of

459-534: The necessary energy for the iron and steel industry during that period. Furthermore, the plant was strategically situated close to mining companies for easy access to essential resources. Between the years of 1754 and 1763, a total of 42 privately-owned factories were established in the Russian Empire . These plants were prestigious establishments, owned by esteemed individuals such as Count Pyotr Shuvalov and Count M.E. Vorontsov. However, tragedy struck in 1763 with

486-521: The participants in any way. Property granted to a unitary enterprise can be sold or otherwise alienated only with the consent of the state or municipal property owner. The existence of unitary enterprises is a legacy of the Soviet era, when the state owned the means of production. The managers of state enterprises often have close ties to the state agencies which established them, a situation that can lead to legal and political problems. A unitary enterprise

513-478: The passing of Shuvalov, which resulted in the factories located in Votkinsk and Izhevsk being transferred to the control of the state. This decision was made in order to settle the debts left behind by Shuvalov and, consequently, the once private enterprises were transformed into state-owned entities. The plants went on to manufacture anchors, railway equipment, ships, drilling machines, gold mine tractors, and various military equipment. Notably, starting in 1773, under

540-551: The plant embarked on the construction of Russia's second open-hearth furnace and the first in the Urals. Additionally, it diligently supplied armored steel for the nation's military shipbuilding purposes. In the 1840s, under Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky's supervision, the enterprise underwent a reorganization, shifting from purely metallurgical work to machine building. By 1847, the plant had started producing boats, and in 1868, it expanded its production to include steam locomotives. The plant

567-524: The plant finally became connected to the national railway network. In total, the plant produced a total of 631 steam locomotives from different series. By the end of the 19th century, as the Trans-Siberian Railway was being constructed, the plant started manufacturing steel components for bridges. In 1915, the Ironworks became the top contributor in terms of the total length of bridges constructed in

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594-513: The plant produced a nuclear modification of 8A61 called 8К11, and starting from 1960, its successor was released - the tactical ballistic missiles 8K14 developed by the Design Bureau-385 with a range of up to 300 km. This rocket was mass-produced for over 25 years and used by the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for more than 30 years. In 1962, by resolution of

621-585: The plant was controlled by the All Heavy Industry Union. It produced high-performance steam and gold drilling machines. On January 1, 1938, the plant was transferred to the USSR People's Commissariat of Defence Industry of the USSR and switched to the production of ammunition and weapons. On March 11, 1938, it was renamed Plant number 235. At the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War in 1941,

648-566: Was also responsible for the production of the Cold War era SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missile and many other well-known designs by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology . Federal State Unitary Enterprise A unitary enterprise ( Russian : унитарное предприятие ) is a government-owned corporation in Russia and some other post-Soviet states . Unitary enterprises are business entities that have no ownership rights to

675-462: Was founded between the years 1760 and 1763 with the sole aim of addressing this particular concern. The primary factor in choosing the plant's location was its convenient proximity to the Kama River , which is located about 15-20 km from the present-day city of Votkinsk . In addition to this, the decision also took into consideration the availability of nearby forests, which were crucial for providing

702-468: Was made possible by the ingenuity of engineer Badaev, a self-taught metallurgist who revolutionized the industry with his innovative and game-changing method. The steel that was produced at this plant boasted an exceptional level of quality. This high-quality steel was then utilized in the manufacturing process of an extensive array of tools, ranging from metal cutting instruments to medical equipment and even stamping devices. The plant's ability to produce such

729-418: Was situated near a shallow and small river and lacked connectivity to the country's railway network. As a result, the production of steam ships and other vessels had to be completed before the annual spring floods. To accomplish this, reservoirs were created by constructing weirs on the enterprise's premises. When the spring arrived, the reservoirs filled with a significant amount of meltwater, which used to flood

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