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78-459: Iodine-131 iodinated albumin (trade name Volumex) is used for the same purposes. Iodine (I) human albumin is used to determine a person's blood volume. For this purpose, a defined amount of radioactivity in form of this drug is injected into a vein, and blood samples are drawn from a different body location after five and fifteen minutes. From the radioactivity of these samples, the original radioactivity per blood volume can be calculated; and knowing

156-671: A bathroom connected to it to limit unintended exposure to family members. Many airports have radiation detectors to detect the smuggling of radioactive materials. Patients should be warned that if they travel by air, they may trigger radiation detectors at airports up to 95 days after their treatment with I. The I isotope is also used as a radioactive label for certain radiopharmaceuticals that can be used for therapy, e.g. I- metaiodobenzylguanidine ( I-MIBG) for imaging and treating pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma . In all of these therapeutic uses, I destroys tissue by short-range beta radiation . About 90% of its radiation damage to tissue

234-428: A capsule, due to "greater ease to the patient and the superior radiation protection for caregivers". Ablation doses are usually administered on an inpatient basis, and IAEA International Basic Safety Standards recommend that patients are not discharged until the activity falls below 1100 MBq. ICRP advice states that "comforters and carers" of patients undergoing radionuclide therapy should be treated as members of

312-401: A considerable portion of tellurium production. Tellurium is considered a technology-critical element . Tellurium has no biological function, although fungi can use it in place of sulfur and selenium in amino acids such as tellurocysteine and telluromethionine. In humans, tellurium is partly metabolized into dimethyl telluride , (CH 3 ) 2 Te, a gas with a garlic -like odor exhaled in

390-404: A decontaminant specially made for radioactive iodine removal may be advised. The use of chlorine bleach solutions, or cleaners that contain chlorine bleach for cleanup, are not advised, since radioactive elemental iodine gas may be released. Airborne I-131 may cause a greater risk of second-hand exposure, spreading contamination over a wide area. Patient is advised if possible to stay in a room with

468-435: A highly unstable analogue of the other chalcogen hydrides, H 2 O , H 2 S and H 2 Se : The +2 oxidation state is exhibited by the dihalides, TeCl 2 , TeBr 2 and TeI 2 . The dihalides have not been obtained in pure form, although they are known decomposition products of the tetrahalides in organic solvents, and the derived tetrahalotellurates are well-characterized: where X

546-578: A medical isotope has been blamed for a routine shipment of biosolids being rejected from crossing the Canada—U.S. border. Such material can enter the sewers directly from the medical facilities, or by being excreted by patients after a treatment Used for the first time in 1951 to localize leaks in a drinking water supply system of Munich , Germany, iodine-131 became one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting industrial radioactive tracers , with applications in isotope hydrology and leak detection. Since

624-417: A novel axial mode of a Higgs-like particle in R Te 3 compounds that incorporate either of two rare-earth elements ( R = La, Gd). This long-hypothesized, axial, Higgs-like particle also shows magnetic properties and may serve as a candidate for dark matter . In 2022, the major applications of tellurium were thin-film solar cells (40%), thermoelectrics (30%), metallurgy (15%), and rubber (5%), with

702-707: A second gold rush that included mining the streets. In 2023 astronomers detected the creation of tellurium during collision between two neutron stars. Tellurium ( Latin tellus meaning "earth") was discovered in the 18th century in a gold ore from the mines in Kleinschlatten (today Zlatna), near today's city of Alba Iulia , Romania. This ore was known as "Faczebajer weißes blättriges Golderz" (white leafy gold ore from Faczebaja, German name of Facebánya, now Fața Băii in Alba County ) or antimonalischer Goldkies (antimonic gold pyrite), and according to Anton von Rupprecht ,

780-485: A series of acids, including tellurous acid ( H 2 TeO 3 ), orthotelluric acid ( Te(OH) 6 ) and metatelluric acid ( (H 2 TeO 4 ) n ). The two forms of telluric acid form tellurate salts containing the TeO 4 and TeO 6 anions, respectively. Tellurous acid forms tellurite salts containing the anion TeO 3 . When tellurium is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid,

858-414: A solution of tellurous acid or telluric acid (Te(OH) 6 ). Tellurium is a semiconductor that shows greater electrical conductivity in certain directions depending on atomic alignment; the conductivity increases slightly when exposed to light ( photoconductivity ). When molten, tellurium is corrosive to copper, iron , and stainless steel . Of the chalcogens (oxygen-family elements), tellurium has

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936-423: A statistically significant difference in the rates of thyroid disease above that of a similar but otherwise-unexposed group. The risk can be mitigated by taking iodine supplements, raising the total amount of iodine in the body and, therefore, reducing uptake and retention in the face and chest and lowering the relative proportion of radioactive iodine. However, such supplements were not consistently distributed to

1014-425: A thorough investigation that lasted three years and included more than fifty tests, Müller determined the specific gravity of the mineral and noted that when heated, the new metal gives off a white smoke with a radish -like odor; that it imparts a red color to sulfuric acid ; and that when this solution is diluted with water, it has a black precipitate. Nevertheless, he was not able to identify this metal and gave it

1092-583: Is Cl, Br, or I. These anions are square planar in geometry. Polynuclear anionic species also exist, such as the dark brown Te 2 I 6 , and the black Te 4 I 14 . With fluorine Te forms the mixed-valence Te 2 F 4 and TeF 6 . In the +6 oxidation state, the –OTeF 5 structural group occurs in a number of compounds such as HOTeF 5 , B(OTeF 5 ) 3 , Xe(OTeF 5 ) 2 , Te(OTeF 5 ) 4 and Te(OTeF 5 ) 6 . The square antiprismatic anion TeF 8

1170-543: Is a chemical element ; it has symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid . Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur , all three of which are chalcogens . It is occasionally found in its native form as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the Universe as a whole than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of platinum ,

1248-463: Is a radioactive isotope of iodine that decays by electron capture with a physical half-life of 60.14 days. The biological half-life in normal individuals for iodine (I) human albumin has been reported to be approximately 14 days. Its radioactivity is excreted almost exclusively via the kidneys. Iodine-131 Iodine-131 ( I , I-131 ) is an important radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at

1326-626: Is also attested. The other halogens do not form halides with tellurium in the +6 oxidation state, but only tetrahalides ( TeCl 4 , TeBr 4 and TeI 4 ) in the +4 state, and other lower halides ( Te 3 Cl 2 , Te 2 Cl 2 , Te 2 Br 2 , Te 2 I and two forms of TeI ). In the +4 oxidation state, halotellurate anions are known, such as TeCl 6 and Te 2 Cl 10 . Halotellurium cations are also attested, including TeI 3 , found in TeI 3 AsF 6 . Tellurium monoxide

1404-452: Is also attributed using the prefix tellanyl- . Like H 2 Te , these species are unstable with respect to loss of hydrogen. Telluraethers (R–Te–R) are more stable, as are telluroxides . Recently, physicists and materials scientists have been discovering unusual quantum properties associated with layered compounds composed of tellurium that's combined with certain rare-earth elements , as well as yttrium (Y). These novel materials have

1482-454: Is contraindicated in breast-feeding and pregnancy Iodine-131, in higher doses than for thyrotoxicosis, is used for ablation of remnant thyroid tissue following a complete thyroidectomy to treat thyroid cancer . Typical therapeutic doses of I-131 are between 2220 and 7400 megabecquerels (MBq). Because of this high radioactivity and because the exposure of stomach tissue to beta radiation would be high near an undissolved capsule, I-131

1560-468: Is due partly to its formation of a volatile hydride that caused tellurium to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of Earth. Tellurium-bearing compounds were first discovered in 1782 in a gold mine in Kleinschlatten , Transylvania (now Zlatna, Romania ) by Austrian mineralogist Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein , although it was Martin Heinrich Klaproth who named

1638-535: Is formed by heating tellurium in air, where it burns with a blue flame. Tellurium trioxide, β- TeO 3 , is obtained by thermal decomposition of Te(OH) 6 . The other two forms of trioxide reported in the literature, the α- and γ- forms, were found not to be true oxides of tellurium in the +6 oxidation state, but a mixture of Te , OH and O 2 . Tellurium also exhibits mixed-valence oxides, Te 2 O 5 and Te 4 O 9 . The tellurium oxides and hydrated oxides form

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1716-462: Is formed by the reaction of tellurium with tungsten hexachloride : Interchalcogen cations also exist, such as Te 2 Se 6 (distorted cubic geometry) and Te 2 Se 8 . These are formed by oxidizing mixtures of tellurium and selenium with AsF 5 or SbF 5 . Tellurium does not readily form analogues of alcohols and thiols , with the functional group –TeH, that are called tellurols . The –TeH functional group

1794-425: Is given for therapeutic use, since about 10% of its energy and radiation dose is via gamma radiation. However, since the other 90% of radiation (beta radiation) causes tissue damage without contributing to any ability to see or "image" the isotope, other less-damaging radioisotopes of iodine such as iodine-123 (see isotopes of iodine ) are preferred in situations when only nuclear imaging is required. The isotope I

1872-433: Is irradiated and then I separated from it by dry distillation of the iodine, which has a far higher vapor pressure . The element is then dissolved in a mildly alkaline solution in the standard manner, to produce I as iodide and hypoiodate (which is soon reduced to iodide). I is a fission product with a yield of 2.878% from uranium-235 , and can be released in nuclear weapons tests and nuclear accidents . However,

1950-429: Is linear increase in thyroid cancer risk with I absorption at moderate doses. Thus, iodine-131 is increasingly less employed in small doses in medical use (especially in children), but increasingly is used only in large and maximal treatment doses, as a way of killing targeted tissues. This is known as "therapeutic use". Iodine-131 can be "seen" by nuclear medicine imaging techniques (e.g., gamma cameras ) whenever it

2028-401: Is sometimes administered to human patients in a small amount of liquid. Administration of this liquid form is usually by straw which is used to slowly and carefully suck up the liquid from a shielded container. For administration to animals (for example, cats with hyperthyroidism), for practical reasons the isotope must be administered by injection. European guidelines recommend administration of

2106-408: Is sometimes found in its native (i.e., elemental) form, but is more often found as the tellurides of gold such as calaverite and krennerite (two different polymorphs of AuTe 2 ), petzite , Ag 3 AuTe 2 , and sylvanite , AgAuTe 4 . The town of Telluride, Colorado , was named in the hope of a strike of gold telluride (which never materialized, though gold metal ore was found). Gold itself

2184-449: Is still occasionally used for purely diagnostic (i.e., imaging) work, due to its low expense compared to other iodine radioisotopes. Very small medical imaging doses of I have not shown any increase in thyroid cancer. The low-cost availability of I, in turn, is due to the relative ease of creating I by neutron bombardment of natural tellurium in a nuclear reactor, then separating I out by various simple methods (i.e., heating to drive off

2262-468: Is the longest known half-life among all radionuclides and is about 160 trillion (10 ) times the age of the known universe . A further 31 artificial radioisotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 104 to 142 and with half-lives of 19 days or less. Also, 17 nuclear isomers are known, with half-lives up to 154 days. Except for beryllium-8 and beta-delayed alpha emission branches in some lighter nuclides , tellurium ( Te to Te)

2340-431: Is the second lightest element with isotopes known to undergo alpha decay, antimony being the lightest. The atomic mass of tellurium ( 127.60 g·mol ) exceeds that of iodine ( 126.90 g·mol ), the next element in the periodic table. With an abundance in the Earth's crust comparable to that of platinum (about 1 μg/kg), tellurium is one of the rarest stable solid elements. In comparison, even thulium –

2418-485: Is thought that this 2-D layered structure is what leads to a number of interesting quantum features, such as charge-density waves , high carrier mobility , superconductivity under specific conditions, and other peculiar properties whose natures are only now emerging. For example, in 2022, a small group of physicists at Boston College in Massachusetts led an international team that used optical methods to demonstrate

Iodine (125I) human albumin - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-436: Is used for unsealed source radiotherapy in nuclear medicine to treat several conditions. It can also be detected by gamma cameras for diagnostic imaging , however it is rarely administered for diagnostic purposes only, imaging will normally be done following a therapeutic dose. Use of the I as iodide salt exploits the mechanism of absorption of iodine by the normal cells of the thyroid gland. Major uses of I include

2574-586: Is usually 400–600 megabecquerels (MBq). Radioactive iodine (iodine-131) alone can potentially worsen thyrotoxicosis in the first few days after treatment. One side effect of treatment is an initial period of a few days of increased hyperthyroid symptoms. This occurs because when the radioactive iodine destroys the thyroid cells, they can release thyroid hormone into the blood stream. For this reason, sometimes patients are pre-treated with thyrostatic medications such as methimazole, and/or they are given symptomatic treatment such as propranolol. Radioactive iodine treatment

2652-495: Is usually found uncombined, but when found as a chemical compound, it is often combined with tellurium. Although tellurium is found with gold more often than in uncombined form, it is found even more often combined as tellurides of more common metals (e.g. melonite , NiTe 2 ). Natural tellurite and tellurate minerals also occur, formed by the oxidation of tellurides near the Earth's surface. In contrast to selenium, tellurium does not usually replace sulfur in minerals because of

2730-469: Is via beta radiation, and the rest occurs via its gamma radiation (at a longer distance from the radioisotope). It can be seen in diagnostic scans after its use as therapy, because I is also a gamma-emitter. Because of the carcinogenicity of its beta radiation in the thyroid in small doses, I-131 is rarely used primarily or solely for diagnosis (although in the past this was more common due to this isotope's relative ease of production and low expense). Instead

2808-734: The Chernobyl disaster , as well as being a large fraction of the contamination hazard in the first weeks in the Fukushima nuclear crisis . This is because I is a major fission product of uranium and plutonium , comprising nearly 3% of the total products of fission (by weight). See fission product yield for a comparison with other radioactive fission products. I is also a major fission product of uranium-233 , produced from thorium . Due to its mode of beta decay , iodine-131 causes mutation and death in cells that it penetrates, and other cells up to several millimeters away. For this reason, high doses of

2886-617: The ammoxidation route to acrylonitrile (CH 2 =CH–C≡N): Related catalysts are used in the production of tetramethylene glycol : Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar panels exhibit some of the greatest efficiencies for solar cell electric power generators. In 2018, China installed thin-film solar panels with a total power output of 175 GW, more than any other country in the world; most of those panels were made of CdTe. In June 2022, China set goals of generating 25% of energy consumption and installing 1.2 billion kilowatts of capacity for wind and solar power by 2030. This proposal will increase

2964-593: The chalcogen (group 16) family of elements on the periodic table, which also includes oxygen , sulfur , selenium and polonium : Tellurium and selenium compounds are similar. Tellurium exhibits the oxidation states −2, +2, +4 and +6, with +4 being most common. Reduction of Te metal produces the tellurides and polytellurides, Te n . The −2 oxidation state is exhibited in binary compounds with many metals, such as zinc telluride , ZnTe , produced by heating tellurium with zinc. Decomposition of ZnTe with hydrochloric acid yields hydrogen telluride ( H 2 Te ),

3042-583: The selenides and tellurides of the noble metals in compounds with the formula M 2 Se or M 2 Te (M = Cu, Ag, Au). At temperatures of 500 °C the anode sludges are roasted with sodium carbonate under air. The metal ions are reduced to the metals, while the telluride is converted to sodium tellurite . Tellurites can be leached from the mixture with water and are normally present as hydrotellurites HTeO 3 in solution. Selenites are also formed during this process, but they can be separated by adding sulfuric acid . The hydrotellurites are converted into

3120-536: The 2020s, China produced ca. 50% of world's tellurium and was the only country that mined Te as the main target rather than a by-product. This dominance was driven by the rapid expansion of solar cell industry in China. In 2022, the largest Te providers by volume were China (340 tonnes), Russia (80 t), Japan (70 t), Canada (50 t), Uzbekistan (50 t), Sweden (40 t) and the United States (no official data). Tellurium belongs to

3198-583: The Fukushima power plant. Farmers near the plant dumped raw milk, while testing in the United States found 0.8 pico- curies per liter of iodine-131 in a milk sample, but the radiation levels were 5,000 times lower than the FDA's "defined intervention level". The levels were expected to drop relatively quickly A common treatment method for preventing iodine-131 exposure is by saturating the thyroid with regular, stable iodine-127 , as an iodide or iodate salt. Iodine-131

Iodine (125I) human albumin - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-466: The University of California, Berkeley. It has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days. It is associated with nuclear energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and natural gas production. It also plays a major role as a radioactive isotope present in nuclear fission products, and was a significant contributor to the health hazards from open-air atomic bomb testing in the 1950s, and from

3354-457: The amount of radioactivity retained may be small and there is no medical proof of an actual risk from radioiodine treatment. Such a precaution would essentially eliminate direct fetal exposure to radioactivity and markedly reduce the possibility of conception with sperm that might theoretically have been damaged by exposure to radioiodine." These guidelines vary from hospital to hospital and will depend on national legislation and guidance, as well as

3432-482: The beta decay energy. The electrons, due to their high mean energy (190 keV, with typical beta-decay spectra present) have a tissue penetration of 0.6 to 2 mm . Iodine in food is absorbed by the body and preferentially concentrated in the thyroid where it is needed for the functioning of that gland. When I is present in high levels in the environment from radioactive fallout , it can be absorbed through contaminated food, and will also accumulate in

3510-446: The breath of victims of tellurium exposure or poisoning. Tellurium has two allotropes , crystalline and amorphous. When crystalline , tellurium is silvery-white with a metallic luster. The crystals are trigonal and chiral ( space group 152 or 154 depending on the chirality), like the gray form of selenium . It is a brittle and easily pulverized metalloid. Amorphous tellurium is a black-brown powder prepared by precipitating it from

3588-510: The demand for tellurium and its production worldwide, especially in China, where the annual volumes of Te refining increased from 280 tonnes in 2017 to 340 tonnes in 2022. (Cd,Zn)Te is an efficient material for detecting X-rays . It is being used in the NASA space-based X-ray telescope NuSTAR . Mercury cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material that is used in thermal imaging devices. Organotellurium compounds are mainly of interest in

3666-521: The dominant use. These applications were overtaken by the growing importance of CdTe in thin-film solar cells in the 2000s. Most Te (and Se) is obtained from porphyry copper deposits , where it occurs in trace amounts. The element is recovered from anode sludges from the electrolytic refining of blister copper . It is a component of dusts from blast furnace refining of lead . Treatment of 1000 tons of copper ore yields approximately one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of tellurium. The anode sludges contain

3744-449: The dose of radiation given. Some also advise not to hug or hold children when the radiation is still high, and a one- or two- metre distance to others may be recommended. I-131 will be eliminated from the body over the next several weeks after it is given. The majority of I-131 will be eliminated from the human body in 3–5 days, through natural decay, and through excretion in sweat and urine. Smaller amounts will continue to be released over

3822-536: The first two applications experiencing a rapid increase owing to the worldwide tendency of reducing dependence on the fossil fuel . In metallurgy, tellurium is added to iron , stainless steel , copper , and lead alloys. It improves the machinability of copper without reducing its high electrical conductivity. It increases resistance to vibration and fatigue of lead and stabilizes various carbides and in malleable iron. Tellurium oxides are components of commercial oxidation catalysts. Te-containing catalysts are used for

3900-400: The general formula of R Te 3 , where " R " represents a rare-earth lanthanide (or Y), with the full family consisting of R = Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er & Tm (not yet observed are compounds containing Pm, Eu, Yb & Lu). These materials have a two-dimensional character within an orthorhombic crystal structure, with slabs of R Te separated by sheets of pure Te. It

3978-457: The great difference in ion radii. Thus, many common sulfide minerals contain substantial quantities of selenium and only traces of tellurium. In the gold rush of 1893, miners in Kalgoorlie discarded a pyritic material as they searched for pure gold, and it was used to fill in potholes and build sidewalks. In 1896, that tailing was discovered to be calaverite , a telluride of gold, and it sparked

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4056-682: The health effects from exposure to I in fallout, as well as individualized estimates, for those born before 1971, for each of the 3070 counties in the USA. The calculations are taken from data collected regarding fallout from the nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site . On 27 March 2011, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health reported that I was detected in very low concentrations in rainwater from samples collected in Massachusetts, USA, and that this likely originated from

4134-536: The highest melting and boiling points, at 722.66 and 1,261 K (449.51 and 987.85 °C), respectively. Crystalline tellurium consists of parallel helical chains of Te atoms, with three atoms per turn. This gray material resists oxidation by air and is not volatile. Naturally occurring tellurium has eight isotopes. Six of those isotopes, Te, Te, Te, Te, Te, and Te, are stable. The other two, Te and Te, are slightly radioactive, with extremely long half-lives, including 2.2 × 10 years for Te. This

4212-434: The insoluble tellurium dioxide while the selenites stay in solution. The metal is produced from the oxide (reduced) either by electrolysis or by reacting the tellurium dioxide with sulfur dioxide in sulfuric acid. Commercial-grade tellurium is usually marketed as 200- mesh powder but is also available as slabs, ingots, sticks, or lumps. The year-end price for tellurium in 2000 was US$ 30 per kilogram. In recent years,

4290-491: The isotope are sometimes less dangerous than low doses, since they tend to kill thyroid tissues that would otherwise become cancerous as a result of the radiation. For example, children treated with moderate dose of I for thyroid adenomas had a detectable increase in thyroid cancer, but children treated with a much higher dose did not. Likewise, most studies of very-high-dose I for treatment of Graves' disease have failed to find any increase in thyroid cancer, even though there

4368-517: The late 1940s, radioactive tracers have been used by the oil industry. Tagged at the surface, water is then tracked downhole, using the appropriated gamma detector, to determine flows and detect underground leaks. I-131 has been the most widely used tagging isotope in an aqueous solution of sodium iodide . It is used to characterize the hydraulic fracturing fluid to help determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing . Tellurium Tellurium

4446-475: The major cause of increased thyroid cancers after accidental nuclear contamination. These studies suppose that cancers happen from residual tissue radiation damage caused by the I, and should appear mostly years after exposure, long after the I has decayed. Other studies did not find a correlation. Most I production is from neutron irradiation of a natural tellurium target in a nuclear reactor. Irradiation of natural tellurium produces almost entirely I as

4524-424: The mineral calaverite . In the early 1920s, Thomas Midgley Jr. found tellurium prevented engine knocking when added to fuel, but ruled it out due to the difficult-to-eradicate smell. Midgley went on to discover and popularize the use of tetraethyl lead . The 1960s brought an increase in thermoelectric applications for tellurium (as bismuth telluride ), and in free-machining steel alloys, which became

4602-509: The more purely gamma-emitting radioiodine iodine-123 is used in diagnostic testing ( nuclear medicine scan of the thyroid). The longer half-lived iodine-125 is also occasionally used when a longer half-life radioiodine is needed for diagnosis, and in brachytherapy treatment (isotope confined in small seed-like metal capsules), where the low-energy gamma radiation without a beta component makes iodine-125 useful. The other radioisotopes of iodine are never used in brachytherapy. The use of I as

4680-461: The names aurum paradoxum (paradoxical gold) and metallum problematicum (problem metal), because it did not exhibit the properties predicted for antimony. In 1789, a Hungarian scientist, Pál Kitaibel , discovered the element independently in an ore from Deutsch-Pilsen that had been regarded as argentiferous molybdenite , but later he gave the credit to Müller. In 1798, it was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth , who had earlier isolated it from

4758-571: The new element in 1798 after the Latin tellus 'earth'. Gold telluride minerals are the most notable natural gold compounds. However, they are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself, which is normally extracted as a by-product of copper and lead production. Commercially, the primary use of tellurium is CdTe solar panels and thermoelectric devices. A more traditional application in copper ( tellurium copper ) and steel alloys , where tellurium improves machinability , also consumes

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4836-470: The next several weeks, as the body processes thyroid hormones created with the I-131. For this reason, it is advised to regularly clean toilets, sinks, bed sheets and clothing used by the person who received the treatment. Patients may also be advised to wear slippers or socks at all times, and avoid prolonged close contact with others. This minimizes accidental exposure by family members, especially children. Use of

4914-549: The only radionuclide with a half-life longer than hours, since most lighter isotopes of tellurium become heavier stable isotopes, or else stable iodine or xenon. However, the heaviest naturally occurring tellurium nuclide, Te (34% of natural tellurium) absorbs a neutron to become tellurium-131, which beta decays with a half-life of 25 minutes to I. A tellurium compound can be irradiated while bound as an oxide to an ion exchange column, with evolved I then eluted into an alkaline solution. More commonly, powdered elemental tellurium

4992-510: The only stable nuclide, I, has 74. On decaying, I most often (89% of the time) expends its 971 keV of decay energy by transforming into stable xenon-131 in two steps, with gamma decay following rapidly after beta decay: The primary emissions of I decay are thus electrons with a maximal energy of 606 keV (89% abundance, others 248–807 keV) and 364 keV gamma rays (81% abundance, others 723 keV). Beta decay also produces an antineutrino , which carries off variable amounts of

5070-521: The population living nearest to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant after the disaster, though they were widely distributed to children in Poland. Within the US, the highest I fallout doses occurred during the 1950s and early 1960s to children having consumed fresh milk from sources contaminated as the result of above-ground testing of nuclear weapons. The National Cancer Institute provides additional information on

5148-410: The public for dose constraint purposes and any restrictions on the patient should be designed based on this principle. Patients receiving I-131 radioiodine treatment may be warned not to have sexual intercourse for one month (or shorter, depending on dose given), and women told not to become pregnant for six months afterwards. "This is because a theoretical risk to a developing fetus exists, even though

5226-448: The rarest of the stable lanthanides – has crystal abundances of 500 μg/kg (see Abundance of the chemical elements ). The rarity of tellurium in the Earth's crust is not a reflection of its cosmic abundance. Tellurium is more abundant than rubidium in the cosmos, though rubidium is 10,000 times more abundant in the Earth's crust. The rarity of tellurium on Earth is thought to be caused by conditions during preaccretional sorting in

5304-608: The research context. Several have been examined such as precursors for metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy growth of II-VI compound semiconductors . These precursor compounds include dimethyl telluride , diethyl telluride, diisopropyl telluride, diallyl telluride, and methyl allyl telluride. Diisopropyl telluride (DIPTe) is the preferred precursor for low-temperature growth of CdHgTe by MOVPE . The greatest purity metalorganics of both selenium and tellurium are used in these processes. The compounds for semiconductor industry and are prepared by adduct purification . Tellurium suboxide

5382-469: The result is a red solution of the Zintl ion , Te 4 . The oxidation of tellurium by AsF 5 in liquid SO 2 produces the same square planar cation, in addition to the trigonal prismatic , yellow-orange Te 6 : Other tellurium Zintl cations include the polymeric Te 7 and the blue-black Te 8 , consisting of two fused 5-membered tellurium rings. The latter cation

5460-424: The short half-life means it is not present in significant quantities in cooled spent nuclear fuel , unlike iodine-129 whose half-life is nearly a billion times that of I. It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants. I decays with a half-life of 8.0249(6) days with beta minus and gamma emissions. This isotope of iodine has 78 neutrons in its nucleus, while

5538-401: The solar nebula, when the stable form of certain elements, in the absence of oxygen and water , was controlled by the reductive power of free hydrogen . Under this scenario, certain elements that form volatile hydrides , such as tellurium, were severely depleted through the evaporation of these hydrides. Tellurium and selenium are the heavy elements most depleted by this process. Tellurium

5616-497: The tellurium price was driven up by increased demand and limited supply, reaching as high as US$ 220 per pound in 2006. The average annual price for 99.99%-pure tellurium increased from $ 38 per kilogram in 2017 to $ 74 per kilogram in 2018. Despite the expectation that improved production methods will double production, the United States Department of Energy (DoE) anticipates a supply shortfall of tellurium by 2025. In

5694-532: The thyroid. As it decays, it may cause damage to the thyroid. The primary risk from exposure to I is an increased risk of radiation-induced cancer in later life. Other risks include the possibility of non-cancerous growths and thyroiditis . The risk of thyroid cancer in later life appears to diminish with increasing age at time of exposure. Most risk estimates are based on studies in which radiation exposures occurred in children or teenagers. When adults are exposed, it has been difficult for epidemiologists to detect

5772-485: The total amount of radioactivity injected, one can calculate the total blood volume. It can also be used to calculate the blood plasma volume using a similar method. The main difference is that the drawn blood sample has to be centrifuged to separate the plasma from the blood cells. The US Food and Drug Administration lists no contraindications for this drug. There is a theoretical possibility of allergic reactions after repeated use of this medication. Iodine-125

5850-409: The treatment of thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism) due to Graves' disease , and sometimes hyperactive thyroid nodules (abnormally active thyroid tissue that is not malignant). The therapeutic use of radioiodine to treat hyperthyroidism from Graves' disease was first reported by Saul Hertz in 1941. The dose is typically administered orally (either as a liquid or capsule), in an outpatient setting, and

5928-591: The volatile iodine). By contrast, other iodine radioisotopes are usually created by far more expensive techniques, starting with cyclotron radiation of capsules of pressurized xenon gas. Iodine-131 is also one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting radioactive industrial tracer . Radioactive tracer isotopes are injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing. Much smaller incidental doses of iodine-131 than those used in medical therapeutic procedures, are supposed by some studies to be

6006-531: Was Spießglaskönig ( argent molybdique ), containing native antimony . In 1782 Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein , who was then serving as the Austrian chief inspector of mines in Transylvania, concluded that the ore did not contain antimony but was bismuth sulfide . The following year, he reported that this was erroneous and that the ore contained mostly gold and an unknown metal very similar to antimony. After

6084-453: Was first reported in 1883 as a black amorphous solid formed by the heat decomposition of TeSO 3 in vacuum, disproportionating into tellurium dioxide , TeO 2 and elemental tellurium upon heating. Since then, however, existence in the solid phase is doubted and in dispute, although it is known as a vapor fragment; the black solid may be merely an equimolar mixture of elemental tellurium and tellurium dioxide. Tellurium dioxide

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