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52-440: (Redirected from Voice Recognition ) Voice recognition can refer to: speaker recognition , determining who is speaking speech recognition , determining what is being said. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Voice recognition . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

104-466: A multi-factor authentication scenario. Conversely, text-independent systems do not require the use of a specific text. They are most often used for speaker identification as they require very little if any cooperation by the speaker. In this case the text during enrollment and test is different. In fact, the enrollment may happen without the user's knowledge, as in the case for many forensic applications. As text-independent technologies do not compare what

156-765: A "true" multi-factor authentication system must use distinct instances of the three factors of authentication it had defined, and not just use multiple instances of a single factor. According to proponents, multi-factor authentication could drastically reduce the incidence of online identity theft and other online fraud , because the victim's password would no longer be enough to give a thief permanent access to their information. However, many multi-factor authentication approaches remain vulnerable to phishing , man-in-the-browser , and man-in-the-middle attacks . Two-factor authentication in web applications are especially susceptible to phishing attacks, particularly in SMS and e-mails, and, as

208-535: A basis for both future telco services to final customers and to improve the noise-reduction techniques across the network. Between 1996 and 1998, speaker recognition technology was used at the Scobey–Coronach Border Crossing to enable enrolled local residents with nothing to declare to cross the Canada–United States border when the inspection stations were closed for the night. The system

260-440: A customer-owned smartphone. Despite the variations that exist among available systems that organizations may have to choose from, once a multi-factor authentication system is deployed within an organization, it tends to remain in place, as users invariably acclimate to the presence and use of the system and embrace it over time as a normalized element of their daily process of interaction with their relevant information system. While

312-421: A debit or credit card using either a password or a one-time password sent over SMS . This requirement was removed in 2016 for transactions up to ₹2,000 after opting-in with the issuing bank. Vendors such as Uber have been mandated by the bank to amend their payment processing systems in compliance with this two-factor authentication rollout. Details for authentication for federal employees and contractors in

364-425: A discussion, alert automated systems of speaker changes, check if a user is already enrolled in a system, etc. In forensic applications, it is common to first perform a speaker identification process to create a list of "best matches" and then perform a series of verification processes to determine a conclusive match. Working to match the samples from the speaker to the list of best matches helps figure out if they are

416-734: A hardware token or USB plug. Many users do not have the technical skills needed to install a client-side software certificate by themselves. Generally, multi-factor solutions require additional investment for implementation and costs for maintenance. Most hardware token-based systems are proprietary, and some vendors charge an annual fee per user. Deployment of hardware tokens is logistically challenging. Hardware tokens may get damaged or lost, and issuance of tokens in large industries such as banking or even within large enterprises needs to be managed. In addition to deployment costs, multi-factor authentication often carries significant additional support costs. A 2008 survey of over 120 U.S. credit unions by

468-452: A hidden paper or text file. Possession factors ("something only the user has") have been used for authentication for centuries, in the form of a key to a lock. The basic principle is that the key embodies a secret that is shared between the lock and the key, and the same principle underlies possession factor authentication in computer systems. A security token is an example of a possession factor. Disconnected tokens have no connections to

520-446: A multi-factor authentication scheme may include: An example of two-factor authentication is the withdrawing of money from an ATM ; only the correct combination of a bank card (something the user possesses) and a PIN (something the user knows) allows the transaction to be carried out. Two other examples are to supplement a user-controlled password with a one-time password (OTP) or code generated or received by an authenticator (e.g.

572-403: A number of features are extracted to form a voice print, template, or model. In the verification phase, a speech sample or "utterance" is compared against a previously created voice print. For identification systems, the utterance is compared against multiple voice prints in order to determine the best match(es) while verification systems compare an utterance against a single voice print. Because of

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624-568: A response, many experts advise users not to share their verification codes with anyone, and many web application providers will place an advisory in an e-mail or SMS containing a code. Multi-factor authentication may be ineffective against modern threats, like ATM skimming, phishing, and malware. In May 2017, O2 Telefónica , a German mobile service provider, confirmed that cybercriminals had exploited SS7 vulnerabilities to bypass SMS based two-step authentication to do unauthorized withdrawals from users' bank accounts. The criminals first infected

676-520: A secret in order to authenticate. A password is a secret word or string of characters that is used for user authentication. This is the most commonly used mechanism of authentication. Many multi-factor authentication techniques rely on passwords as one factor of authentication. Variations include both longer ones formed from multiple words (a passphrase ) and the shorter, purely numeric, PIN commonly used for ATM access. Traditionally, passwords are expected to be memorized , but can also be written down on

728-409: A security token or smartphone) that only the user possesses. A third-party authenticator app enables two-factor authentication in a different way, usually by showing a randomly generated and constantly refreshing code which the user can use, rather than sending an SMS or using another method. Knowledge factors are a form of authentication. In this form, the user is required to prove knowledge of

780-426: A single password. Usage of MFA has increased in recent years, however, there are numerous threats that consistently makes it hard to ensure MFA is entirely secure. Authentication takes place when someone tries to log into a computer resource (such as a computer network , device, or application). The resource requires the user to supply the identity by which the user is known to the resource, along with evidence of

832-472: A user knows, has, and is) to determine the user's identity. In response to the publication, numerous authentication vendors began improperly promoting challenge-questions, secret images, and other knowledge-based methods as "multi-factor" authentication. Due to the resulting confusion and widespread adoption of such methods, on August 15, 2006, the FFIEC published supplemental guidelines—which state that by definition,

884-778: A user to move between offices and dynamically receive the same level of network access in each. Two-factor authentication over text message was developed as early as 1996, when AT&T described a system for authorizing transactions based on an exchange of codes over two-way pagers. Many multi-factor authentication vendors offer mobile phone-based authentication. Some methods include push-based authentication, QR code-based authentication, one-time password authentication (event-based and time-based), and SMS-based verification. SMS-based verification suffers from some security concerns. Phones can be cloned, apps can run on several phones and cell-phone maintenance personnel can read SMS texts. Not least, cell phones can be compromised in general, meaning

936-521: Is a speech coding method used in speaker recognition and speech verification . Ambient noise levels can impede both collections of the initial and subsequent voice samples. Noise reduction algorithms can be employed to improve accuracy, but incorrect application can have the opposite effect. Performance degradation can result from changes in behavioural attributes of the voice and from enrollment using one telephone and verification on another telephone. Integration with two-factor authentication products

988-433: Is based on the premise that an unauthorized actor is unlikely to be able to supply the factors required for access. If, in an authentication attempt, at least one of the components is missing or supplied incorrectly, the user's identity is not established with sufficient certainty and access to the asset (e.g., a building, or data) being protected by multi-factor authentication then remains blocked. The authentication factors of

1040-428: Is compared against multiple templates. From a security perspective, identification is different from verification. Speaker verification is usually employed as a "gatekeeper" in order to provide access to a secure system. These systems operate with the users' knowledge and typically require their cooperation. Speaker identification systems can also be implemented covertly without the user's knowledge to identify talkers in

1092-555: Is expected to increase. Voice changes due to ageing may impact system performance over time. Some systems adapt the speaker models after each successful verification to capture such long-term changes in the voice, though there is debate regarding the overall security impact imposed by automated adaptation Due to the introduction of legislation like the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union and

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1144-444: Is typically deployed in access control systems through the use, firstly, of a physical possession (such as a fob, keycard , or QR-code displayed on a device) which acts as the identification credential, and secondly, a validation of one's identity such as facial biometrics or retinal scan. This form of multi-factor authentication is commonly referred to as facial verification or facial authentication. These are factors associated with

1196-609: The California Consumer Privacy Act in the United States, there has been much discussion about the use of speaker recognition in the work place. In September 2019 Irish speech recognition developer Soapbox Labs warned about the legal implications that may be involved. The first international patent was filed in 1983, coming from the telecommunication research in CSELT (Italy) by Michele Cavazza and Alberto Ciaramella as

1248-463: The Credit Union Journal reported on the support costs associated with two-factor authentication. In their report, software certificates and software toolbar approaches were reported to have the highest support costs. Research into deployments of multi-factor authentication schemes has shown that one of the elements that tend to impact the adoption of such systems is the line of business of

1300-602: The FIDO Alliance and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), have become popular with mainstream browser support beginning in 2015. A software token (a.k.a. soft token ) is a type of two-factor authentication security device that may be used to authorize the use of computer services. Software tokens are stored on a general-purpose electronic device such as a desktop computer , laptop , PDA , or mobile phone and can be duplicated. (Contrast hardware tokens , where

1352-639: The client PC in order to make use of the token or smart card . This translates to four or five packages on which version control has to be performed, and four or five packages to check for conflicts with business applications. If access can be operated using web pages , it is possible to limit the overheads outlined above to a single application. With other multi-factor authentication technology such as hardware token products, no software must be installed by end-users. There are drawbacks to multi-factor authentication that are keeping many approaches from becoming widespread. Some users have difficulty keeping track of

1404-651: The U.S. are defined in Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12). IT regulatory standards for access to federal government systems require the use of multi-factor authentication to access sensitive IT resources, for example when logging on to network devices to perform administrative tasks and when accessing any computer using a privileged login. NIST Special Publication 800-63-3 discusses various forms of two-factor authentication and provides guidance on using them in business processes requiring different levels of assurance. In 2005,

1456-447: The United States' Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council issued guidance for financial institutions recommending financial institutions conduct risk-based assessments, evaluate customer awareness programs, and develop security measures to reliably authenticate customers remotely accessing online financial services , officially recommending the use of authentication methods that depend on more than one factor (specifically, what

1508-469: The account holder's computers in an attempt to steal their bank account credentials and phone numbers. Then the attackers purchased access to a fake telecom provider and set up a redirect for the victim's phone number to a handset controlled by them. Finally, the attackers logged into victims' online bank accounts and requested for the money on the accounts to be withdrawn to accounts owned by the criminals. SMS passcodes were routed to phone numbers controlled by

1560-624: The attackers and the criminals transferred the money out. An increasingly common approach to defeating MFA is to bombard the user with many requests to accept a log-in, until the user eventually succumbs to the volume of requests and accepts one. Many multi-factor authentication products require users to deploy client software to make multi-factor authentication systems work. Some vendors have created separate installation packages for network login, Web access credentials , and VPN connection credentials . For such products, there may be four or five different software packages to push down to

1612-414: The authenticity of the user's claim to that identity. Simple authentication requires only one such piece of evidence (factor), typically a password. For additional security, the resource may require more than one factor—multi-factor authentication, or two-factor authentication in cases where exactly two pieces of evidence are to be supplied. The use of multiple authentication factors to prove one's identity

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1664-519: The client computer. They typically use a built-in screen to display the generated authentication data, which is manually typed in by the user. This type of token mostly uses a OTP that can only be used for that specific session. Connected tokens are devices that are physically connected to the computer to be used. Those devices transmit data automatically. There are a number of different types, including USB tokens, smart cards and wireless tags . Increasingly, FIDO2 capable tokens, supported by

1716-492: The credentials are stored on a dedicated hardware device and therefore cannot be duplicated, absent physical invasion of the device). A soft token may not be a device the user interacts with. Typically an X.509v3 certificate is loaded onto the device and stored securely to serve this purpose. Multi-factor authentication can also be applied in physical security systems. These physical security systems are known and commonly referred to as access control. Multi-factor authentication

1768-457: The device (i.e. something that only the individual user knows) plus a one-time-valid, dynamic passcode, typically consisting of 4 to 6 digits. The passcode can be sent to their mobile device by SMS or can be generated by a one-time passcode-generator app. In both cases, the advantage of using a mobile phone is that there is no need for an additional dedicated token, as users tend to carry their mobile devices around at all times. Notwithstanding

1820-410: The doll carried the tagline "Finally, the doll that understands you." - despite the fact that it was described as a product "which children could train to respond to their voice." The term voice recognition, even a decade later, referred to speaker independence. Each speaker recognition system has two phases: enrollment and verification. During enrollment, the speaker's voice is recorded and typically

1872-414: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voice_recognition&oldid=933238428 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Speaker recognition Recognizing the speaker can simplify

1924-411: The mobile operator's operational security and can be easily breached by wiretapping or SIM cloning by national security agencies. Advantages: Disadvantages: The Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard, requirement 8.3, requires the use of MFA for all remote network access that originates from outside the network to a Card Data Environment (CDE). Beginning with PCI-DSS version 3.2,

1976-471: The network or working remotely, a more secure MFA method such as entering a code from a soft token as well could be required. Adapting the type of MFA method and frequency to a users' location will enable you to avoid risks common to remote working. Systems for network admission control work in similar ways where the level of network access can be contingent on the specific network a device is connected to, such as Wi-Fi vs wired connectivity. This also allows

2028-445: The organization that deploys the multi-factor authentication system. Examples cited include the U.S. government, which employs an elaborate system of physical tokens (which themselves are backed by robust Public Key Infrastructure ), as well as private banks, which tend to prefer multi-factor authentication schemes for their customers that involve more accessible, less expensive means of identity verification, such as an app installed onto

2080-512: The phone is no longer something only the user has. The major drawback of authentication including something the user possesses is that the user must carry around the physical token (the USB stick, the bank card, the key or similar), practically at all times. Loss and theft are risks. Many organizations forbid carrying USB and electronic devices in or out of premises owing to malware and data theft risks, and most important machines do not have USB ports for

2132-585: The popularity of SMS verification, security advocates have publicly criticized SMS verification, and in July 2016, a United States NIST draft guideline proposed deprecating it as a form of authentication. A year later NIST reinstated SMS verification as a valid authentication channel in the finalized guideline. In 2016 and 2017 respectively, both Google and Apple started offering user two-step authentication with push notifications as an alternative method. Security of mobile-delivered security tokens fully depends on

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2184-507: The process involved, verification is faster than identification. Speaker recognition systems fall into two categories: text-dependent and text-independent. Text-dependent recognition requires the text to be the same for both enrollment and verification. In a text-dependent system, prompts can either be common across all speakers (e.g. a common pass phrase) or unique. In addition, the use of shared-secrets (e.g.: passwords and PINs) or knowledge-based information can be employed in order to create

2236-458: The same person based on the amount of similarities or differences. The prosecution and defense use this as evidence to determine if the suspect is actually the offender. One of the earliest training technologies to commercialize was implemented in Worlds of Wonder 's 1987 Julie doll. At that point, speaker independence was an intended breakthrough, and systems required a training period. A 1987 ad for

2288-482: The same reason. Physical tokens usually do not scale, typically requiring a new token for each new account and system. Procuring and subsequently replacing tokens of this kind involves costs. In addition, there are inherent conflicts and unavoidable trade-offs between usability and security. Two-step authentication involving mobile phones and smartphones provides an alternative to dedicated physical devices. To authenticate, people can use their personal access codes to

2340-405: The speaker claims to be of a certain identity and the voice is used to verify this claim, this is called verification or authentication . On the other hand, identification is the task of determining an unknown speaker's identity. In a sense, speaker verification is a 1:1 match where one speaker's voice is matched to a particular template whereas speaker identification is a 1:N match where the voice

2392-588: The target's voice samples. Multi-factor authentication Multi-factor authentication ( MFA ; two-factor authentication , or 2FA , along with similar terms) is an electronic authentication method in which a user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors ) to an authentication mechanism. MFA protects personal data —which may include personal identification or financial assets —from being accessed by an unauthorized third party that may have been able to discover, for example,

2444-527: The task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on specific voices or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process. Speaker recognition has a history dating back some four decades as of 2019 and uses the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy and learned behavioral patterns. There are two major applications of speaker recognition technologies and methodologies. If

2496-565: The use of MFA is required for all administrative access to the CDE, even if the user is within a trusted network. The second Payment Services Directive requires " strong customer authentication " on most electronic payments in the European Economic Area since September 14, 2019. In India, the Reserve Bank of India mandated two-factor authentication for all online transactions made using

2548-405: The user, and are usually biometric methods, including fingerprint , face , voice , or iris recognition. Behavioral biometrics such as keystroke dynamics can also be used. Increasingly, a fourth factor is coming into play involving the physical location of the user. While hard wired to the corporate network, a user could be allowed to login using only a pin code. Whereas if the user was off

2600-899: Was developed by voice recognition company Nuance (that in 2011 acquired the company Loquendo , the spin-off from CSELT itself for speech technology), the company behind Apple's Siri technology. 93% of customers gave the system at "9 out of 10" for speed, ease of use and security. Speaker recognition may also be used in criminal investigations, such as those of the 2014 executions of, amongst others, James Foley and Steven Sotloff . In February 2016 UK high-street bank HSBC and its internet-based retail bank First Direct announced that it would offer 15 million customers its biometric banking software to access online and phone accounts using their fingerprint or voice. In 2023 Vice News and The Guardian separately demonstrated they could defeat standard financial speaker-authentication systems using AI-generated voices generated from about five minutes of

2652-455: Was developed for the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service by Voice Strategies of Warren, Michigan. In 2013 Barclays Wealth , the private banking division of Barclays, became the first financial services firm to deploy voice biometrics as the primary means of identifying customers to their call centers . The system used passive speaker recognition to verify the identity of telephone customers within 30 seconds of normal conversation. It

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2704-946: Was said at enrollment and verification, verification applications tend to also employ speech recognition to determine what the user is saying at the point of authentication. In text independent systems both acoustics and speech analysis techniques are used. Speaker recognition is a pattern recognition problem. The various technologies used to process and store voice prints include frequency estimation , hidden Markov models , Gaussian mixture models , pattern matching algorithms, neural networks , matrix representation , vector quantization and decision trees . For comparing utterances against voice prints, more basic methods like cosine similarity are traditionally used for their simplicity and performance. Some systems also use "anti-speaker" techniques such as cohort models and world models. Spectral features are predominantly used in representing speaker characteristics. Linear predictive coding (LPC)

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