80-452: [REDACTED] Look up विश्वनाथ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Vishwanath (also spelt Viswanath , Vishvanath , Viswanatha ) is an Indian surname and given name . It is of Hindu origin and derives from višvanatha , meaning "lord of the universe" (from višva , "universe" + natha , "lord," an epithet of the god Shiva ), including
160-589: A Kriti competition in all languages in 1929. A total of 9 competitors had submitted 20 songs. Out of 3 compositions in Sanskrit, 2 of Sastri's compositions were the only songs selected for the top spot. A committee of three judges - Tiger Varadachariar , T. L. Venkatarama Iyer and Jalatharangam Ramaniah Chettiar, adjudged his Sanskrit Kriti "Kamithe Karunanvite" in praise of 'Bharatha Matha' (Mother India) in Todi Raga as
240-538: A 1987 Indian Telugu film Viswanathan Ramamoorthy , 2001 Indian Tamil film Viswanathan Velai Venum , a 1985 Indian Tamil film People [ edit ] Given name [ edit ] Vishwanath Bhatt (1898 – 1968), Gujarati literary critic and lexicographer Vishwanath Bhoir , Indian politician Vishwanath Bondre (1936 – 2014), Indian cricketer Vishwanath Das Shastri , Indian politician Vishwanath Datta , Bengali barrister, philanthropist and novelist Vishwanath Dev Gajapati (1500 - 1571),
320-421: A Kalinga king Vishwanath Jadhav (1885−1964), Indian classical khyal singer Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade (1863 – 1926), Indian historian, scholar, writer, commentator Vishwanath Mahadeshwar (born 1960), Indian politician Vishwanath Meghwal , Indian politician Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik (1833 – 1899), Indian legal expert on Hindu law Viswanatha Nayak , Vijayanagara viceroy to Madurai, during
400-594: A booklet of 18 songs in Sanskrit, called " Bharat Bhajan ", containing songs on Bharata Matha (Mother India) and Mahatma Gandhi, was published. The songs are in simple flowing language, set in well-known Hindustani ragas like Behag , Bhimpalas , Bilaval . Mand and Desh to ensure they are sung all over the country [India]. There are still a good number of songs in the manuscript, both in Tamil and Sanskrit, which Sastri intended to publish such as " Shiva Shakti Madhura Kirtanai " and " Harihara Madhura Kirtanai ". He has composed
480-517: A comma, and items are alphabetized by the last name. In France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Latin America, administrative usage is to put the surname before the first on official documents. In most Balto-Slavic languages (such as Latvian, Lithuanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, etc.) as well as in Greek , Irish, Icelandic , and Azerbaijani , some surnames change form depending on
560-560: A famous ancestor, or the place of origin; but they were not universal. For example, Hunayn ibn Ishaq (fl. 850 AD) was known by the nisbah "al-'Ibadi", a federation of Arab Christian tribes that lived in Mesopotamia prior to the advent of Islam . In Ancient Greece, as far back as the Archaic Period clan names and patronymics ("son of") were also common, as in Aristides as Λῡσῐμᾰ́χου –
640-460: A genitive singular form meaning son of Lysimachus. For example, Alexander the Great was known as Heracleides , as a supposed descendant of Heracles , and by the dynastic name Karanos / Caranus , which referred to the founder of the dynasty to which he belonged . These patronymics are already attested for many characters in the works of Homer . At other times formal identification commonly included
720-912: A mathematical constant Viswanatha chikitsa , text written by physician Viswanatha Sen in 1921 Viswanatham , Indian town in Tamil Nadu Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Vishwanath . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishwanath&oldid=1254090121 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Surnames of Indian origin Indian given names Tamil masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Short description
800-619: A number of sources, was an English nickname meaning "effeminate". A group of nicknames look like occupational ones: King , Bishop , Abbot , Sheriff , Knight , etc. but it is rather unlikely that a person with surname King was a king or descended from a king. Bernard Deacon suggests that the first nickname/surname bearer may have acted as a king or bishop, or was corpulent as bishop. etc. A considerable group of surname-producing nicknames may be found among ethnonymic surnames . Ornamental surnames are made up of names, not specific to any attribute (place, parentage, occupation, caste) of
880-407: A performing musician receded as his focus towards becoming a composer increased. In 1940, he published the book " Murugan Madhura Kirtanai " consisting of 60 songs on Lord Muruga . The book provides a rich repertoire of Tamil songs. In 1947, a booklet of songs in Tamil for Independence Day 'Desiya Jaya Geetham' was published. It dealt with Khaddar , Gandhiji , Flag salutation , and so on. In 1948,
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#1732855791481960-1951: A producer who works in Kannada cinema Padma Viswanathan , Canadian playwright Palghat Kollengode Viswanatha Narayanaswamy , Indian musician Paranjape Prakash Vishvanath (1947–2008), Indian politician Paris Viswanathan (born 1940), Indian painter and filmmaker Pramod Viswanath , Indian professor Pranjivan Vishwanath Thaker (1860 - 1920), Diwan of Saurashtra, Gujarat Premi Viswanath , Indian television actress Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry , (1929 – 1998), Indian Telugu writer and editor R Viswanathan , Indian diplomat R. Ranchandra Vishwanath Wardekar (1913-1996), Indian doctor and founder of Gandhi Memorial Leprosy Foundation R. Viswanathan , Indian politician Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastry (1922–1993), Indian Telugu writer Radha Viswanathan , Indian vocalist and classical dancer Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan (1960–1999), Indian Army officer Raman Viswanathan , Indian physician Ramesh Vishwanath Katti (born 1964), Indian politician Ramnarayan Vishwanath Pathak , Indian poet and writer S. R. Vishwanath (born 1962), Indian politician Sadanand Vishwanath (born 1962), former Indian cricketer Sanju Viswanath (1994), Indian cricketer Shivraj Vishwanath Patil , Indian politician Sunny Viswanath , Indian composer and music producer T. Viswanathan (1927–2002), Indian Carnatic music flutist T. K. Viswanathan , Indian politician T. N. Viswanatha Reddy , Indian politician T. R. Viswanathan , American engineer Umesh Vishwanath Katti , Indian politician V. Viswanatha Menon (1927 - 2019), Indian Communist leader V. Viswanathan (1909 - 1987) Indian ICS officer Vani Viswanath (born 1968), Indian actress Vichu Vishwanath , Indian film and television actor Vishwa Nath (1917-2002), Founder of Delhi Press Vishwa Nath Sharma (born 1930), 15th Chief of
1040-660: A professional musician. He was for some time the Harmonium player for dramas enacted by the Madras Secretariat Party and also gave performances on the Harmonium with accompaniments. When A.I.R. ( All India Radio ) issued a ban on Harmonium in 1940, he gave it up. From an early age, Sastri had a gift for composing songs. This was mostly in Tamil and dedicated to Lord Murugan . In 1926, Kadalangudi Natesha Shastri published Sastri's first book of songs " Valli Parinaya Manipravala Satakam ". The Madras Music Academy instituted
1120-1536: A rebel in the Indian rebellion of 1857 Vishwanath Sharma , Indian politician Vishwanath Shastri , Indian politician Vishwanath Tamasker , Indian politician Vishwanath Tripathi (born 1931), Indian writer Vishwanath Vaishampayan (1910 – 1967), Indian revolutionary Viswanatha Kaviraja , 14th century Indian poet Viswanatha Sastri , Carnatic music composer Viswanatha Satyanarayana , (1895 – 1976), an Indian Telugu writer Viswanathan Anand , (born 1969) Indian chess grandmaster and former world chess champion Viswanathan Kumaran , Indian chemical engineer and rheologist Viswanathan Manikan (born 1951), Indian activist Viswanathan Raghunathan (born 1954), Indian academic, author, columnist Viswanathan Ratnam , Indian Judge Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy , Indian music-director duo V. Ravichandran (film producer) , full name Viswanath Ravichandran Surname [ edit ] Adagur H. Vishwanath (born 1949), Indian politician Acharya Vishwanath Baitha , Indian politician Ashoke Viswanathan , Indian Bengali filmmaker Ashvin Vishwanath , (born 1973), Indian-American theoretical physicist A. K. Viswanathan , Indian Police Service officer Cheri Viswanath (1933 – 2014), South Indian screenwriter, playwright, lyricist and journalist Chitra Vishwanath , an Indian architect Balaji Vishwanath (1680–1719), Peshwas (Prime Minister) of
1200-516: A set of five songs called " Balar Pancharatnam " in Sanskrit, for children that forms a prayer. The manuscript collection also includes 8 songs on Shirdi Sai Baba , which has come out as a CD in 2007. He was the first person to set the Tirukkural verses to music and he published the first volume containing the Arattupal in 41 songs with Svara notation calling it " Tirukkural Madhura Kirtanai ". This
1280-718: A surname tradition. Ornamental surnames are more common in communities that adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries. They occur commonly in Scandinavia, and among Sinti and Roma and Jews in Germany and Austria. During the era of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade many Africans were given new names by their masters. Many of the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery ( i.e. slave name ). Some freed slaves later created family names themselves. Another category of acquired names
1360-431: A teacher and musician. In the meantime, he gained proficiency in Harmonium playing and became acquainted with Alathur Venkatesa Iyer . He tried his hand at Harikatha for some time at the suggestion of Muthiah Bhagavatar and Panchapakesha Bhagavatar who were his close friends. He later moved to Karaikudi and as a music teacher. In 1921, he moved back to Madras (Now Chennai ). His only daughter survived for less than
1440-492: A year after birth. In 1935, he also lost his wife. Mayuram Viswanatha Sastri died in Jamshedpur on 31 December 1958. The burning desire in him that he should become a full-fledged musician made him approach Namakkal Narasimha Iyengar for a Vidya guru (teacher). He also had music training under Dasavadyam Venkatarama Iyengar of Devakottai and later under Simizhi Sundaram Iyer . He moved to Madras (Now Chennai) in 1921 and became
1520-602: Is Velbienė , and his unmarried daughter, Velbaitė . Many surnames include prefixes that may or may not be separated by a space or punctuation from the main part of the surname. These are usually not considered true compound names, rather single surnames are made up of more than one word. These prefixes often give hints about the type or origin of the surname (patronymic, toponymic, notable lineage) and include words that mean from [a place or lineage], and son of/daughter of/child of. The common Celtic prefixes "Ó" or "Ua" (descendant of) and "Mac" or "Mag" (son of) can be spelled with
1600-521: Is foundlings names. Historically, children born to unwed parents or extremely poor parents would be abandoned in a public place or anonymously placed in a foundling wheel . Such abandoned children might be claimed and named by religious figures, the community leaders, or adoptive parents. Some such children were given surnames that reflected their condition, like (Italian) Esposito , Innocenti , Della Casagrande , Trovato , Abbandonata, or (Dutch) Vondeling, Verlaeten, Bijstand. Other children were named for
1680-533: Is also customary for the Baltic Finnic peoples and the Hungarians , but other Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies. The Samis , depending on the circumstances of their names, either saw no change or did see a transformation of their name. For example: Sire in some cases became Siri, and Hætta Jáhkoš Ásslat became Aslak Jacobsen Hætta – as
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#17328557914811760-541: Is also the name of one of Japan's prefectures ), Yamamoto (山本) means "the base of the mountain", and Inoue (井上) means "above the well". Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of Saddam Hussein al Tikriti, meaning Saddam Hussein originated from Tikrit , a city in Iraq . This component of the name is called a nisbah . The meanings of some names are unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category may be
1840-641: Is also the case in Cambodia and among the Hmong of Laos and Thailand . The Telugu people of south India also place surname before personal name. There are some parts of Europe, in particular Hungary , where the surname is placed before the personal name. Since family names are normally written last in European societies, the terms last name or surname are commonly used for the family name, while in Japan (with vertical writing)
1920-523: Is called onomastics . While the use of given names to identify individuals is attested in the oldest historical records, the advent of surnames is relatively recent. Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2000 BC. His administration standardised
2000-421: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Surname A surname , family name , or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a given name to form the full name of a person, although several given names and surnames are possible in the full name. In modern times
2080-413: Is placed before personal / first name and in most cases it is only shown as an initial (for example 'S.' for Suryapeth). In English and other languages like Spanish—although the usual order of names is "first middle last"—for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers, the order is changed to "last, first middle," with the last and first names separated by
2160-664: The Arab world , the use of patronymics is well attested. The famous scholar Rhazes ( c. 865–925 AD ) is referred to as "al-Razi" (lit. the one from Ray) due to his origins from the city of Ray , Iran. In the Levant , surnames were in use as early as the High Middle Ages and it was common for people to derive their surname from a distant ancestor, and historically the surname would be often preceded with 'ibn' or 'son of'. Arab family names often denote either one's tribe , profession ,
2240-508: The "hereditary" requirement is a traditional, although common, interpretation, since in most countries a person has a right for a name change . Depending on culture, the surname may be placed at either the start of a person's name, or at the end. The number of surnames given to an individual also varies: in most cases it is just one, but in Portuguese-speaking countries and many Spanish-speaking countries, two surnames (one inherited from
2320-595: The -is suffix will have the -i suffix. Latvian, like Lithuanian, uses strictly feminized surnames for women, even in the case of foreign names. The function of the suffix is purely grammatical. Male surnames ending -e or -a need not be modified for women. Exceptions are: In Iceland, surnames have a gender-specific suffix (-dóttir = daughter, -son = son). This was also the case in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, until they were abolished by law in 1856, 1923, and 1966 respectively. Finnish used gender-specific suffixes up to 1929 when
2400-470: The 11th century by the barons in England. English surnames began as a way of identifying a certain aspect of that individual, such as by trade, father's name, location of birth, or physical features, and were not necessarily inherited. By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of hereditary surnames. The study of proper names (in family names, personal names, or places)
2480-406: The 16th century Vishwanath Patil , Indian politician Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari (born 1940), Indian poet, editor, critic Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1931–2008), seventh Prime Minister of India Vishwanath Rao Ringe (1922–2005), Hindustani Classical Music vocalist and composer Vishwanath Reddy Mudnal , Indian politician Vishwanath Shahdeo (1817 – 1858), king of Barkagarh estate and
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2560-518: The Eastern Roman Empire, however it was not until the 11th century that surnames came to be used in West Europe. Medieval Spain used a patronymic system. For example, Álvaro, a son of Rodrigo, would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names, and they are some of the most common names in
2640-1795: The Indian Army Staff Vysyaraju Kasi Viswanadham Raju , Indian politician Y. Kasi Viswanath , Indian actor and director Temples [ edit ] See also: Kashi Vishwanath Temple (disambiguation) , Kasi Viswanathar Temple (disambiguation) , and Vishvanath Temple (disambiguation) Kashi Vishwanath Temple , Uttar Pradesh, India Kasi Viswanathar temple, Tenkasi , Tamil Nadu, India Kasi Viswanathar temple, Sivakasi , Tamil Nadu, India Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam , Tamil Nadu, India Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Umayalpuram , Tamil Nadu, India Kasi Viswanatha Temple, Ayanavaram , Tamil Nadu, India Kasi Viswanatha Temple, West Mambalam , Tamil Nadu, India Kunnuvarankottai Kasi Visalakshi-Viswanathar Temple , Tamil Nadu, India Shri Vishwanath Mandir , Uttar Pradesh, India Sri Kasi Vishwanatha Temple Flint , Hindu temple in Michigan, USA See also [ edit ] Vishva (disambiguation) Nath (disambiguation) A. R. C. Viswanathan College , in India K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College , in India Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University , Indian university in Pune, Maharastra Kashi Vishwanath Express , an Indian express train Viswanath Charali railway station , Indian railway station Vishwanathganj , Indian town in Uttar Pradesh Viswanath's constant ,
2720-570: The Irish name Ryan , which means 'little king' in Irish. Also, Celtic origin of the name Arthur, meaning ' bear '. Other surnames may have arisen from more than one source: the name De Luca , for instance, likely arose either in or near Lucania or in the family of someone named Lucas or Lucius; in some instances, however, the name may have arisen from Lucca, with the spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration. The same name may appear in different cultures by coincidence or romanization;
2800-1610: The Maratha empire Balasubramanian Viswanathan , Indian material scientist Bhaskar Vishwananth Ghokale (1903 – 1962), Indian Ayurveda practitioner Biju Viswanath , Malayalam film and photography director Dhirajlal Mahashankar Vishwanath Thaker (1897–1947), British colonial official and Paymaster General of the Port of Karachi G. Viswanathan , founder and chancellor of Vellore Institute of Technology, India Geraldine Viswanathan , (born 1995), Australian actress Gitl Schaechter-Viswanath , Yiddish-language poet and author Gundappa Viswanath (born 1949), Indian cricketer Hari Viswanath , Indian film director, producer and screenwriter Harish Viswanathan , Indian scientist Indira Viswanathan Peterson , Indian literary critic Janaki Vishwanathan , Indian film maker K. A. P. Viswanatham (1899 – 1994), Indian scholar, orator and social activist Kethu Viswanatha Reddy , Indian short story writer K. Viswanath (1930–2023), Telugu film director Kaithapram Vishwanathan Namboothiri , Indian musician and music director Kalpana Viswanath , Indian social entrepreneur Kanithi Viswanatham , Indian politician Kasisomayajula Viswanath , American scientist K. K. Viswanathan (1914 – 1992), Indian ex-governor of Gujarat Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer , Indian Carnatic vocalist Maharajapuram Viswanatha Santhanam (1928 - 1992), Carnatic music vocalist Mahashankar Vishwanath Thaker (1867 – 1902), Chief Treasurer of
2880-509: The Marriage Act forced women to use the husband's form of the surname. In 1985, this clause was removed from the act. Until at least 1850, women's surnames were suffixed with an -in in Tyrol. Some Slavic cultures originally distinguished the surnames of married and unmarried women by different suffixes, but this distinction is no longer widely observed. Some Czech dialects (Southwest-Bohemian) use
2960-714: The Netherlands (1795–1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). The structure of the Japanese name was formalized by the government as family name + given name in 1868. In Breslau Prussia enacted the Hoym Ordinance in 1790, mandating the adoption of Jewish surnames. Napoleon also insisted on Jews adopting fixed names in a decree issued in 1808. Names can sometimes be changed to protect individual privacy (such as in witness protection ), or in cases where groups of people are escaping persecution. After arriving in
3040-479: The Old English element tūn may have originally meant "enclosure" in one name, but can have meant "farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate" in other names. Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as "Monte" (Portuguese for "mountain"), "Górski" (Polish for "hill"), or "Pitt" (variant of "pit"), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington", for instance, is thought to mean "the homestead of
3120-490: The Princely State of Limbdi under Jhala Rajput rule M. S. Viswanathan (1928-2015), Tamil film music composer N. Viswanathan , Indian actor and academic N. K. Viswanathan , Indian film director and cinematographer N. S. Vishwanathan , deputy governor of Reserve Bank of India Nikil Viswanathan , American entrepreneur P. Viswanathan , Indian politician P. H. Vishwanath , Indian film director, writer and
3200-688: The Rosenkrantz ("rose wreath") family took their surname from a wreath of roses comprising the torse of their arms, and the Gyldenstierne ("golden star") family took theirs from a 7-pointed gold star on their shield. Subsequently, many middle-class Scandinavian families desired names similar to those of the nobles and adopted "ornamental" surnames as well. Most other naming traditions refer to them as "acquired". They might be given to people newly immigrated, conquered, or converted, as well as those with unknown parentage, formerly enslaved, or from parentage without
3280-549: The Spanish-speaking world today. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("dark"); geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German"); and occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("shoe-maker") and Guerrero ("warrior"), although occupational names are much more often found in a shortened form referring to the trade itself, e.g. Molina ("mill"), Guerra ("war"), or Zapata (archaic form of zapato , "shoe"). In England
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3360-485: The Tamil-Malayalam third-person masculine singular suffix -n, -m. It may refer to: Films [ edit ] Justice Viswanathan , 1971 Indian Tamil language film Kashi Vishwanath , a 2019 Indian film Lawyer Viswanath , a 1978 Indian film Vishwanath (1978 film) , a Hindi film directed by Subhash Ghai Vishwanath (1996 film) , a Tamil film directed by K. Goutham Viswanatha Nayakudu ,
3440-623: The United States, European Jews who fled Nazi persecution sometimes anglicized their surnames to avoid discrimination. Governments can also forcibly change people's names, as when the National Socialist government of Germany assigned German names to European people in the territories they conquered. In the 1980s, the People's Republic of Bulgaria forcibly changed the first and last names of its Turkish citizens to Bulgarian names. These are
3520-675: The Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the Eastern Roman Empire . In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy. The practice of using family names spread through
3600-507: The best. He was awarded a prize amount of Rs.100/-, a princely sum in those days, and was felicitated at a public function for musicians and music lovers. This was just the right opening for him to bring to limelight his composing ability and spurred him to compose more songs. In 1933, Swami Balananda Sarasvati of Kadirkamam , in Sri Lanka (Ceylon in those days), highly impressed with the devotional character of his songs, helped him to publish
3680-576: The book " Murugan Pugazh Paamalai " which contained songs in praise of Lord Muruga . He also gave him the title of "Kantam" (indicating his songs had a magnetic ability to attract audience), the catchword of the song " Kantamam Kadirkamattanilor ". He founded the Bhakta Sangita Mandal in 1933, through which mass singing of his songs was conducted, where he taught these songs for free. As years advanced, he applied himself more to composing songs in praise of Lord Muruga and all thoughts of becoming
3760-508: The cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname. In Portuguese-speaking countries , it is uncommon, but not unprecedented, to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, França, Brasil, Holanda. Surnames derived from country names are also found in English, such as "England", "Wales", "Spain". Some Japanese surnames derive from geographical features; for example, Ishikawa (石川) means "stone river" (and
3840-457: The family name may be referred to as "upper name" ( ue-no-namae ( 上の名前 ) ). When people from areas using Eastern naming order write their personal name in the Latin alphabet , it is common to reverse the order of the given and family names for the convenience of Westerners, so that they know which name is the family name for official/formal purposes. Reversing the order of names for the same reason
3920-574: The family of Wassa", while "Lucci" means "resident of Lucca ". Although some surnames, such as "London", "Lisboa", or "Białystok" are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in Ó Creachmhaoil , derived from a village in County Galway . This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to
4000-626: The female form Nováková, the family name is Novákovi in Czech and Novákovci in Slovak. When the male form is Hrubý and the female form is Hrubá, the plural family name is Hrubí (or "rodina Hrubých"). In Greece, if a man called Papadopoulos has a daughter or wife, she will likely be named Papadopoulou, the genitive form, as if the daughter/wife is "of" a man named Papadopoulos. Likewise, the surnames of daughters and wives of males with surnames ending in -as will end in -a, and those of daughters and wives of males with
4080-411: The first person to acquire the name, and stem from the middle class's desire for their own hereditary names like the nobles. They were generally acquired later in history and generally when those without surnames needed them. In 1526, King Frederik I of Denmark-Norway ordered that noble families must take up fixed surnames, and many of them took as their name some element of their coat of arms; for example,
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#17328557914814160-585: The form "Novákojc" as informal for both genders. In the culture of the Sorbs (a.k.a. Wends or Lusatians), Sorbian used different female forms for unmarried daughters (Jordanojc, Nowcyc, Kubašec, Markulic), and for wives (Nowakowa, Budarka, Nowcyna, Markulina). In Polish, typical surnames for unmarried women ended -ówna, -anka, or -ianka, while the surnames of married women used the possessive suffixes -ina or -owa. In Serbia, unmarried women's surnames ended in -eva, while married women's surnames ended in -ka. In Lithuania, if
4240-458: The gender of the bearer. In Slavic languages, substantivized adjective surnames have commonly symmetrical adjective variants for males and females (Podwiński/Podwińska in Polish, Nový/Nová in Czech or Slovak, etc.). In the case of nominative and quasi-nominative surnames, the female variant is derived from the male variant by a possessive suffix (Novák/Nováková, Hromada/Hromadová). In Czech and Slovak,
4320-452: The group. Female praenomina were less common, as women had reduced public influence, and were commonly known by the feminine form of the nomen alone. Later with the gradual influence of Greek and Christian culture throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional cognomina , but eventually people reverted to single names. By the time of the fall of
4400-482: The husband is named Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkienė and his unmarried daughter will be named Vilkaitė. Male surnames have suffixes -as, -is, -ius, or -us, unmarried girl surnames aitė, -ytė, -iūtė or -utė, wife surnames -ienė. These suffixes are also used for foreign names, exclusively for grammar; Welby, the surname of the present Archbishop of Canterbury for example, becomes Velbis in Lithuanian, while his wife
4480-542: The inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds, or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the type of settlement. Examples of Old English elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example,
4560-575: The introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086, following the Norman Conquest . Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before
4640-441: The mandate to have a surname. During the modern era many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. The Napoleonic Code, adopted in various parts of Europe, stipulated that people should be known by both their given name(s) and a family name that would not change across generations. Other notable examples include
4720-433: The mother and another from the father) are used for legal purposes. Depending on culture, not all members of a family unit are required to have identical surnames. In some countries, surnames are modified depending on gender and family membership status of a person. Compound surnames can be composed of separate names. Using names has been documented in even the oldest historical records. Examples of surnames are documented in
4800-620: The name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. By the 14th century, most English and most Scottish people used surnames and in Wales following unification under Henry VIII in 1536. A four-year study led by the University of the West of England , which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain
4880-461: The naming system to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. Originally, Chinese surnames were derived matrilineally, although by the time of the Shang dynasty (1600 to 1046 BC) they had become patrilineal. Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. In China, surnames have been the norm since at least the 2nd century BC. In the early Islamic period (640–900 AD) and
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#17328557914814960-412: The occupation of smith . There are also more complicated names based on occupational titles. In England it was common for servants to take a modified version of their employer's occupation or first name as their last name, adding the letter s to the word, although this formation could also be a patronymic . For instance, the surname Vickers is thought to have arisen as an occupational name adopted by
5040-658: The oldest and most common type of surname. They may be a first name such as "Wilhelm", a patronymic such as " Andersen ", a matronymic such as " Beaton ", or a clan name such as " O'Brien ". Multiple surnames may be derived from a single given name: e.g. there are thought to be over 90 Italian surnames based on the given name " Giovanni ". This is the broadest class of surnames, originating from nicknames, encompassing many types of origin. These include names based on appearance such as "Schwartzkopf", "Short", and possibly "Caesar", and names based on temperament and personality such as "Daft", "Gutman", and "Maiden", which, according to
5120-412: The origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, Short , or Thin – though Short may in fact be an ironic 'nickname' surname for a tall person." In the modern era, governments have enacted laws to require people to adopt surnames. This served the purpose of uniquely identifying subjects for taxation purposes or for inheritance. In the late Middle Ages in Europe, there were several revolts against
5200-637: The origins of the surnames in the British Isles . The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being Smith , Jones , Williams , Brown , Taylor , Davies , and Wilson . The findings have been published in the Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland , with project leader Richard Coates calling
5280-490: The place of origin. Over the course of the Roman Republic and the later Empire, naming conventions went through multiple changes. ( See Roman naming conventions . ) The nomen , the name of the gens (tribe) inherited patrilineally, is thought to have already been in use by 650 BC. The nomen was to identify group kinship, while the praenomen (forename; plural praenomina ) was used to distinguish individuals within
5360-467: The prefix as a separate word, yielding "Ó Briain" or "Mac Millan" as well as the anglicized "O'Brien" and "MacMillan" or "Macmillan". Other Irish prefixes include Ní, Nic (daughter of the son of), Mhic, and Uí (wife of the son of). Viswanatha Sastri Mayuram Viswanatha Sastri (1893–1958) was a Carnatic music composer. His most remembered composition is the patriotic song " Jayathi Jayathi Bharata Mata ". Translated "Victory Victory to Mother India",
5440-563: The pure possessive would be Novákova, Hromadova, but the surname evolved to a more adjectivized form Nováková, Hromadová, to suppress the historical possessivity. Some rare types of surnames are universal and gender-neutral: examples in Czech are Janů, Martinů, Fojtů, Kovářů. These are the archaic form of the possessive, related to the plural name of the family. Such rare surnames are also often used for transgender persons during transition because most common surnames are gender-specific. The informal dialectal female form in Polish and Czech dialects
5520-699: The servant of a vicar, while Roberts could have been adopted by either the son or the servant of a man named Robert. A subset of occupational names in English are names thought to be derived from the medieval mystery plays . The participants would often play the same roles for life, passing the part down to their oldest sons. Names derived from this may include King , Lord and Virgin . A Dictionary of English Surnames says that "surnames of office, such as Abbot , Bishop , Cardinal and King, are often nicknames". The original meaning of names based on medieval occupations may no longer be obvious in modern English. Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from
5600-641: The song has become a standard among classical singers of South India. This song is one of the 18 songs in his book ' Bharat Bhajan ' which was published in the year 1948 containing songs in praise of Bharat Matha (Mother India) and Mahatma Gandhi. This book was one among his many publications. See AIR's 13-episode documentary of his works . Sastri was born on 27 November 1893 to Ramaswamy Ganapadigal and Balambal Lakshmi in Therizhandur near Mayuram (also known as Māyavaram, present-day Mayilāduthurai) in Tamil Nadu. He
5680-547: The street/place they were found (Union, Liquorpond (street), di Palermo, Baan, Bijdam, van den Eyngel (shop name), van der Stoep , von Trapp), the date they were found ( Monday , Septembre, Spring, di Gennaio), or festival/feast day they found or christened (Easter, SanJosé). Some foundlings were given the name of whoever found them. Occupational names include Smith , Miller , Farmer , Thatcher , Shepherd , Potter , and so on, and analogous names in many other languages, see, e.g., various surnames associated with
5760-432: The study "more detailed and accurate" than those before. He elaborated on the origins: "Some surnames have origins that are occupational – obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be linked to a place , for example, Hill or Green, which relates to a village green . Surnames that are 'patronymic' are those which originally enshrined the father's name – such as Jackson , or Jenkinson . There are also names where
5840-654: The surname Lee is used in English culture, but is also a romanization of the Chinese surname Li . In the Russian Empire , illegitimate children were sometimes given artificial surnames rather than the surnames of their adoptive parents. In many cultures (particularly in European and European-influenced cultures in the Americas, Oceania, etc., as well as West Asia/North Africa, South Asia, and most Sub-Saharan African cultures),
5920-596: The surname or family name ("last name") is placed after the personal, forename (in Europe) or given name ("first name"). In other cultures the surname is placed first, followed by the given name or names. The latter is often called the Eastern naming order because Europeans are most familiar with the examples from the East Asian cultural sphere , specifically, Greater China , Korea (both North and South) , Japan , and Vietnam . This
6000-415: The taste for music from his mother. He had a high-pitched voice and, in due course, he attracted the attention of the local Vidvans (Maestros) who recognized his musical talent. Completing his S.S.L.C. (Secondary School Leaving Certificate) in 1912, Sastri searched for a job and got a school teacher's post. In 1913, he married Kamalambal. He lost his parents in 1915. He shifted to Tiruchirappalli and became
6080-553: Was a member of the experts' committee of Annamalai University for two years. He was the second of six siblings. His elder brother was Shri. R. Krishnamoorthi. His younger brothers were Shri. R. Kuppuswami Iyer, Shri. R. Rajagopalan, Shri. T. R. Vaithisvaran. The last sibling was his sister Smt. Vallabham Kalyanasundaram. Shri.T. R. Vaithisvaran was also a composer by his own merit and is known for his work Shri Ramarpana Gita Puja Kirtana, Shri Ramarpana Kirtana, and Shri Ramarpana Jeevia Kirtana. His sister Smt. Vallabham Kalyanasundaram
6160-404: Was also -ka (Pawlaczka, Kubeška). With the exception of the -ski/-ska suffix, most feminine forms of surnames are seldom observed in Polish. Generally, inflected languages use names and surnames as living words, not as static identifiers. Thus, the pair or the family can be named by a plural form which can differ from the singular male and female form. For instance, when the male form is Novák and
6240-500: Was published during his lifetime. The Sangeet Natak Academy in Delhi gave a grant of Rs.1000 for this. Later on one more volume was published by his younger brother Shri.T. R. Vaithisvaran in 1987. Other volumes of this series are still in manuscripts. He has also written a few novels and plays of which "Bhakta Jayadeva" and "Chitra Kamini" were staged. Others included Karaikal Ammayar, Virata Parva, Santha Kumari, and Mithra Vijayam. He
6320-544: Was the norm . Recently, integration into the EU and increased communications with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full name to given name followed by surname, to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname. Indian surnames may often denote village, profession, and/or caste and are invariably mentioned along with the personal/first names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Telugu -speaking families in south India, surname
6400-951: Was the second of six children. He was initiated in Sanskrit studies, as was the custom, and was put in Sanskrit College at Kalyan Mahal, Thiruvaiyaru . He also studied the Vedas simultaneously for some time. This helped him attain proficiency in the Vedas and the Sanskrit language. Later, the lure of English education led him to become a student at the Municipal High School in Mayuram. He was interested in Carnatic music from an early age and trained under illustrious preceptors like Dasavadyam Venkatarama Iyengar of Devakottai , Namakkal Narasimha Iyengar and Simizhi Sundaram Iyer . Young Sastri devoted more time to music than to his other studies. He imbibed
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