41-515: Viking saga or variations, may refer to: Sagas of the Vikings MS ; Viking Saga , now Celestyal Crystal , a cruiseship The Viking Sagas , a 1995 American film A Viking Saga , a 2008 film about Oleg of Novgorod Northmen: A Viking Saga , a 2014 film Saga: Rage of the Vikings , a 1998 videogame Viking Saga (newspaper) ,
82-532: A common parent language . Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate. Cognates are distinguished from loanwords , where a word has been borrowed from another language. The English term cognate derives from Latin cognatus , meaning "blood relative". An example of cognates from
123-609: A genre of novels telling stories spanning multiple generations, or to refer to saga-inspired fantasy fiction. Swedish folksaga means folk tale or fairy tale , while konstsaga is the Swedish term for a fairy tale by a known author, such as Hans Christian Andersen . In Swedish historiography, the term sagokung , "saga king", is intended to be ambiguous, as it describes the semi-legendary kings of Sweden , who are known only from unreliable sources. Norse sagas are generally classified as follows. Kings' sagas ( konungasögur ) are of
164-617: A common origin, but which in fact do not. For example, Latin habēre and German haben both mean 'to have' and are phonetically similar. However, the words evolved from different Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots: haben , like English have , comes from PIE *kh₂pyé- 'to grasp', and has the Latin cognate capere 'to seize, grasp, capture'. Habēre , on the other hand, is from PIE *gʰabʰ 'to give, to receive', and hence cognate with English give and German geben . Likewise, English much and Spanish mucho look similar and have
205-407: A greater or lesser extent influenced by saga-style, in the widespread genres of hagiography and episcopal biographies. The genre seems to have begun in the mid-twelfth century. Icelandic sagas are based on oral traditions and much research has focused on what is real and what is fiction within each tale. The accuracy of the sagas is often hotly disputed. Most of the medieval manuscripts which are
246-558: A growing range of other ones. Where available, the Íslenzk fornrit edition is usually the standard one. The standard edition of most of the chivalric sagas composed in Iceland is by Agnete Loth. A list, intended to be comprehensive, of translations of Icelandic sagas is provided by the National Library of Iceland 's Bibliography of Saga Translations . Many modern artists working in different creative fields have drawn inspiration from
287-613: A lesser extent elsewhere in Scandinavia . The most famous saga-genre is the Íslendingasögur (sagas concerning Icelanders), which feature Viking voyages, migration to Iceland, and feuds between Icelandic families. However, sagas' subject matter is diverse, including pre-Christian Scandinavian legends ; saints and bishops both from Scandinavia and elsewhere; Scandinavian kings and contemporary Icelandic politics ; and chivalric romances either translated from Continental European languages or composed locally. Sagas originated in
328-525: A school newspaper in Nebraska, U.S. Viking Saga censorship incident See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Viking sagas All pages with titles containing Viking saga Saga (disambiguation) Viking (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Viking Saga . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
369-412: A similar meaning, but are not cognates: much is from Proto-Germanic *mikilaz < PIE *meǵ- and mucho is from Latin multum < PIE *mel- . A true cognate of much is the archaic Spanish maño 'big'. Cognates are distinguished from other kinds of relationships. An etymon , or ancestor word, is the ultimate source word from which one or more cognates derive. In other words, it
410-529: Is Þiðreks saga , translated/composed in Norway; another is Hjalmars och Hramers saga , a post-medieval forgery composed in Sweden. While the term saga is usually associated with medieval texts, sagas — particularly in the legendary and chivalric saga genres — continued to be composed in Iceland on the pattern of medieval texts into the nineteenth century. Icelanders produced a high volume of literature relative to
451-464: Is invariably Eddaic verse . Some legendary sagas overlap generically with the next category, chivalric sagas. Chivalric sagas ( riddarasögur ) are translations of Latin pseudo-historical works and French chansons de geste as well as Icelandic compositions in the same style. Norse translations of Continental romances seem to have begun in the first half of the thirteenth century; Icelandic writers seem to have begun producing their own romances in
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#1732851623345492-492: Is regular. Paradigms of conjugations or declensions, the correspondence of which cannot be generally due to chance, have often been used in cognacy assessment. However, beyond paradigms, morphosyntax is often excluded in the assessment of cognacy between words, mainly because structures are usually seen as more subject to borrowing. Still, very complex, non-trivial morphosyntactic structures can rarely take precedence over phonetic shapes to indicate cognates. For instance, Tangut ,
533-432: Is skaldic verse. According to historian Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, "Scholars generally agree that the contemporary sagas are rather reliable sources, based on the short time between the events and the recording of the sagas, normally twenty to seventy years... The main argument for this view on the reliability of these sources is that the audience would have noticed if the saga authors were slandering and not faithfully portraying
574-477: Is the source of related words in different languages. For example, the etymon of both Welsh ceffyl and Irish capall is the Proto-Celtic * kaballos (all meaning horse ). Descendants are words inherited across a language barrier, coming from a particular etymon in an ancestor language. For example, Russian мо́ре and Polish morze are both descendants of Proto-Slavic * moře (meaning sea ). A root
615-444: Is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed). Similar to the distinction between etymon and root , a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a descendant and a derivative . A derivative is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to
656-470: The Middle Ages , but continued to be composed in the ensuing centuries. Whereas the dominant language of history-writing in medieval Europe was Latin , sagas were composed in the vernacular: Old Norse and its later descendants, primarily Icelandic . While sagas are written in prose, they share some similarities with epic poetry , and often include stanzas or whole poems in alliterative verse embedded in
697-789: The Paraguayan Guarani panambi , the Eastern Bolivian Guarani panapana , the Cocama and Omagua panama , and the Sirionó ana ana are cognates, derived from the Old Tupi panapana , 'butterfly', maintaining their original meaning in these Tupi languages . Cognates need not have the same meaning, as they may have undergone semantic change as the languages developed independently. For example English starve and Dutch sterven 'to die' or German sterben 'to die' all descend from
738-706: The Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts 'night'. The Indo-European languages have hundreds of such cognate sets, though few of them are as neat as this. The Arabic سلام salām , the Hebrew שלום shalom , the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic shlama and the Amharic selam 'peace' are cognates, derived from the Proto-Semitic *šalām- 'peace'. The Brazilian Portuguese panapanã , (flock of butterflies in flight),
779-533: The continental kings of Europe and that those kings could therefore not ban subversive forms of literature. Because new principalities lacked internal cohesion, a leader typically produced Sagas "to create or enhance amongst his subjects or followers a feeling of solidarity and common identity by emphasizing their common history and legends". Leaders from old and established principalities did not produce any Sagas, as they were already cohesive political units. Later (late thirteenth- and fourteenth-century) saga-writing
820-421: The description of the items of clothing mentioned in the sagas concludes that the authors attempted to create a historic "feel" to the story, by dressing the characters in what was at the time thought to be "old fashioned clothing". However, this clothing is not contemporary with the events of the saga as it is a closer match to the clothing worn in the 12th century. It was only recently (start of 20th century) that
861-491: The earliest surviving witnesses to the sagas were taken to Denmark and Sweden in the seventeenth century, but later returned to Iceland. Classical sagas were composed in the thirteenth century. Scholars once believed that these sagas were transmitted orally from generation to generation until scribes wrote them down in the thirteenth century. However, most scholars now believe the sagas were conscious artistic creations, based on both oral and written tradition. A study focusing on
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#1732851623345902-416: The early Icelanders were. Pragmatic explanations were once also favoured: it has been argued that a combination of readily available parchment (due to extensive cattle farming and the necessity of culling before winter) and long winters encouraged Icelanders to take up writing. More recently, Icelandic saga-production has been seen as motivated more by social and political factors. The unique nature of
943-429: The eighteenth century to refer to Old Norse prose narratives. The word continues to be used in this sense in the modern Scandinavian languages: Icelandic saga (plural sögur ), Faroese søga (plural søgur ), Norwegian soge (plural soger ), Danish saga (plural sagaer ), and Swedish saga (plural sagor ). It usually also has wider meanings such as 'history', 'tale', and 'story'. It can also be used of
984-494: The kings' sagas. Like kings' sagas, when sagas of Icelanders quote verse, as they often do, it is almost invariably skaldic verse. Contemporary sagas ( samtíðarsögur or samtímasögur ) are set in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iceland, and were written soon after the events they describe. Most are preserved in the compilation Sturlunga saga , from around 1270–80, though some, such as Arons saga Hjörleifssonar are preserved separately. The verse quoted in contemporary sagas
1025-521: The language of the Xixia Empire, and one Horpa language spoken today in Sichuan , Geshiza, both display a verbal alternation indicating tense, obeying the same morphosyntactic collocational restrictions. Even without regular phonetic correspondences between the stems of the two languages, the cognatic structures indicate secondary cognacy for the stems. False cognates are pairs of words that appear to have
1066-573: The late thirteenth century, with production peaking in the fourteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth. While often translated from verse, sagas in this genre almost never quote verse, and when they do it is often unusual in form: for example, Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns contains the first recorded quotation of a refrain from an Icelandic dance-song, and a metrically irregular riddle in Þjalar-Jóns saga . Saints' sagas ( heilagra manna sögur ) and bishops' sagas ( biskupa sögur ) are vernacular Icelandic translations and compositions, to
1107-478: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_Saga&oldid=1143650611 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Saga Sagas are prose stories and histories, composed in Iceland and to
1148-544: The lives of Scandinavian kings. They were composed in the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. A pre-eminent example is Heimskringla , probably compiled and composed by Snorri Sturluson . These sagas frequently quote verse, invariably occasional and praise poetry in the form of skaldic verse . The Icelanders' sagas ( Íslendingasögur ), sometimes also called "family sagas" in English, are purportedly (and sometimes actually) stories of real events, which usually take place from around
1189-435: The medieval corpus — seem to have been composed in the thirteenth century, with the remainder in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. These sagas usually span multiple generations and often feature everyday people (e.g. Bandamanna saga ) and larger-than-life characters (e.g. Egils saga ). Key works of this genre have been viewed in modern scholarship as the highest-quality saga-writing. While primarily set in Iceland,
1230-453: The past." Legendary sagas ( fornaldarsögur ) blend remote history, set on the Continent before the settlement of Iceland, with myth or legend. Their aim is usually to offer a lively narrative and entertainment. They often portray Scandinavia's pagan past as a proud and heroic history. Some legendary sagas quote verse — particularly Vǫlsunga saga and Heiðreks saga — and when they do it
1271-662: The political system of the Icelandic Commonwealth created incentives for aristocrats to produce literature, offering a way for chieftains to create and maintain social differentiation between them and the rest of the population. Gunnar Karlsson and Jesse Byock argued that the Icelanders wrote the Sagas as a way to establish commonly agreed norms and rules in the decentralized Icelandic Commonwealth by documenting past feuds, while Iceland's peripheral location put it out of reach of
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1312-477: The sagas follow their characters' adventures abroad, for example in other Nordic countries , the British Isles, northern France and North America. Some well-known examples include Njáls saga , Laxdæla saga and Grettis saga . The material of the short tales of Icelanders ( þættir or Íslendingaþættir ) is similar to Íslendinga sögur , in shorter form, often preserved as episodes about Icelanders in
1353-711: The sagas. Among some well-known writers, for example, who adapted saga narratives in their works are Poul Anderson , Laurent Binet , Margaret Elphinstone , Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué , Gunnar Gunnarsson , Henrik Ibsen , Halldór Laxness , Ottilie Liljencrantz , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , George Mackay Brown , William Morris , Adam Oehlenschläger , Robert Louis Stevenson , August Strindberg , Rosemary Sutcliff , Esaias Tegnér , J.R.R. Tolkien , and William T. Vollmann . Primary: Other: In Norwegian: Cognate In historical linguistics , cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in
1394-983: The same Indo-European root are: night ( English ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch , Frisian ), nag ( Afrikaans ), Naach ( Colognian ), natt ( Swedish , Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech , Slovak , Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч , nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч , noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), nakts ( Latvian ), naktis ( Lithuanian ), nos ( Welsh/Cymraeg ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek ), νύχτα / nychta ( Modern Greek ), nakt- ( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), nox , gen. sg. noctis ( Latin ), nuit ( French ), noche ( Spanish ), nochi ( Extremaduran ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), nuet/nit/nueit ( Aragonese ), nuèch / nuèit ( Occitan ) and noapte ( Romanian ). These all mean 'night' and derive from
1435-452: The same Proto-Germanic verb, *sterbaną 'to die'. Cognates also do not need to look or sound similar: English father , French père , and Armenian հայր ( hayr ) all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr . An extreme case is Armenian երկու ( erku ) and English two , which descend from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ ; the sound change *dw > erk in Armenian
1476-477: The settlement of Iceland in the 870s to the generation or two following the conversion of Iceland to Christianity in 1000. They are noted for frequently exhibiting a realistic style. It seems that stories from these times were passed on in oral form until they eventually were recorded in writing as Íslendingasögur , whose form was influenced both by these oral stories and by literary models in both Old Norse and other languages. The majority — perhaps two thirds of
1517-644: The size of the population. Historians have proposed various theories for the high volume of saga writing. Early, nationalist historians argued that the ethnic characteristics of the Icelanders were conducive to a literary culture, but these types of explanations have fallen out of favor with academics in modern times. It has also been proposed that the Icelandic settlers were so prolific at writing in order to capture their settler history. Historian Gunnar Karlsson does not find that explanation reasonable though, given that other settler communities have not been as prolific as
1558-616: The sources: the author of King Sverrir 's saga had met the king and used him as a source. While sagas are generally anonymous, a distinctive literary movement in the 14th century involves sagas, mostly on religious topics, with identifiable authors and a distinctive Latinate style. Associated with Iceland's northern diocese of Hólar , this movement is known as the North Icelandic Benedictine School ( Norðlenski Benediktskólinn ). The vast majority of texts referred to today as "sagas" were composed in Iceland. One exception
1599-484: The tales of the voyages to North America (modern day Canada) were authenticated. Most sagas of Icelanders take place in the period 930–1030, which is called söguöld (Age of the Sagas) in Icelandic history. The sagas of kings, bishops, contemporary sagas have their own time frame. Most were written down between 1190 and 1320, sometimes existing as oral traditions long before, others are pure fiction, and for some we do know
1640-551: The text. The main meanings of the Old Norse word saga (plural sǫgur ) are 'what is said, utterance, oral account, notification' and the sense used in this article: '(structured) narrative, story (about somebody)'. It is cognate with the English words say and saw (in the sense 'a saying', as in old saw ), and the German Sage ; but the modern English term saga was borrowed directly into English from Old Norse by scholars in
1681-449: Was motivated by the desire of the Icelandic aristocracy to maintain or reconnect links with the Nordic countries by tracing the ancestry of Icelandic aristocrats to well-known kings and heroes to which the contemporary Nordic kings could also trace their origins. The corpus of Old Norse sagas is gradually being edited in the Íslenzk fornrit series, which covers all the Íslendingasögur and