The Vienna Document is a series of agreements on confidence and security-building measures in relation to military resources between the states of Europe , starting in 1990, with subsequent updates in 1992, 1994, 1999 and 2011. The Vienna Document 2011 was adopted by 57 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) participating states, including the states of Central Asia and Russia (for its territory west of the Ural Mountains ). It described its zone of application (ZOA) as "the whole of Europe, as well as the adjoining sea area and air space".
75-507: The Vienna Document was first adopted in 1990 as a combination of confidence and security-building measure (CSBMs) from the 1975 Helsinki Accords and the 1986 Stockholm Document . The Vienna Document on CSBMs and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) were seen as parallel peace process components. The Vienna Document was updated in 1992, 1994,1999 and 2011. The Vienna Document
150-608: A visa to enter Ukraine. During the first four months of the visa regime, ten visas were issued and seven Russian citizens entered Ukraine (mostly for humanitarian reasons). Since the start of the war in Donbas in April 2014 Ukraine lost (according to head of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Viktor Nazarenko ) control of 409.3 kilometres (254.3 mi) of the state border in southeastern Ukraine. This stretch of land
225-658: A collection of individual measures. In a monograph distributed to the Conference on Disarmament in 1997, Macintosh divides CSBMs into informational type (A), verification type (B) and constraint (C) measures. Informational and similar type measures include: Verification and similar measures, such as those of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , include: Types of limitations include: An alternative analytic approach to understanding confidence building looks at broader process concepts rather than concentrating on specific measures. Confidence building, according to
300-505: A decree into law that required all Russian visitors to inform Ukrainian authorities of their reason for travelling to Ukraine before their date of entry. On 7 November 2018, the Criminal Code of Ukraine was amended to make illegal border crossings by Russians into Ukraine ("to harm the country's interest") punishable by imprisonment for up to three years. Since 30 November 2018, Ukraine has banned all Russian males aged 16–60 from entering
375-575: A decree that required Russian citizens and "individuals without citizenship, who come from migration risk countries” (more details were not given) to notify the Ukrainian authorities in advance about their reason for traveling to Ukraine. On 7 November 2018, the Criminal Code of Ukraine was amended to make an illegal crossing of the border into Ukraine "to harm the country's interest" punishable by imprisonment for up to three years. This refers to persons who are denied entry to Ukraine and members of units of
450-493: A meeting with the council of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Russian authorities did not attend the meeting. US, Germany, France and Poland missions to OSCE have decried Russia's move as "unhelpful". In November and December 2021, during the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis , Russian military officers made a Vienna Document 2011 visit to Latvia to inspect Latvian military forces. In January 2022,
525-611: A new independent state inherited the territory and the boundaries of the former Ukrainian SSR . At the time the Russia–Ukraine border was an administrative line, which was not delimited nor demarcated. Ukraine has been trying to establish a proper border since. The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances refers to three identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary on 5 December 1994. Among other things,
600-519: A pre-planned 24–29 January arms inspection by Latvian military officers to the Bryansk and Smolensk regions of Russia, again under the Vienna Document 2011, was refused by Russian authorities, who stated the reason as COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The Latvian Ministry of Defence commented that the pandemic had not prevented the holding of the exercise. The Defence Minister, Artis Pabriks , described
675-431: A situation of conflict. The term is most often used in the context of armed conflict, but is similar in logic to that of trust and interpersonal communication used to reduce conflictual situations among human individuals. Confidence-building measures between sovereign states for many centuries included the existence of and increased activities by embassies , which are state institutions geographically located inside
750-414: A way that is more likely to handle conflict by non-military means. Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine border The Russia–Ukraine border is the de jure international boundary between Russia and Ukraine . Over land, the border spans five Russian oblasts and five Ukrainian oblasts . Due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War , which began in early 2014, the de facto border between Russia and Ukraine
825-452: Is a process that constitutes more than the sum of its parts. When confidence building leads to the institutionalization of a collection of new rules and practices stipulating how participating states and non-state actors should cooperate and compete with each other in their security relationship, the restructured relationship can reduce the likelihood of armed conflict by redefining expectations of normal behaviour among participating states in
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#1732852043463900-475: Is different from the legal border recognized by the United Nations . As of 2024 , Russia is militarily occupying a significant portion of Ukraine . Whereas, Ukraine is militarily occupying a very small portion of Russia . According to a 2016 statement by Viktor Nazarenko , the head of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine , the Ukrainian government did not control some 409.3 kilometres (254.3 mi) of
975-572: Is located in the Kerch Strait and administratively it is part of Crimea , Ukraine . During the Soviet period, the island along with Crimea was transferred to Ukraine in 1954; the fact which was also fiercely contested by several Russian politicians was the legal background of the territorial change. The main trade routes lay completely within the deeper part of the Kerch Strait which is located between
1050-500: Is now controlled by organizations better known as Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic . According to the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine the number of Russian citizens who crossed the border with Ukraine (more than 2.5 million Russians in 2014) dropped by almost 50% in 2015. They also refused entry into Ukraine to 16,500 citizens of Russia in 2014 and to 10,800 Russians in 2015. According to
1125-519: Is to the north of this strait, passing it is on the Sea of Azov to the point on the coast which goes to the land border and so on to the tripoint with Belarus to the north. The Russia–Ukraine border has the biggest number of border checkpoints in Ukraine. A treaty on the demarcation of the common border between the foreign ministers of Ukraine and Russia was signed on 17 May 2010 and came into force on 29 July of
1200-542: The Union Resolve 2022 military exercise planned for Russian forces during 10–20 February 2022 in Belarus. The Russian ambassador to Belarus, Boris Gryzlov , stated in a television interview that the forces involved were below the notification limit, and "therefore there is nothing to worry about". The Belarusian official response stated that the size of the exercise was under the reporting threshold. Estonian officials described
1275-649: The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE; which later become the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE) of the early 1970s. CBMs were a major component of the Helsinki Final Act Document (August 1975), the Stockholm CSBM Document (September 1986), and the Vienna Document (November 1990) and its iterations of 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2011. Other CBMs during
1350-585: The European Union as one of the methods of decreasing the tensions which had earlier led to many centuries of inter-European wars, culminating in the first and second world wars . The use of confidence-building measures (CBMs) as an explicit security management approach emerged from attempts by the Cold War superpowers and their military alliances (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and
1425-594: The Russo-Ukrainian War , the following border checkpoints were shut down. The section of the border between the Donetsk Oblast and Rostov Oblast has length of 178.5 km (110.9 mi). Since 16 March 2015, the Russia-Ukraine local border traffic agreement was unilaterally terminated by Ukraine citing national security. On 24 March 2015, the Ukrainian side informed that Russia temporarily froze
1500-585: The Warsaw Pact ), as well as the European neutral and non-aligned states, to avoid conventional or nuclear war by accident or miscalculation. The term appears to have been first used in United Nations General Assembly resolution 914 (x) in 1955, prompted by the U.S. "Open Skies" proposal. CBMs became a significant component of arms control during a series of negotiations and agreements produced by
1575-638: The "Ukrainian governorates" (Chernihiv and Kharkiv) and the "Russian governorates" (Bryansk and Kursk) was left intact. It also was agreed that Ukraine would border Crimea at the Perekop Isthmus . On March 10, 1919, a border treaty was signed between the Russian SFSR and the Ukrainian SSR . On April 24, 1919, the Ukrainian SSR was stripped of four counties of the Chernihiv Governorate that on
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#17328520434631650-478: The Belarusian response as "insufficient" and interpreted the response as showing "no interest in transparency and confidence building". On 11 February 2022, Ukraine invoked Chapter III of the Vienna Document, risk reduction , requesting Russia to provide "detailed explanations on military activities in the areas adjacent to the territory of Ukraine and in the temporarily occupied Crimea." Russia did not respond within
1725-537: The Cold War and outside of the European context. In international relations, the way that confidence-building measures are intended to reduce fear and suspicion (the positive feedbacks ) is to make the different states' (or opposition groups') behaviour more predictable. This typically involves exchanging information and making it possible to verify this information, especially information regarding armed forces and military equipment. Here, "positive" and "negative" refer to
1800-493: The Cold War included Latin American joint military manoeuvres and exchanges of military observers, with a meeting on 8 January 1984 of Central American states agreeing to set up a detailed registry of military installations, weapons and personnel and methods of direct communication; and the 1975 Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt. There are also other historical instances of what appears to be confidence building prior to
1875-658: The Don-Ukrainian Commission was created for the administration of the Taganrog Industrial District, based in Kharkiv . After the second invasion of the Soviet troops during the Russian Civil War in 1919, the new Soviet government of Ukraine intended to retain all territorial gains of the Ukrainian national government ( Ukrainian State ). However, after several rounds of negotiations, the border between
1950-620: The Kursk and Voronezh gubernia, which were home to a Ukrainian-speaking population. As a result of the border dispute of the 1920s, Ukraine was granted approximately one-third of the claimed territories, while the Taganrog and Shakhty districts went back to the RSFSR. By 1927, the administrative border between the RSFSR and Ukrainian SSR was established. In 1954, First Secretary of the Communist Party of
2025-702: The Memorandum promised that its signatories (the Russian Federation, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom) would respect Ukraine's existing borders. The Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on the Russian–Ukrainian State Border was signed by President Leonid Kuchma of Ukraine and President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation on 28 January 2003. It defined
2100-571: The OSCE participating states declared after the December 2020 meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Council that their intention was to "enhance reciprocal military transparency and predictability and reduc[e] risk by updating the Vienna document". The Vienna Document 2011 includes eleven chapters. Except for Chapter II, the chapters apply to military forces in the zone of application (ZOA), defined as
2175-468: The Russian Naval Base, in the city of Sevastopol , and its vicinity have not been clearly identified. In December 2018, Russia announced it completed the construction of the 60-km barrier across Perekop Isthmus between Ukraine and Crimea. On 1 January 2018, Ukraine introduced biometric controls for Russians entering the country. On 22 March 2018, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko signed
2250-508: The Russian armed forces or other law enforcement agencies, who try to cross the state border of Ukraine by any means beyond official checkpoints or at checkpoints without proper travel documents or documents containing inaccurate information. The same acts committed repeatedly or by a group of persons will entail imprisonment from three to five years. Imprisonment from five to eight years is foreseen for committing these acts combined with violence or
2325-541: The Russian reason for refusal as "a poor excuse" that "raise[d] suspicions that Russia want[ed] to hide something by not disclosing the actual scope and intent of its military movements as required by [the] OSCE cooperation framework". On 10 February 2022, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania invoked the Vienna Document 2011, requesting information from Belarus on "the total number of troops, battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery pieces, mortars and rocket launchers, envisaged sorties per aircraft, and rapid-reaction forces" of
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2400-667: The Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev transferred the peninsula of Crimea from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR . This event was viewed as an insignificant "symbolic gesture", as both republics were a part of the Soviet Union and answerable to the government in Moscow . Crimean autonomy was re-established after a referendum in 1991 , 11 months prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union . In 1991, Ukraine as
2475-543: The State Border Guard there were 1.5 million trips by Russians to Ukraine in 2017. The border has a length of 2,295.04 kilometres (1,426.07 mi) of which 1,974.04 kilometres (1,226.61 mi) is land border and 321 kilometres (199 mi) is sea border. It extends from a point in the Black Sea 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi) south of the Kerch Strait , where the first contact the territorial waters of both states,
2550-473: The Ukrainian Zametil 2022 military exercise. Reznikov described the agreement as a positive signal. On 15 February, the Vienna Document emergency meeting was held for OSCE participant states, as requested by Ukraine. The Russian OSCE representative was absent from the meeting. The US ambassador to the OSCE, Michael R. Carpenter , described the Russian absence as "unfortunat[e] and regrettabl[e]". While
2625-467: The Ukrainian administration was pushed out of Crimea and Russian checkpoints were set up at the boundary with Kherson Oblast . In 2014, as the Ukrainian government lost Crimea and a portion of the Donbas to Russia and Russian-backed separatists, respectively, it unveiled a plan called " Project Wall " through which it sought to erect a fortified border barrier along the rest of the international border, with
2700-621: The Ukrainian proposition, while any contested issues would be decided by plebiscite. Yet any further negotiations led nowhere and were terminated by the Ukrainian delegation in October 1918 as it was becoming apparent that the Russian was using their time more for the pro-Soviet propaganda. More productive were negotiations between the Don Republic and Ukraine that started soon after the Don Republic formed its government on 16 May 1918. The Don side
2775-456: The Vienna Document 2011 is limited to forces in Europe and Central Asia, the Global Exchange of Military Information applies to all forces of the participating states, wherever located. Confidence-building measures Confidence-building measures ( CBMs ) or confidence- and security-building measures ( CSBMs ) are actions taken to reduce fear of attack by both (or more) parties in
2850-427: The Vienna Document were that a broader arms control agreement was needed. Updates to the Vienna Document proposed around 2016 include lowering the threshold for prior notification of military activities, risk reduction (Chapter III) proposals, additional or stronger inspections, independent fact-finding missions, and creating a centralised OSCE database on OSCE participating states' main weapons systems. Forty-three of
2925-624: The administrative-territorial division between the Ukrainian SSR and the Russian SFSR . The first real demarcation took place in May 1918 in Kursk . After the fall of the Russian Empire , several factions sought to create an independent Ukrainian state, alternately cooperating and struggling against each other. Most of Ukraine ( Ukrainian People's Republic ) was overrun by the Red Guards of Soviet Russia . With
3000-469: The conflict are able to overcome the negative feedbacks that tend to maintain the conflict. If the feedback model assumed by the confidence-building measure mechanism is correct, then the rapidly developing improvement in communication between ordinary people by the internet should provide extremely robust, fast methods of information exchange and verification, as well as improved people-to-people contacts and general building of trust networks, reducing
3075-439: The country, albeit with room for exceptions on humanitarian grounds. Since 1 March 2020, Ukrainian citizens are required to use their " international passport " when crossing the Ukrainian border to enter Russia, but can continue to use their " internal passport " when returning to Ukraine. Prior to this law, Ukraine allowed the "internal passport" to be used for travel to Russia. The border has inherited its location from
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3150-402: The development and use of both formal and informal practices and principles associated with the cooperative development of CBMs. When conditions are supportive, the confidence building process can facilitate, focus, synchronize, amplify, and generally structure the potential for a significant positive transformation in the security relations of participating states. Confidence building in this view
3225-605: The disputed Crimean Peninsula . On 4 and 5 April 2022, units of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine retook control of their border crossing in Chernihiv Oblast . On 4 April, Sumy Oblast 's Governor Dmytro Zhyvytskyi stated that Russian troops no longer occupied any towns or villages in Sumy Oblast and had mostly withdrawn, while Ukrainian troops were working to push out the remaining units. On 1 July 2022, Ukraine made it compulsory for Russian citizens to apply for
3300-455: The entire land border between the two states (shown in red), except for the point where it met the Belarusian border, which was agreed in a separate treaty. It was ratified by both states, and entered into force on 23 April 2004. However, maritime border wasn't delimitated over controversy concerning the waters of the Azov Sea and the Kerch Strait . A separate Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty
3375-556: The fighting sides a neutral territory between 10 and 40 km wide was established to prevent further aggression, but the Russian side decided to create guerrilla forces which were transformed into two "Ukrainian divisions" (see Nikolay Shchors ). Peace talks started on 23 May 1918 in Kyiv , where the Russian delegation was headed by Christian Rakovsky and Dmitry Manuilsky , while the Ukrainian - by Serhiy Shelukhin [ uk ] ( Ambassador of Ukraine to Russia ). On June 12, 1918,
3450-449: The goal of blocking any further Russian incursions into the country. It was estimated that the barrier would cost around US$ 520 million and take four years to complete. Construction began in 2015, but was suspended due to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. On 1 January 2018, Ukraine introduced biometric controls for Russian citizens entering the country. On 22 March 2018, erstwhile Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko signed
3525-581: The gubernatorial division of the Russian Empire. The Don-Ukraine border outlined the Oblast of Don Host to the west of the Don Republic and Yekaterinoslav, Kharkiv, Voronezh guberniyas to the east of Ukraine. To Ukraine also was ceded some territory of the right bank of the Kalmius river just east of Mariupol "to ensure the proper administration of the city and port". On September 18, 1918, between Don and Ukraine
3600-504: The help of the Central Powers , Ukraine managed to recover all its territories of "Ukrainian governorates" and also annexed a number of neighboring counties of Kursk and Voronezh governorates where the ethnic composition of the population was predominantly Ukrainophone (Ukrainian-speaking). On 6 May 1918, a ceasefire agreement was signed in Konotop between Ukraine and Soviet Russia. Between
3675-551: The intensity and frequency of wars . Evidence, however, suggests that the Internet is as likely to inflame opinion and increase conflict (or at least tensions) as individuals are exposed to significantly different points of view. Existing and proposed confidence-building measures in the context of arms control , also called confidence and security-building measures (CSBMs), can be categorized by three main types. Confidence building can also be viewed as an overall process , rather than
3750-612: The international border with Russia. This stretch of land was formerly controlled by pro-Russian separatists under the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (see War in Donbas ), both of which were annexed by Russia in September 2022 , seven months after the beginning of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine . Ukraine has also not had authority over the Kerch Strait since 2014, when Russia annexed Crimea ;
3825-499: The island and Crimea and is considered a part of the territorial waters of Ukraine. On the other hand, ships are impeded to travel to the east of the island (towards the Taman peninsula ) due to the fact that there are shallow waters. Between Tuzla and the Taman peninsula, there are two channels; however, none of them are deeper than 3 m (9.8 ft). Fishing spawn also mainly takes place in
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#17328520434633900-534: The land and air space of Europe west of the Ural Mountains and the Central Asian participating states, and surrounding sea areas. The annual exchanges of military information (Chapter I in Vienna Document 2011) take place in Vienna in December. Until 2015, when Russia completely stopped participating in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), CFE and Vienna Document military information exchange
3975-492: The lengths of air base visits, were added in 2012 and 2013. Full updates to the Vienna Document stopped with the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian War . Vienna Document 2011 confidence-building measures were used during the first year of the war, with 19 verification actions in Ukraine by 27 states and 5 verification actions in Russia by 11 states, including Ukraine, by October 2014. Vienna Document 2011 confidence-building measures were blocked in
4050-468: The local border traffic within the territory of Kharkiv, Sumy and Luhansk regions of Ukraine adjacent to Belgorod and Voronezh regions of the Russian Federation. Local BCPs "Zhuravlivka" and "Oleksandrivka" (Kharkiv region) were exceptions. Simplified local border crossing was allowed for the 2015 Easter holidays in Stanytsia-Luhanska , Milove , Troitske , Novopskov and Bilovodsk raions of
4125-451: The mathematical nature of the feedback; positive feedback leads to worsening intensity in a conflict, while negative feedback leads to de-escalation of the conflict, a "peace spiral" or Gradual Reduction in Tension (GRIT). More in-depth modelling of peace and armed conflict situations as complex dynamical systems suggests that intractable long-term armed conflict can be interpreted as
4200-535: The other hand, considers the Crimea to be a federal subject of Russia and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three federal cities . Since 1991, Russia also leases Sevastopol Naval Base with the current lease extending to the 2040s with an option for another extension, but the Russian State Duma approved the denunciation of this lease agreements unanimously by 433 members of parliament on 31 March 2014. Borders of
4275-610: The parts of Ukraine not controlled by Ukrainian government forces. During negotiations in 2016 and 2018, Western negotiators aimed to strengthen the Vienna Document, while Russian negotiators preferred to implement the Vienna Document 2011 and following Vienna Document Plus decisions. In 2017, the Vienna Document, the CFE and the Treaty on Open Skies were seen by the OSCE as "a web of interlocking and mutually reinforcing arms control obligations and commitments" that "together ... enhance predictability, transparency and military stability and reduce
4350-484: The provisions of the Document in early April 2015 to force NATO to agree to a Russian inspection team being present at the 2015 Joint Warrior exercise off the coast of Scotland. On 9 April 2021, Ukraine invoked Paragraph 16.1.3 of the Vienna Document to try to get an explanation on suspicious Russian military activities near the Ukrainian border and in Crimea following questions that were not answered by Russian authorities. On 10 April 2022, Ukraine formally requested
4425-460: The required 48-hour deadline. On 13 February, Ukraine requested an emergency OSCE meeting within 48 hours for Russia to provide a response. On 14 February, the Ukrainian Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov and the Belarusian Defence Minister Viktor Khrenin agreed on confidence-building and transparency measures for risk reduction. The plan included visits by Reznikov to the Russian–Belarusian Allied Resolve 2022 military exercise and by Khrenin to
4500-407: The result of the reduced dimensionality of a system, in which the system is changing but remains near an attractor that maintains the conflict. The existing negative and positive feedbacks prevent a change to a state of peace. Confidence-building measures can change the properties of the system, increasing its dimensionality, so that in the higher dimensional system, positive feedback loops to resolve
4575-456: The risk of a major conflict in Europe." As of late 2020, military exercises by both Western and Russian forces took place as snap exercises (close to borders and on short notice) that are not covered by the Vienna Document 2011. Researcher Wolfgang Zellner saw the mix of cooperation and deterrence that had developed through to the early 2000s as evolving to an increasing mutual deterrence scenario. As of late 2020, Russian objections to updating
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#17328520434634650-405: The same year. At that time, Ukraine intended to start work on the demarcation of the border upon ratification of the agreement by the respective governments, but ratification was not completed. However 16 June 2014 the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine ordered the government to carry out a one-side demarcation of the border "in terms of existing threats to national security"; amidst
4725-411: The sides signed a preliminary peace treaty . Further negotiations stalled due to a lack of consensus on the issue of the borders. The Ukrainian side was proposing an ethnic principle based on the already established political, geographical, and economic aspects, while the Russian side insisted on conducting a plebiscite in each populated place. On 22 June 1918, both sides finally agreed to go along with
4800-417: The territorial waters of Ukraine, which is favorable for the fishing industry of Crimea. The intensity of the conflict increased due to the forecast of locations of oil and gas in the area and the lack of an established and ratified international border between Russia and Ukraine. On the proposition of the Russian side, it was offered for the border to stretch along the bed of the territorial waters while sharing
4875-637: The territory of other states, staffed by people expected to have extremely good interpersonal skills who can explain and resolve misunderstandings due to differences in language and culture which are incorrectly perceived as threatening, or encourage local knowledge of a foreign culture by funding artistic and cultural activities. A much more grassroots form of confidence building occurs directly between ordinary people of different states. Short visits by individual children or groups of children to another state, and longer visits (6–12 months) by secondary and tertiary students to another state, have widely been used in
4950-437: The transformation view, is a distinct activity undertaken by policy makers with the minimum intention of improving some aspects of a traditionally antagonistic security relationship through security policy coordination and cooperation. It entails the comprehensive process of exploring, negotiating, and then implementing tailored measures, including those that promote interaction, information exchange, and constraint. It also entails
5025-435: The unilateral decision of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the Russian SFSR were transferred to the newly created Gomel Governorate . On April 28, 1919, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine simply acknowledged it. After the USSR was formally created in 1922 and due to the onset of the administrative division reform, issues emerged. The Ukrainian government claimed mainly some parts of
5100-421: The use of the Azov Sea and Kerch Strait waters. Since the March 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, the status of the Crimea and of the city of Sevastopol is currently under dispute between Russia and Ukraine ; Ukraine, and the majority of the international community, consider the Crimea to be an autonomous republic of Ukraine, and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's cities with special status . Russia, on
5175-435: The use of weapons. Since 30 November 2018, Ukraine bans all Russian men between 16 and 60 from entering the country with exceptions for humanitarian purposes. Ukraine claims this is a security measure to prevent Russia from forming units of “private” armies on Ukrainian soil. On 24 February 2022, Russian forces crossed the border in a full-scale invasion of Ukraine . Russian forces also entered Ukraine from Belarus and
5250-441: The worst fighting of the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine . Starting in May 2015, Ukraine had been building a fortified border barrier on the Russia–Ukraine border, popularly known as the " Yatseniuk 's Wall". The project aimed to prevent Russian military and hybrid warfare intervention in Ukraine. As of May 2015, a walled defense system was under construction along the Russian border in Kharkiv Oblast . The project
5325-473: Was done together at the December Vienna meetings. As of the 15 February 2022 emergency Vienna Document meeting called by Ukraine during the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis after Russia failed to respond to Ukraine's request to give details about the Russian military buildup around Ukraine, less than 11 emergency Vienna Document meetings had been held. From 1992 to 2012, an average of 90 inspections and 45 evaluation visits were carried out annually. Russia used
5400-519: Was planned to be finished in 2018. In June 2020 the State Border Guard of Ukraine expected that the project would be finished by 2025. However, construction work on the wall was stopped when Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022. The section of the border between the Chernihiv Oblast and Bryansk Oblast has length of 183 km (114 mi). Notes: Notes: Notes: During
5475-584: Was presented by the Minister of trade Vladimir Lebedev and the Ambassador of Don to Ukraine General Aleksandr Cheriachukin , while the Ukrainian side - by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Doroshenko . On 8 August 1918, the sides signed the treaty "About Basic Principles of Bilateral Relations", wherein each side agreed to renounce its territorial contests against the other, and borders were established based on
5550-469: Was seen as a low priority in the West in the 2000s. Russian suspension of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in 2007 complicated negotiations for updating the Vienna Document. The 2010 adoption of the Vienna Document plus , initiated by Russia, led to the Vienna Document 2011 . Four Vienna Document Plus decisions, including prior notification of sub-threshold major military activities and on
5625-460: Was signed in 1997, which included the recognition of existing borders. The treaty prevented Ukraine and Russia from invading one another's country respectively, and declaring war. After Russia invaded Crimea in 2014, Ukraine announced that it would not renew the treaty again when it expired in September 2018. The treaty consequently expired on 31 March 2019. The island Tuzla Spit became a major dispute between Russia and Ukraine in 2003. The island
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