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26-599: The Vielha tunnel ( Aranese : Tunèl de Vielha , Catalan and Spanish: Túnel de Viella ) is a road tunnel in Spain, connecting Vielha , the capital of the Aran valley, with the Alta Ribagorça comarca . It is part of the N-230 road and consists of two parallel tunnels. The older one, named Alfonso XIII Tunnel in honour of Spanish king Alfonso XIII , was opened in 1948 and became

52-503: A 2001 linguistic census by the Aranese government, about 90% of the inhabitants of Val d'Aran can understand the language, with those between 25 and 34 years old having the lowest rate, at around 80% (excluding those under the age of 4). Between 60 and 65% of the population can speak it; however, only 26% reported being able to write in Aranese. In 2008, the Generalitat of Catalonia surveyed

78-497: A hiatus. Since the Val d'Aran is located within Spanish and Catalan territory, Aranese is subject to certain influences from Spanish and Catalan. As such, Aranese has adopted several neologisms from them: Spanish and Catalan have also created deformations of words such as abans > abantes or dempús > despuès . Some Hispanicisms are directly adopted into Aranese: hasta . Aranese

104-503: A lane used by trucks which carry flammable or other types of hazardous loads. Before the 20th century, the Aran valley was not easily accessible from the rest of Spain, especially during the winter snow season, when the Vielha mountain pass , at a height of 2,450 m above sea level, was frequently closed by snowfall. It would remain impassable to motor vehicles for many weeks, often longer. In 1830,

130-543: A new Statute of Autonomy was promulgated in Catalonia. Concerning Aranese, article 6.5 of the organic law establishes that "the Occitan language, called Aranese in Aran, is the language of this territory and is official in Catalonia, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute and the laws of linguistic normalization." In 2010, Law 35/2010 was subsequently passed, with specific provisions concerning Occitan in Catalonia reflecting

156-657: Is now experiencing a renaissance; it enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish within Val d'Aran, and since 1984 has been taught bilingually alongside Spanish in schools. Students in the Val d'Aran are required to have two hours each of Spanish, Catalan, and Aranese per week. At some levels of education, a foreign language is added to the three official languages —usually French due to proximity— and sometimes even two additional hours of English. General Gascon characteristics: Specific Aranese characteristics: Notes: Notes: Aranese orthography denotes where two consecutive vowels do not diphthongize, but rather form

182-570: Is regulated under classic unifying standards of Occitan, defined initially by Loís Alibèrt . These standards of the Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (Occitan Language Council) have officially been recognized by the Conselh Generau d'Aran (General Council of Aran) since 1999. In practice, several details standards diverge due to the popular or preferred usage of Aranese, in relation to other Gascon varieties. For instance: The Institut d'Estudis Aranesi

208-484: Is the only territory in the language domain of Occitania where Occitan has official recognition and institutional protection. According to Law 35/2010 passed by the Parliament of Catalonia, Occitan is considered an official language not only in Val d'Aran, but in all of Catalonia, and is given precedence in the territory where it is spoken (Val d'Aran). Article 3.4 of Catalonia's 1979 Statute of Autonomy establishes that

234-600: Is the recognized language academy by the Conselh Generau d'Aran. A reference on usage and conjugation of Aranese verbs entitled Es Vèrbs conjugadi : morfologia verbau aranesa was written by Verònica Barés Moga and published in 2003. A descriptive and normative reference grammar book, written in Aranese by Aitor Carrera , was published in March 2007. It includes a detailed breakdown of phonological and grammatical differences between varieties of Aranese in different villages in

260-400: The "Aranese language will be the object of education and of special respect and protection." Subsequently, Law 7/1983, on linguistic normalization, declares Aranese the language of Aran, proclaims certain linguistic rights of the Aranese and directs public service to guarantee its usage and teaching. Aranese is taught on all levels of compulsory education and has been the medium of instruction in

286-581: The Aran Valley since 1984. A certain degree of autonomy was granted to the Aran Valley in 1990. Law 16/1990, concerning the special regime of the Val d'Aran, grants to the Valley an administrative autonomy. This law affirms the official status of Aranese, further guarantees its use and teaching, and affirms the general mandate to promote its normalization in Aran. Law 1/1998, on linguistic policy, includes specific provisions related to place names, anthroponymy , and

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312-405: The collecting of anthroponymic information and the analysis and interpretation of anthroponyms. The collection of anthroponymic information includes: inscriptions, documents, onomastics -tax records, dictionaries, phone books, monographs , and websites, which are used afterward for mapping purposes. The analysis and interpretation of anthroponyms take into account the processing of the collection of

338-538: The field of anthroponymy are called anthroponymists . Since the study of anthroponyms is relevant for several other disciplines within social sciences and humanities , experts from those disciplines engage in anthroponymic studies, including researchers from the fields of anthropology , history , human geography , sociology , prosopography , and genealogy . Anthroponymists follow certain principles, rules and criteria when researching anthroponyms. The methods used for research are divided into two major categories:

364-583: The information gathered, which consists of linguistic analysis , comparative-historical method, geographical method, and statistical method. Anthroponymy of individual and family names, and their mutual correlations, includes the study of: Anthroponyms of individuals can also be classified according to gender . Names of human males are called andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ / man, and ὄνομα / name), while names of human females are called gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / woman, and ὄνομα / name). Anthroponymy of group and population names includes

390-477: The language when he traveled to Val d'Aran. A detailed one-volume Catalan–Occitan and Occitan–Catalan dictionary was published under the auspices of the governments of Catalonia ( Generalitat de Catalunya ) and Val d'Aran ( Conselh Generau d'Aran ). Although it calls the language "Occitan", it uses Aranese spelling and its preface says that special attention is given to the Aranese variety. A local monthly magazine Toti and local newspapers are published partly in

416-438: The language. The online newspaper Jornalet also publishes a fair deal of articles and opinions in Aranese. Anthroponymy Anthroponymy (also anthroponymics or anthroponomastics , from Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos / 'human', and ὄνομα onoma / 'name') is the study of anthroponyms , the proper names of human beings , both individual and collective. Anthroponymy is a branch of onomastics . Researchers in

442-491: The longest road tunnel in the world, with a length of 5240 metres, until 1964, when the Great St Bernard Tunnel was inaugurated. The new tunnel, named Juan Carlos I Tunnel in honour of the Spanish king Juan Carlos I , is 5,230 m (3.25 mi) long and was opened in 2007 with two lanes heading southbound and one lane northbound. The old tunnel is nowadays used as an emergency exit and since July 2011, also as

468-541: The media. Although the localities of Catalonia have their official names in Catalan, the localities of the Aran Valley have their official names in Occitan. Thus, the indicators of the towns and the names of their streets are written in this language. Since May 2001, there is an official regulation of the General Council of Aran that promulgates the certification system of the different levels of knowledge of Occitan. In 2006,

494-569: The new constitutional framework. In 2011, the Spanish Government, specifically that of the Popular Party and Citizens, opposed the preference given to Aranese by the 2010 law, questioning the constitutionality of articles 2.3, 5.4, 5.7 and 6.5. In 2018, the constitutional court ruled that while article 2.3 was found to be constitutional, the "preferential" status given found in the other concerned articles are unconstitutional. According to

520-464: The politician Pascual Madoz had the idea of building a tunnel. That same year, two French engineers, Auriol and Partiot, prepared the first plans. Construction finally started in 1926 and lasted 22 years, including the Spanish Civil War period from 1936 to 1939. The tunnel was opened in 1948, drastically reducing the time required to access the valley and was at the time the longest road tunnel in

546-566: The population (15 years old or older) in the Val d'Aran. The survey reported that 78.2% of the population could understand Aranese, 56.8% could speak it, 59.4% could read it, and 34.8% could write the language. The number of people that can speak Aranese grew to the 61% of the population in 2020, according to a survey of the Public Office for the Occitan Language. Once considered to be an endangered language spoken mainly by older people, it

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572-415: The study of demonyms (names of localized populations), ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups), as well as tribal names and clan names . Anthroponymy is a socio-cultural tool that can be used to find out about an individual's culture . Through the name of a person, their nationality , as well as their history , can be traced. Anthroponyms have both a national and cultural significance as they guarantee

598-410: The valley. A dictionary of Aranese was written by the Catalan linguist Joan Coromines as his doctoral thesis. A simple four-language Spanish–Aranese–Catalan–French dictionary exists, written by Frederic Vergés Bartau (see Bibliography). An Aranese-English and English–Aranese dictionary was published in 2006. It was written by Ryan Furness, a young man from Minnesota , after he became curious about

624-411: The world. Heavy winter snowfall could still force the tunnel to close. At the beginning of the 1980s the tunnel was reinforced, new asphalt was laid and new lighting installed. Curved concrete walls were built at both ends to avoid excessive air flow. During the 1980s and 1990s the tunnel began to struggle to meet the needs of the increasing vehicular traffic. The project of building a parallel new tunnel

650-399: Was finally inaugurated on December 4, 2007. 42°37′29″N 0°45′53″E  /  42.6247°N 0.7646°E  / 42.6247; 0.7646 Aranese dialect The official names of towns in Val d'Aran are in Occitan; for example, the municipality of Vielha is known by its Occitan name on maps and road signs, rather than its Catalan/Spanish name, Viella . The Aran Valley

676-668: Was requested in 1989 and approved in 1997. In 1999, after the Mont Blanc Tunnel accident, the project was accelerated. In 2000 the old tunnel was ranked as the most dangerous tunnel in Europe due to the lack of security and emergency facilities. Construction of the new tunnel began in January 2002 and the work was temporarily stopped in winter 2005–2006 because the project had to be adjusted due to new safety laws. The new tunnel, named Juan Carlos I Tunnel in honour of Spanish king Juan Carlos I ,

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