39-592: Video Cassette Recording ( VCR ) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips . It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video ( SVR ) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as
78-536: A German local consumer electronics company, Grundig GmbH was founded in 1945 by Max Grundig and eventually headquartered in Nuremberg . It grew to become one of the leading manufacturers in the world of radio, TV, recording and other electronic equipment in the following decades of the 20th century. In the 1970s, Philips began acquiring Grundig AG's shares, leading to complete control in 1993. In 1998, Philips divested Grundig. In 2007, Koç Holding bought Grundig and put
117-705: A kit , while a factory and administration centre were built at Fürth. In 1951, the first television sets were manufactured at the new facility. At the time Grundig was the largest radio manufacturer in Europe . Divisions were established in Nuremberg , Frankfurt and Karlsruhe . In 2013, Grundig launched its home appliances (white goods) product range, becoming one of the mainstream manufacturers in Europe. Parent Arcelik A.Ş., has more than 27,000 employees worldwide. Grundig has manufacturing plants in several European cities that deliver their products to more than 65 countries around
156-452: A consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike some other early formats such as Cartrivision , the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field . Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (such as
195-605: A factory. This allowed the company to start Grundig TV . This was created for the first German television channel which started in 1952. The company then developed a portable tape recorder and The Grundig Television Receiver 210. In 1955, the American firm of Wilcox-Gay began importing Grundig radios into the U.S., using its Majestic Radio dealer network to distribute the German company's products. The marketing of "Majestic-Grundig" radios continued until Wilcox-Gay went out of business at
234-444: A few master VCR recorders made off-air recordings and the cheaper N1460s were used for playback. In Poland, a slightly modified version was made under the name Unitra magnetowid kasetowy MTV-20. AC Mains present all over the place inside: mains motors, mains clock etc. Slightly improved colour circuitry compared to the original N1500, also modified field blanking to reduce flyback interference on some televisions. Cosmetic variations on
273-490: A fragile plastic gearbox assembly. Earlier machines had a hardwired mains cable, later ones were fitted with a standard "Figure-8" C7 power socket. The N1512 model offered composite video input and output connectors, but was otherwise the same as the N1502. The VCR-LP model N1700 was closely related to the later N1502 variant. Other, rarer Philips models included stereo sound and editing capabilities. Circuitry and internal layout
312-422: A physical texture on a phonograph record , or a fluctuation in the field strength of a magnetic recording . Analog transmission methods use analog signals to distribute audio content. These are in contrast to digital audio where an analog signal is sampled and quantized to produce a digital signal which is represented, stored and transmitted as discrete numbers . This sound technology article
351-524: A turnover of € 1.281 billion the following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend the company's lines of credit , leaving the company with an April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency . Grundig AG declared bankruptcy in 2003. In 2004 the UK's Alba plc and the Turkish Koç's Beko jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
390-534: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Grundig Grundig ( English: / ˈ ɡ r ʌ n d ɪ ɡ , ˈ ɡ r ʊ n d ɪ ɡ / GRU(U)N -dig , Turkish pronunciation: [ˈgɾundig] , German pronunciation: [ˈɡʁʊndɪç] ) is a Turkish consumer electronics manufacturer. It is owned by Arçelik A.Ş. , the white goods (major appliance) manufacturer of Turkish conglomerate Koç Holding . The company manufactures domestic appliances and personal-care products . Originally
429-421: Is a category of techniques used for the recording of analog signals . This enables later playback of the recorded analog audio . Analog audio recording began with mechanical systems such as the phonautograph and phonograph . Later, electronic techniques such as wire and tape recording were developed. Analog recording methods store analog signals directly in or on the media. The signal may be stored as
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#1732859244863468-512: Is also the name sponsor of the Norwegian Women's and Men's Handball Leagues. Furthermore, Grundig continued its sponsorship with Fenerbahçe 's women's and men's volleyball teams, and sponsored many international golf tournaments in 2014. Grundig launched the Respect Food initiative with the goal of underlining the seriousness of the food waste problem to reduce global food waste which is
507-546: The white goods sector in 2013, thus becoming the EU's only consumer electronics company covering the full range. Grundig's headquarters are closed by Subscriptions. Worldwide, the Subscriptions company employs an additional 1,600 people in production, research and development and sales. The company is organized into three product groups: consumer electronics, small domestic appliances and large household appliances. Grundig became
546-505: The Grundig TV was based on a 16:9 picture format for signal transmission. In 1995 and 1996, the company included 3-D sound systems, TVs, satellite receivers and other initiatives that included interactive user guidance. However, Philips divested of its investment in the company by 1997–8. At the end of June 2000 Grundig relocated its headquarters in Fürth to Nuremberg -Langwasser. The company had
585-476: The N1500, with black replacing the silver frontage and black plastic surround rather than wood. The later model N1502 had a totally different mechanism using DC motors and more advanced electronics, and was somewhat more reliable. A later version again was still called N1502 but had further significant mechanical and electronic advances, and in particular had a worm drive for operation of the loading mechanism rather than
624-549: The Philips model N1700, the N1702 had a lighter coloured top cover (N1702 was silver and black whilst the N1700 was grey). A 4-digit counter, a 9-day timer, separate mains lead (not hardwired in), and a test-pattern generator to aid TV tuning. Tape transport legends in slightly different position on later N1702's. Grundig built a VCR4000 VCR-LP model which had microprocessor control and so treated
663-712: The Sony CV-2000 ) and were expensive to both buy and operate. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1 . The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: when it was introduced in 1972 the N1500 recorder cost nearly £ 600 (equivalent to £10,000 in 2023). By comparison, a small car (the Morris Mini ) could be purchased for just over £600. The VCR format used large square cassettes with 2 co-axial reels, one on top of
702-606: The VCR-LP format. A later even longer-playing variant, Super Video ( SVR ) was manufactured by Grundig exclusively. SVR was designed to exclusively use BASF - and Agfa -manufactured chrome-dioxide tape in cassettes that were identical to the earlier Philips ones, with the exception of a small actuator added to the bottom of the cassette. This meant that only the BASF/Agfa tapes would work in SVR machines, but that such tapes could also be used in
741-605: The brand under its home-appliances subsidiary Arcelik A.Ş. Koç is a publicly listed conglomerate with more than 80,000 employees. Grundig began in 1945 with the establishment of a store named Fürth, Grundig & Wurzer ( Radio-Vertrieb Fürth [ de ] ), which sold radios and was headquartered in Fürth , northern Bavaria . After the Second World War, Max Grundig recognized the need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced
780-652: The business to Koç for US$ 50.3 million, although it retained the license to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012. In 2007 Grundig Mobile announced the U900 Linux -based mobile phone. At the end of 2007 Turkey's Koç Holding took full ownership of Grundig Multimedia, the parent company of Grundig Intermedia GmbH in Nuremberg . The company continued on to produce entertainment electronics, electrical, and home appliances. The company entered
819-400: The cabinet was wooden. The power cable was detachable, but used an obscure connector for which replacements are not readily available. The N1520 was a N1500 without TV tuner and timer, but with editing functions assemble and insert (using four video heads), 2 track linear audio (not stereo but independent mono channels) and direct AV in/out connections. Often found in schools and colleges where
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#1732859244863858-483: The cassette; the tape from the top (takeup) spool may droop into the path of the bottom (supply) spool and become entangled in it if rewind was selected. The cassette would then completely jam and require dismantling to clear the problem, and the tape would then be creased and damaged. The system predated the development of the slant azimuth technique to prevent crosstalk between adjacent video tracks, so it had to use an unrecorded guard band between tracks. This required
897-405: The company had already started production of the N1702, the internal Video Head is also sometimes labelled as N1702 instead of N1700. The price in the UK was around £700 which would be over £5,500 in 2023. A Skantic branded clone model VCR 1209281 had the silver top design of the later N1702 model. Denis Norden promoted this model in the industrial video "The Philips Time Machine". Similar to
936-448: The decline in Philips consumer electronics presence around the world. Germany's first colour television projector was started by Grundig in 1981. The next year, the second generation electronic notepad was developed and marketed. Philips increased its stake in the company and Max Grundig no longer controlled business management in 1984. In 1991, Grundig entered the telephony equipment market starting with its cordless telephone. In 1993,
975-597: The end of 1961. In 1957, Grundig purchased a majority stake in Triumph-Adler as well as in Adlerwerke . In 1958, Grundig acquired both companies outright and merged them and Grundig's dictation machine division to form Triumph-Adler-Büromaschinen-Vertriebs-GmbH . A plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in Belfast , Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig outside Germany. The managing director of
1014-527: The first official technology partner of the Bundesliga (professional association football league) in 2011. In addition to that, the Nuremberg football stadium was called Grundig Stadium until the end of 2015. Grundig continued its Bundesliga Official Technology Partnership in 2014. The Grundig logo was a permanent display item during all Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2 broadcasts from 2012/13 until 2014/15. Grundig
1053-702: The older VCR and VCR-LP machines. Just as VCR-LP recordings are incompatible with VCR, so SVR recordings are incompatible with both VCR and VCR-LP. The only model to be built was the Grundig SVR4004, with a few detail variations such as optional audio/video connectors, plus a rebadged ITT 240. This chart provides an overview of playing times (in minutes) for the most common cassettes released for standard VCR, VCR-LP and SVR. VC cassettes were originally developed for standard VCR. LVC cassettes were developed for VCR-LP, but are physically identical to VC cassettes. SVC cassettes were specifically developed for SVR. *) LVC 180
1092-545: The other, containing 1 ⁄ 2 -inch-wide (12.7 mm) chrome dioxide magnetic tape . Three playing times were available: 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The 60-minute videocassettes proved very unreliable, suffering numerous snags and breakages due to the very thin 17-micrometre (0.67-mil) video tape . Tapes of 45 minutes or less contained 20-micrometre (0.79-mil) thickness tape. The mechanically complicated recorders themselves also proved somewhat unreliable. One particularly common failing occurred should tape slack develop within
1131-553: The plant, Thomas Niedermayer , was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980. In 1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG . After this Philips began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the years, and assumed complete economic control in 1993. Grundig pulled out of this partnership in 1998 owing to unsatisfactory performance and
1170-418: The reliability issues, and partly because of the introduction of VHS that same year. VCR later evolved into a related format known as VCR-LP . This exploited slant azimuth to greatly increase the recording time. Although both formats used identical VCR cassettes, the recordings were incompatible between the two systems, and few if any dual-format recorders existed. Philips N1700, released in 1977, supported
1209-427: The similar initialisms , and the fact that both were designed by Philips, the 'VCC' and 'VCR' formats are often confused. However, the two systems are incompatible, and there are significant differences between them. Some Video 2000 machines carry a modified version of the "VCR" logo (such as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Analog recording Analog recording
Video Cassette Recording - Misplaced Pages Continue
1248-444: The system to run at a tape speed of 14.29 cm/s (5.63 inches per second). 6.56 cm/s (2.58 inches per second) was the speed of the long play variant. The Philips VCR system brought together many advances in video recording technology to produce the first truly practical home video cassette system. The very first Philips N1500 model included all the essential elements of a domestic video cassette recorder: The Philips VCR system
1287-524: The tape speed had to be increased by 20%, which resulted in a 60-minute PAL tape running for 50 minutes in a NTSC machine. DuPont announced a thinner videotape formulation that would allow a 60-minute NTSC VCR tape (and roughly 70 minutes in PAL), but the tape was even less reliable than previous formulations. Ultimately, Philips abandoned any hope of trying to sell their VCR format in North America, partly because of
1326-506: The tapes more gently than the purely mechanical decks, and the SVR4004 (longer running SVR format) model was very similar. Other Grundig models included the VCR3000 (believed to be VCR format) and VCR5000AV (believed to be the only dual format VCR and VCR-LP machine). In the late 1970s, the VCR formats were superseded altogether by Video 2000 (also known as 'Video Compact Cassette' or VCC). Due to
1365-440: The two models. Slower tape-speed and a slant-azimuth recording technique (to almost eliminate cross-talk between video tracks without using tape-wasting guard-bands) made possible the longer playing time without a noticeable loss in picture quality. The mains lead was hard-wired into the machine; however later releases of the N1700 had a removable lead - this would become standard on the N1702 model. Also on later models, presumably as
1404-463: The world. Grundig started as a typical German company in 1945. Its early notability was due to Grundig radio . Max Grundig, a radio dealer, built a machine called "Heinzelmann", which was a radio that came without thermionic valves and as a do-it-yourself kit to circumvent post war rules. The first of the same was named the 'Weltklang'. Based on the success of the Heinzelmann, Grundig opened
1443-479: Was marketed only in the UK, mainland Europe, Australia and South Africa. In mid-1977, Philips announced they were considering distribution of the format in North America, and it was test marketed for several months. Because the format was initially designed only for use with the 625-line 50-hertz (3,000 rpm) PAL system, VCR units had to be modified in order to work with the 60-hertz (3,600 rpm) NTSC system. Unfortunately, for mechanical and electronic reasons,
1482-456: Was much more modular than the first generation Philips VCRs. Used quiet DC motors (First generation VCR's used hefty synchronous AC mains motors). Basically this model was the same as the Philips N1502 with an extra board for video in / out. Channel button 8 selected video in. Superficially similar to the Philips N1502 both externally and internally. Some components were interchangeable between
1521-445: Was not recommended for use in a standard VCR machine due to a thin tape base. **) VC and LVC cassettes do not work in a SVR machine. However, SVC cassettes may be used in VCR and VCR-LP machines. The first Philips machine was model number N1500, after which the format is also known. This had "first generation" mechanics including magnetic braking servo systems applied to relatively large mains voltage induction motors. The outer edge of
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