38-445: Vicente Cerna y Cerna (22 January 1815 – 27 June 1885) was president of Guatemala from 24 May 1865 to 29 June 1871. Loyal friend and comrade of Rafael Carrera, was appointed army's Field Marshal after Carraera's victory against Salvadorian leader Gerardo Barrios in 1863. He was appointed Carrera's successor after the caudillo's death in 1865 even though Guatemalan leaders would have preferred Field Marshal José Víctor Zavala . After
76-478: A Dios and declaring José María Medina as President of Honduras ;. Finally, Cerna and his men marched over capital Comayagua to overthrow interim president José Francisco Montes Fonseca. Government forces set Comayagua in flames before fleeing given the superiority of Cerna's army. Several liberal authors, like Alfonso Enrique Barrientos describe Marshal Cerna's government as this: "A conservative and archaic government, badly organized and with worse intentions,
114-523: A complete victory for his forces who only suffered 125 casualties between dead and wounded, while the enemy forces had more than 1500 casualties. After Battle of La Arada , on 22 October 1851 president Paredes resigned; the National Assembly then named Carrera his successor, being inaugurated on 6th November 1851 after modifying the Constitution to suit his needs. Paredes went on to the army staff and
152-929: A famous teacher in Honduras, who he later portrayed as the central character in his book The Scholastic teacher . He graduated BA in philosophy at the National University of Tegucigalpa and then attended college of law at the Faculty of Law and Notary of the National University of Guatemala where he was a classmate of his would-be inseparable cousin, Marco Aurelio Soto and the future archbishop of Guatemala, Ricardo Estrada Casanova . In this institution he studied with historian and diplomat Jose Milla and Vidaurre and former President of Colombia Dr. Mariano Espina, who had arrived to Guatemala in exile. He graduated in October 1871, at
190-774: A liberal pamphlet that strongly attacked the conservative regime. Finally, the Mexican president Benito Juárez sent reinforcement to the troops in Chiapas , commanded by Miguel García Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios . After two devastating defeats on 23 June in Totonicapán and on 28 June in San Lucas Sacatepequez , Cerna resigned on 28 June 1871. direct central rule, 1826–27 President of Guatemala [REDACTED] The president of Guatemala ( Spanish : Presidente de Guatemala ), officially titled President of
228-466: A peace agreement in Chalchuapa on 25 April, on condition that Valle left office and González the army leadership, leaving the streets of Santa Ana and San Salvador to Guatemalan forces. As one of the commitments made in Chalchuapa, Valle before leaving the presidency convened a Board of Notables Santa Ana to ratify the agreement of 25 April to elect who would assume the presidency, provided Barrios approved
266-557: A popular plebiscite held on 10 October 1954 would allow Colonel Castillo Armas to assume the presidency. Under Armas' mandate, several reforms implemented during the Guatemalan Revolution were suspended, and political opponents, as well as unions and peasant organizations, were persecuted. Armas' assassination on 26 July 1957, would prompt Congress to appoint Luis Arturo González as acting president and condition him to call for elections within four months. The planned election
304-513: A president between García Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios , the other liberal caudillo. During the government of García Granados he served as deputy director of Finance and then the Ministry of Education in the government of Justo Rufino Barrios . During this government, was in charge of educational renewal in Guatemala, using the following liberal principles of government: The office of Education
342-434: A thousand men for the cause, but political events were precipitated against Valle, due to mistrust of Barrios for the permanence in the government of Marshal Gonzalez, who was serving as vice president after being President before Valle. Alleging that El Salvador had invaded Guatemala, diplomatic relations were broken; actions kicked off on 1 April. 1876, by a naval blockade by the steamer "The General Barrios". Subsequently,
380-424: Is already a definitive conquest: all, all the great religions have to disappear, at no distant day, with its artificial and contradictory dogmas, their liturgical theatrical devices, with their bloody histories, with their selfish and worldly interests badly disguised, with their hypocritical sanctities, and their privileged castes, and their execrable tyranny [...] ". The government of Justo Rufino Barrios gradually
418-550: The Armed Forces , in charge of the presidency. Diaz's first measure was the integration of a provisional government board which he led alongside Colonels Elfego H. Monzón and José Ángel Sánchez . On 29 June, Díaz was forced to resign, leading to Monzón succeeding as the new chairman of the board. Monzón would assemble a new governing board and incorporate Colonel Castillo Armas , Juan Mauricio Dubois , Jose Luis Cruz Salazar , and Enrique Oliva . The new board would dissolve after
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#1732845268474456-610: The Honduras forces were two thousand men. The main force settled in Metapán , as this place was close to all three countries. The "Battle of La Arada", in which Cerna y Cerna had a brilliant role commanding one of the Guatemalan battalions, was fought on 2 February 1851 close to Chiquimula in Guatemala. The battle was the largest threat to Guatemala republican sovereignty; however, Guatemalan Commander in Chief Carrera's strategy resulted in
494-604: The New York businessman S. Valentine in December 1879. Rosa gave the law and the education system the imprint of positivist philosophy, which was reflected in the Code of Public Instruction (1882). He tried to attract foreign investment in mining and agriculture, after the project of developing a national scale coffee economy not bear fruit. When Soto was forced to resign as president in May 1883 by
532-477: The Republic of Guatemala ( Spanish : Presidente de la República de Guatemala ), is the head of state and head of government of Guatemala , elected to a single four-year term. The position of President was created in 1839. Article 185 of the Constitution, sets the following requirements to qualify for the presidency: A person who meets the above qualifications would, however, still be disqualified from holding
570-791: The State. Guatemalan President, seeing here the opportunity to establish a liberal and related to their interests in Honduras Central Union regime, led to the arrival of Marco Aurelio Soto as president, along with his cousin, Ramón Rosa. In early 1876, following elections in El Salvador where Andrés del Valle was elected, Barrios met with him in El Chingo, which agreed to support the invasion of Honduras to install Marco Aurelio Soto , who had previously served as Minister Foreign and Education in Guatemala along with Rosa. Barrios and Valle pledged to give
608-621: The age of 23. Shortly before, he had joined the Liberal Party in this country and had attacked the Conservative government of Marshal Vicente Cerna with articles in the newspaper El Central , which he co-founded. When the Liberal Reform triumphed in Guatemala, in June of that year, El Central supported the candidacy of General Miguel Garcia Granados in the plebiscite that was convened to elect
646-572: The candidates. At such meeting in Santa Ana gathered around two hundred Salvadoran coffee landowners, merchants, politicians, military and lawyers, who according to Barrios elected as president Dr. Rafael Zaldívar . Soto entered Honduras with the help of Barrios and was proclaimed as the Twentieth President of Honduras for the period from 1876 to 1880. His ideologue and Minister General was Ramon Rosa, who undertake an arduous task of transforming
684-514: The dictator to leave threatening him with a revolution". It is necessary to make the following observations about the liberal comments: During his presidency liberal party members were prosecuted and sent into exile; among them, those who started the Liberal Revolution of 1871 . Around that time, Honduran liberal intellectual Ramón Rosa lived in Guatemala and started publishing a newspaper called El Centroamericano ( The Central American ),
722-663: The ground invasion entered from the east where the Guatemalan General Gregorio Solares Pasaquina defeated the Salvadoran army, taking control of San Miguel and La Union; on the western front, after several clashes during Holy Week , the Guatemalan Army weakened the Salvadoran forces under Marshal González. Finding himself in this situation, Marshal Santiago González sent President Valle and E. Jacinto Mejia Castellanos to negotiate with Barrios, who reached
760-516: The invasion. Meanwhile, in Guatemala, where they well aware of Vasconcelos' plans, president Paredes made the necessary preparations for an invasion and archbishop Francisco de Paula García Peláez asked his archdioceses to pray for peace. On 4 January 1851, in Ocotepeque met the presidents from Honduras and El Salvador , to seal the alliance against Guatemala. The Salvadorian forces were four thousand men well equipped and with artillery support, while
798-479: The nation of Honduras following the liberal precepts that had already been used in Guatemala. The transformation was based on the same principles as used Barrios Guatemala; administrative and legal reorganization of Honduras was hand-in-hand with increasing openness to foreign capital, especially that of the United States; President Soto -already owner of a substantial fortune- founded the "Rosario Mining Company" with
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#1732845268474836-539: The numbering of the terms, several reliable sources state that Jimmy Morales is the 50th president The authoritarian regime of Jorge Ubico, which persisted since 1931, was overthrown by a revolution known as the " Ten Years of Spring " on 4 July 1944. After more than a month of mass student and trade union protests, Ubico resigned and fled to Mexico , transferring powers to his First Deputy , Federico Ponce Vaides . Presidential elections were held on 4 July 1944 , which declared Ponce as
874-416: The office of president if the individual: The President serves a four-year term and is prohibited from seeking re-election or extending their tenure. Moreover, a person who held the position of president for more than two years is barred from running for office again. Article 183 of the Constitution, confers the following duties and competencies to the president: Article 189 of the Constitution establishes
912-512: The party was dissolved shortly after. Then began a period of political instability in Honduras, led by Dr. Policarpo Bonilla , who later founded the Liberal Party of Honduras . According to Medardo Mejia, Ramón Rosa was who penetrated more strongly in the bowels of the Honduran reality, and to this day his dignity and style of his thinking are unsurpassed. He had faith in the steady progress and
950-655: The president. However, the opposition rejected the results, and as a result, on 20 October 1944, a group of young officers overthrew Ponce, creating a military-civilian government called the Revolutionary Government Junta . A new constitution was adopted and elections were held, which resulted in the victory of Juan José Arévalo in 1944 and Jacobo Árbenz in 1950 . During this period, Guatemala underwent numerous social and economic reforms, including large-scale land reform . Upon presenting his resignation, Jacobo Árbenz left Colonel Carlos Enrique Díaz , head of
988-408: The presidential elections of 1869, that Cerna won over liberal candidate Zavala, there were severe fraud accusations, and from then on Cerna's presidency was marred by constant uprising until he was eventually ousted by the liberal leaders Miguel Garcia Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios on 30 June 1871. Cerna y Cerna was from Ipala , Chiquimula where he later served as major and "Corregidor". He
1026-475: The presidential line of succession. If the president is temporarily absent, the vice president takes over the presidency. If the absence of the President is permanent, the vice president holds the presidency until the end of the constitutional period. In the event of a double vacancy, Congress has the authority to designate an acting president by a vote of two-thirds of the total number of deputies. Note : Regarding
1064-558: The pressure of Guatemalan troops that his former ally General Justo Rufino Barrios sent to the border, Rosa Soto went to Costa Rica and Guatemala . He was in Alajuela , Costa Rica between 1885 and 1886, and did not return to Honduras until 1889, continuing his journalistic work with the founding of the journal Guacerique . Rosa also proposed the organization of the Progressive Party in the general election of Honduras in 1891, although
1102-404: The value of institutions as well. Ramón Rosa excelled in the genre of the essay and biography: Examples of biographies: According to Rafael Heliodoro Valle, both Rosa and Soto were the statesman who led the material and intellectual transformation of Honduras from 1876 to 1883. Rosa believed in freedom in terms of progress. He stated that "Rosa was above all a scholar, a speaker who was using
1140-514: Was José Francisco Barrundia who started a newspaper to attack Carrera's conservative regime. Vasconcelos also supplied money and weapons and supported for a whole year the rebels of "La Montaña" in the east of Guatemala. By the end of 1850, Vasconcelos grew tired of the slow war against Guatemala and decided to act openly. Then, he started a liberal crusade against the conservative regime of Guatemala and invited Honduras and Nicaragua to join; however, only Honduran president Juan Lindo accepted to join
1178-542: Was a lawyer, journalist, politician and liberal writer of the second half of the nineteenth century. He was the ideologue of educational changes of Liberal Reform in Guatemala and then in Honduras . He served as Principal Minister during the rule of his cousin, Dr. Marco Aurelio Soto and was associated with Soto's mining investments. Ramón Rosa, was the son of Juan José Soto and Isidora Rosa. He learned his first letters with
Vicente Cerna y Cerna - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-583: Was a loyal friend and camarade of Rafael Carrera and was a distinguished officer of the caudillo's army. He was one of the Guatemalan officers in the Battle of La Arada as colonel, when he was Chiquimula in 1851. Later on, he was among those who signed the act that declared Carrera, "Guatemalan president for life" in 1854. His high army and government ranks allowed him to reach the presidency after Carrera's death in 1865. Salvadorian president Doroteo Vasconcelos granted asylum to many Guatemalan liberals, among which
1254-497: Was a loyal officer until his death in 1856. In 1863 Honduran general José María Medina , along his Army Staff -which included Florencio Xatruch , and lieutenant colonel Juan Antonio Medina Orellana, were in talks with Rafael Carrera , who formed an army of Hondurans, Salvadorians and Guatemalans who, led by brigadier general Vicente Cerna y Cerna invaded Honduras. Cerna forces took Cucuyagua on 10 June 1863 and then "Los Llanos" de Santa Rosa on 15 June, eventually occupying Gracias
1292-425: Was also a business partner of mine and baking firms in Honduras. Ramón Rosa had married Mature in Guatemala. In 1876 the Conservative government of José María Medina in Honduras was crumbling, especially with the scandal of loans for the construction of Rail transport in Honduras and the disappearance of political and representatives of Honduras abroad. Honduran liberal requested changes in public administration of
1330-609: Was held on 20 October 1957 , but the results were later nullified due to allegations of fraud. President González would resign and cede power to a provisional governing board led by Óscar Mendoza Azurdia , Gonzalo Yurrita Nova , and Roberto Lorenzana . The new board would govern for two days before Congress would appoint Colonel Guillermo Flores Avendaño as acting president. President Avendaño would call for elections in January 1958 . direct central rule, 1826–27 Ram%C3%B3n Rosa Ramón Rosa Soto (14 July 1848 – 28 May 1893)
1368-546: Was in charge of the country, centralizing all powers in Vicente Cerna, ambitious military man, who not happy with the general rank, had promoted himself to the Army Marshal rank, even though that rank did no exist and it does not exist in the Guatemalan military. The Marshal called himself President of the Republic, but in reality he was the foreman of oppressed and savaged people, cowardly enough that they had not dared to tell
1406-652: Was in the hands of Honduran intellectuals Rosa and Marco Aurelio Soto, who alternated their functions between it and the office of Foreign Affairs. The thought of both, strongly anticlerical, liberal intellectuals was reflected in liberal reforms education and religion in Guatemala, is summarized in these writings by Rosa in 1882: "In America, where popular instruction is spreading with the speed of light, and where it does not exist, as in Europe, deeply rooted and traditional religious interests, giving power and privilege to certain social classes; in our America, where freedom of conscience
1444-587: Was taking a dictatorial tone, and began to interfere in the politics of neighboring states to achieve the Central American Union. After a political ploy succeeded in overthrowing the government of Honduras, Barrios enthroned Marco Aurelio Soto and Ramón Rosa in the government of Honduras. Both left their ministries in Guatemala and landed in Amapala in 1876, inaugurating the provisional government, in which Rosa served as secretary general from 1876 to 1893. Rosa
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