Misplaced Pages

#602397

52-523: Verzasca may refer to: Valle Verzasca , valley in Switzerland Verzasca , river in Switzerland Verzasca , municipality in Switzerland [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

104-543: A cold storage system, where the fruits are stored at low temperatures in untreated air, the controlled environment method avoids flesh hardening which negatively impacts the processability of the product. The ornamental cultivar Castanea sativa 'Albomarginata' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit . The species is widely cultivated for its edible seeds (also called nuts) and for its wood. Sweet chestnut has been listed as one of

156-423: A good source of copper , phosphorus , manganese and potassium (nutrition table). Its sugar content ranges from 14% to 20% dry weight, depending on the cultivar. Fructose is mostly responsible for the sweet taste. Sweet chestnut is suited for human nutrition. Most sweet chestnut is consumed in processed form, which has an impact on the nutrient composition. Its naturally high concentration of organic acids

208-506: A grafted cultivar such as 'Marron de Lyon' or 'Paragon' may start production within five years of being planted. Both cultivars bear fruits with a single large kernel, rather than the usual two to four smaller kernels. The fruit yield per tree is usually between 30–100 kilograms (66–220 pounds), but can get as high as 300 kilograms (660 pounds). Harvest time is between middle of September and middle of November. There are three harvesting techniques: The most widespread treatment before storage

260-433: A popular remedy for whooping cough. A hair shampoo can be made from infusing leaves and fruit husks. The fat content is low and dominated by unsaturated fatty acids . Sweet chestnut is a good source of starch . The energy value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of C. sativa amounts to 891 kJ (213 kcal) (table). C. sativa is characterized by high moisture content which ranges from 41% to 59%. The chestnut provides

312-480: A precise origin history. A newer but more reliable source are the literary works of Ancient Greece, with the richest being Theophrastus 's Historia plantarum , written in the third century B.C. Theophrastus focuses mainly on the use of sweet chestnut wood as timber and charcoal, only mentioning the use of the fruit once when commenting on the digestive difficulties it causes, but praising its nourishing quality. Several Greek authors wrote about medicinal properties of

364-428: A skin which is astringent and unpleasant to eat when still moist; after drying for a time the thin skin loses its astringency but is still better removed to reach the white fruit underneath. Cooking dry in an oven or fire normally helps remove this skin. Chestnuts are traditionally roasted in their tough brown husks after removing the spiny cupules in which they grow on the tree, the husks being peeled off and discarded and

416-580: Is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae , native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor , and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world . A substantial, long-lived deciduous tree, it produces an edible seed, the chestnut, which has been used in cooking since ancient times. Castanea sativa attains a height of 20–35 metres (66–115 feet) with a trunk often 2 m (7 ft) in diameter. Around 20 trees are recorded with diameters over 4 m (13 ft) including one 7.5 m (25 ft) in diameter at breast height . A famous ancient tree known as

468-406: Is a key factor influencing the organoleptic characteristics of fruits and vegetables, namely flavor. Organic acids are thought to play an important role against diseases as an antioxidant . Heat appears to be the most influencing factor when it comes to decreasing the organic acid content. However, even after heating sweet chestnuts, antioxidant activity remains relatively high. On the other hand,

520-429: Is also affected by the high temperatures. Four processes are decisive for the degrading process of sugar while cooking: hydrolysis of starch to oligosaccharide and monosaccharide, decomposition of sucrose to glucose and fructose, caramelization of sugars and degradation of sugars. Organic acids are also affected by high temperatures: their content decreases about 50% after frying, and 15% after boiling. Responsible for

572-482: Is leading to a revival in C. sativa cultivation. Three different cultivation systems for the sweet chestnut can be distinguished: The field management is dependent on the cultivation system. While cleaning the soil from the leaves and pruning is the norm, the use of fertilizer, irrigation and pesticides is less common and reserved for more intensive cultivation. The sweet chestnut tree grows well on limestone -free, deeply weathered soil. The optimal pH value of

SECTION 10

#1732854649603

624-486: Is made with sweet chestnut flour. A local variety of Corsican beer also uses chestnuts. The product is sold as a sweetened paste mixed with vanilla, crème de marrons  [ fr ] , sweetened or unsweetened as chestnut purée or purée de marron , and candied chestnuts as marrons glacés . In Switzerland, it is often served as Vermicelles . Roman soldiers were given chestnut porridge before going into battle. Leaf infusions are used in respiratory diseases and are

676-400: Is mined by local workers. The so-called Rustici (Italian for farm house ) in grey stone, with white borders on the windows and heavy stone roofs, are typical houses in the valley. Wood rafters are used to support the heavy stone roof, Castanea sativa wood. Many chapels along the way bear witness to the deep faith of the inhabitants of the valley. Valle Vercasza was the origin of many of

728-506: Is popular to canoeists and divers, but considered to be dangerous and difficult. The Verzasca Dam is also well known for its 220 m height jump, which is one of the highest jumps in the world and also the most famous bungy jump , as it was used in the James Bond film GoldenEye . The only valley access for road traffic and the Postauto buses are bounded from Tenero or Gordola. The starting on

780-806: Is situated on a hiking trail. The shell rock most likely dates from around 600–700 BC; there are about 90 such carved rocks in the Verzasca Valley. Although initially free farmers, the valley was alternately ruled by the Swiss Confederacy, Savoy, Leventia and the Rusca family from about 1410 onwards. In the European Middle Ages, the population were mainly farmers, and since the early 17th century, many residents had to leave for seasonal labour outside their home valley. Often unemployed young men were recruited as mercenaries for foreign armies. In two quarries granite

832-578: Is to be distinguished from the horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum , to which it is only distantly related. The horse chestnut bears similar looking seeds (conkers) in a similar seed case, which are not palatable to humans. Other common names include "Spanish chestnut" or "marron" (French for "chestnut"). The generic name Castanea is the old Latin name for the plant species, while the specific epithet sativa means "cultivated by humans". Some selected varieties are smaller and more compact in growth yielding earlier in life with different ripening time:

884-464: Is water curing, a process in which the sweet chestnuts are immersed in water for nine days. The aim of this practice is to limit the main storage problems threatening the sweet chestnut: fungi development and the presence of insect worms. As an alternative to water curing, hot water treatment is also commercially used. After water treatment, the sweet chestnuts are stored in a controlled environment with high carbon dioxide concentrations. In contrast to

936-700: The Hundred Horse Chestnut in Sicily was historically recorded at 18 m (59 ft) in diameter (although it has split into multiple trunks above ground). The bark often has a net-shaped (retiform) pattern with deep furrows or fissures running spirally in both directions up the trunk. The trunk is mostly straight with branching starting at low heights. The oblong-lanceolate , boldly toothed leaves are 16–28 centimetres (6–11 inches) long and 5–9 cm (2–4 in) broad. The flowers of both sexes are borne in 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long, upright catkins ,

988-937: The Iberian peninsula in the first century A.D. suggests the spreading of cultivated sweet chestnut trees by the Romans. Contrary to that notion, other scientists found no indication of the Romans spreading C. sativa before the fifth century. While the husks of sweet chestnuts, dated to the third or early fourth century, have been identified from the bottom of a Roman well at Great Holts Farm, in Boreham in Essex , England; this deposit includes remains of other exotic food plants and provides no evidence that any of them originated locally. No other evidence of sweet chestnut in Roman Britain has been confirmed. Indeed, no centre of sweet chestnut cultivation outside

1040-647: The Netherlands . The tree requires a mild climate and adequate moisture for good growth and a good nut harvest. Its year-growth (but not the rest of the tree) is sensitive to late spring and early autumn frosts; it is also intolerant of lime . Under forest conditions, it will tolerate moderate shade well. It can live to more than 2,000 years of age in natural conditions, such as the Hundred Horse Chestnut near Mount Etna in eastern Sicily. The leaves provide food for some animals, including Lepidoptera such as

1092-512: The Valle Maggia valleys, Valle Verzasca extends over a length of 25 kilometres (16 mi) in north–south direction and is situated in the north of the Lago Maggiore . The valley floor is at about 500 metres (1,640 ft) to 900 metres (2,953 ft) above sea level. The surrounding mountain passes respectively have an average altitude of 2,400 metres (7,874 ft). The valley is crossed by

SECTION 20

#1732854649603

1144-703: The Verzasca which is dammed at the southernly outlet of the valley, forming the Lago di Vogorno , before it flows in the Magadino plain in the vicinity of the Ticino in the Lago Maggiore . The Valle Verzasca includes the geographical centre of Ticino, which is located at Mergoscia , near the lower end of the valley. Due to the different altitudes, all climate zones are combined in the Valle Verzasca. Tenero-contra and Gordola include

1196-485: The case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella and North American rose chafer Macrodactylus subspinosus . The two major fungal pathogens of the sweet chestnut are the chestnut blight ( Cryphonectria parasitica ) and the ink disease caused by Phytophthora cambivora and P. cinnamomi . In North America as well as in Southern Europe Castanea parasitica destroyed most of the chestnut population in

1248-565: The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. Clues in art and literature indicate a dislike of the sweet chestnut by the Roman aristocracy. Like Theophrastus, Latin authors are sceptical of the sweet chestnut as a fruit, and Pliny the Elder even goes as far as admiring how well nature has hidden this fruit of apparently so little value. In the beginning of the Christian era, people probably started to realize

1300-417: The 20th century, due to depopulation of the countryside and the abandonment of the sweet chestnut as a staple food as well as the spread of chestnut blight and ink disease, C. sativa cultivation has dramatically decreased. Nowadays, sweet chestnut production is sometimes seen at a turning point again, because the development of high-value sweet chestnut products combined with changing needs of an urban society

1352-405: The 20th century. With biological control, the population of the sweet chestnut is not threatened anymore by the chestnut blight and is regenerating. Ink disease is infesting trees mostly in humid soils, with the mycelium invading the root and resulting in wilting of the leaf. Absence of fruit formation leads to die back of the petal . The ink disease is named after the black exudates at the base of

1404-491: The 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies , a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its supposed effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK , "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer". The species' large genetic diversity and different cultivars are exploited for uses such as flour, boiling, roasting, drying, and sweets. The raw nuts, though edible, have

1456-455: The Italian peninsula in Roman times has been detected. Widespread use of chestnut in western Europe started in the early Middle Ages and flourished in the late Middle Ages. In the mid-seventh-century Lombard laws, a composition of one solidi is set for felling a chestnut tree (or, also, hazel, pear or apple) belonging to another person ( Edictum Rothari , No. 301, 643 AD). Since the beginning of

1508-875: The Marigoule, the Marisol and the Maraval. The species is native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor . It is found across the Mediterranean region , from the Caspian Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is thought to have survived the last ice age in several refuges in Southern Europe, on the southern coast of the Black Sea with a main centre on the southern slope of the Caucasus and in

1560-471: The Verzasca Valley is claimed as one of the valleys that could best keep its originality. The secluded geographical location made it unattractive for conquerors since the Roman period , and even before. The first traces of settlement in the area are from the early 2nd millennium BC, in its southern part. In Berzona, a locality ( frazione ) of Vogorno, a carved rock known as a Sass di Striöi (literally: witches stone)

1612-489: The aromatic characteristics of cooked chestnuts is the effect of degradation of saccharides, proteins and lipids, the caramelization of saccharides and the maillard reaction that is reducing sugar and amino acids. This tree responds very well to coppicing , which is still practised in Britain, and produces a good crop of tannin -rich wood every 12 to 30 years, depending on intended use and local growth rate. The tannin renders

Verzasca - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-410: The consumer must consider that roasting, boiling or frying has a big impact on the nutritional profile of chestnut. Vitamin C significantly decreases between 25 and 54% when boiled and 2–77 % when roasted. Nevertheless, roasted or boiled chestnuts may still be a solid vitamin C source, since 100 grams still represent about 20% of the recommended daily dietary intake. The sugar content

1716-461: The cultivation of vines, and it flourish chestnut forests and palm trees thrive. Due to differences in soil type and amounts, almost all flora occurring in the Ticino and fauna of the various environmental zones are found in the Verzasca Valley. The Romans introduced and comparable to the tropical wood species, Castanea sativa is in the southern part of the valley, below 1,000 metres (3,281 ft),

1768-423: The dominant species. It is no longer actively cultivated, but favors the further diffusion, and studies suggest taking advantage of the valuable wood of chestnut as a valuable wood. In the Valle Verzasca the endemic Nera Verzasca goat has been preserved, which looks very much like the ancient Roman goat. This medieval durable goat has short hair, because it's not stuck in the snow. Due to its isolated location,

1820-476: The first spreading of Castanea sativa due to human activity started around 2100–2050 B.C. in Anatolia , northeastern Greece and southeastern Bulgaria . Compared to other crops, the sweet chestnut was probably of relatively minor importance and distributed very heterogeneously throughout these regions. The first charcoal remains of sweet chestnut only date from around 850–950 B.C., making it very difficult to infer

1872-456: The fruit. The maximal altitude is strongly dependent on the climate. In general, the climate should be similar to viticulture . Optimal precipitation is between 400 and 1,600 millimetres (16 and 63 in). Before planting, seeds must be stratified at 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) so germination can start 30–40 days later. After a year, the young trees are transplanted. A tree grown from seed may take 20 years or more before it bears fruits, but

1924-406: The hot chestnuts dipped in salt before eating them. Roast chestnuts are traditionally sold in streets, markets and fairs by street vendors with mobile or static braziers . The skin of raw peeled chestnuts can be relatively easily removed by quickly blanching the nuts after scoring them by a cross slit at the tufted end. Once cooked, chestnuts acquire a sweet flavor and a floury texture similar to

1976-581: The insubric climate region thanks to the deep-sea level, close to the Lago Maggiore and protected by the mountains from the north winds. Vineyards and Mediterranean vegetation benefit from the mildest climate area of Switzerland, nebulae are rare and rainfall of short duration. With increasing altitude, the hills and mountain climate goes over to regions dominated by the Alpine climate (over 2,000 metres (6,562 ft)). The diversity benefits among other things,

2028-569: The left side of the valley road (built from 1866 to 1871) crosses Vogorno, Corippo, Lavertezzo, Brione (Verzasca), Gerra (Verzasca), Frasco and ends in Sonogno; a short road leads to Corippo. On the right side of the valley, the road and post road trips from Locarno ends in Mergoscia . Castanea sativa The sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ), also known as the Spanish chestnut or just chestnut ,

2080-461: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verzasca&oldid=948097699 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Valle Verzasca Located between the Leventina and

2132-475: The male flowers in the upper part and female flowers in the lower part. In the Northern Hemisphere , they appear in late June to July, and by autumn, the female flowers develop into spiny cupules containing 3–7 brownish nuts that are shed during October. The female flowers eventually form a spiky sheath that deters predators from the seed. The sweet chestnut is naturally self incompatible , meaning that

Verzasca - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-491: The old Rustici houses into holiday houses created jobs, increased tourism revenues and ensured that the old houses and the characteristic image of the Verzasca Valley are preserved. The mountaintop with views of the Valais, Bernese, Glarus and Grisons Alps, as well as the many transitions in the side and neighbouring valleys are popular to mountain hikers, and around a dozen mountain huts provide accommodation and meals. The Verzasca

2236-502: The plant cannot pollinate itself, making cross-pollination necessary. Some cultivars only produce one large seed per cupule , while others produce up to three seeds. The nut itself is composed of two skins: an external, shiny brown part, and an internal skin adhering to the fruit. Inside, there is an edible, creamy-white part developed from the cotyledons . Sweet chestnut trees live to an age of 500 to 600 years. In cultivation they may even grow as old as 1,000 years or more. The tree

2288-516: The region of north-western Syria , possibly extending into Lebanon . The species is widely distributed throughout Europe, where in 2004 Castanea sativa was grown on 2,250,000 hectares (5,600,000 acres) of forest, of which 1,780,000 ha (4,400,000 acres) were mainly cultivated for wood and 430,000 ha (1,100,000 acres) for fruit production. In some European countries, C. sativa has only been introduced recently, for example in Slovakia or

2340-450: The region's so-called Spazzacamini (literally: chimney sweep children). With the connection to the public transport, tourism developed from the end of the 19th century, but the majority of young people from the Valley still look for income opportunities in wealthier regions of Switzerland or northern Italy. Currently the majority of locals are active in the tourism trade. The conversion of

2392-529: The soil is between 4.5 and 6, and the tree cannot tolerate soil compaction. The tolerance to wet ground and to clay-rich soils is very low. It is a heat-loving tree which needs a long vegetation period. The optimal average temperature is between 8 and 15 °C (46 and 59 °F) and in January the temperature should preferably not be below −1 °C (30 °F) but it may tolerate temperatures as low as −15 °C (5 °F). Low temperature in autumn can damage

2444-591: The sweet chestnut, specifically as a remedy against lacerations of the lips and of the oesophagus. Similar to the introduction of grape vine and olive cultivation to the Latin world, C. sativa is thought to have been introduced during the colonisation of the Italian peninsula by the Greeks . Further clues pointing to this theory can be found in the work of Pliny the Elder , who mentions only Greek colonies in connection with sweet chestnut cultivation. Today's phylogenetic map of

2496-474: The sweet chestnut, while not fully understood, shows greater genetic similarity between Italian and western Anatolian C. sativa trees compared to eastern Anatolian specimen, reinforcing these findings. Nonetheless, until the end of the pre-Christian era, the spread and use of the chestnut in Italy remained limited. Carbonised sweet chestnuts were found in a Roman villa at Torre Annunziata near Naples , destroyed by

2548-414: The sweet potato. The cooked nuts can be used for stuffing poultry, as a vegetable or in nut roasts. They can also be used in confections, puddings, desserts and cakes. They are used for flour, bread making, a cereal substitute, coffee substitute, a thickener in soups and other cookery uses, as well as for fattening stock. A sugar can be extracted from them. The Corsican variety of polenta (called pulenta )

2600-548: The trunk. Nowadays there are cultivars that are resistant to the ink disease. Phytophthora cambivora caused serious damage in Asia and the US, and it still continues to destroy new plantations in Europe. Another serious pest which is difficult to control is the gall wasp ( Dryocosmus kuriphylus ) which was recently introduced in Southern Europe, originating in Asia. Pollen data indicates that

2652-468: The value and versatility of sweet chestnut wood, leading to a slow spread of the cultivation of C. sativa trees, a theory that is supported by pollen data and literary sources, as well as the increased use of sweet chestnut wood as poles and in supporting structures, wood works and pier building between A.D. 100 and 600. Increasing sweet chestnut pollen appearances in Switzerland , France , Germany and

SECTION 50

#1732854649603

2704-522: The young growing wood durable and weather resistant for outdoor use, thus suitable for posts, fencing or stakes. The wood is of light colour, hard and strong. It is used to make furniture, barrels (sometimes used to age balsamic vinegar ), and roof beams notably in southern Europe (for example in houses of the Alpujarra , Spain, in southern France and elsewhere). The timber has a density of 560 kg per cubic meter, and due to its durability in ground contact

#602397