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40-505: Verdicchio is the principal grape behind two denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wines produced in the provinces of Macerata and Ancona , Verdicchio di Matelica and Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi. In addition to producing still wines, Verdicchio grapes are also used to make sparkling wine and straw wine . Verdicchio has had a long history in the Marche region of central Italy with documents noting its presence there since at least

80-478: A DOCG identification arose when the DOC designation was, in the view of many Italian food industries, given too liberally to different products. A new, more restrictive identification was then created as similar as possible to the previous one so that buyers could still recognize it, but qualitatively different. The three original DOCGs were Brunello di Montalcino , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , and Barolo , all approved by

120-473: A long period of time. In other countries sherry wine is used for cooking. Fortified wines resist spoilage, as their alcohol content is too high to permit bacterial growth. A vintage wine is one made from grapes that were all, or mostly, grown in a single specified year, and are accordingly dated as such. Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good vintage wine for future consumption. However, there

160-616: A presidential decree in July 1980, followed by Barbaresco three months later. For wines produced in Bolzano, where German is an official language, DOCG may be written as Kontrollierte und garantierte Ursprungsbezeichnung . For wines produced in the Aosta Valley, where French is an official language, DOCG may be written as Dénomination d'origine contrôlée et garantie . In 2010–2011 many new DOCG classifications were created or elevated from DOC, in

200-436: A wine satisfy a defined quality standard and be produced within the specified region . Unlike IGT, the DOC definitions will usually specify additional more stringent rules regarding permitted grape varieties, harvest yields, minimum ageing including use of barrels, minimum alcohol content, and other factors. Wines labelled DOC or DOCG must be sold in bottles holding no more than 5 litres (170 US fl oz). Historically

240-561: Is an official language, kontrollierte Ursprungsbezeichnung , as well as in the Aosta Valley , where French is an official language, dénomination d'origine contrôlée . Denominazione di origine controllata e garantita is intended to be a superior classification to DOC, and is the highest classification in Italy. All DOCG wines from each producer are analysed and tasted by a government-licensed judgement panel before being bottled. Once approved,

280-1015: Is based on vineyard sites and include the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 , though some regions classify their wines based on the style like the German wine classification system. Vineyard classification has a long history dating from some early examples in Jurançon in the 14th century, in 1644 when the council of Würzburg ranked the city's vineyards by quality, and the early five-level designation of vineyards based on quality in Tokaj-Hegyalja in 1700. Other well known classifications include: The follow regions are classified by vineyards, not estate. Wines may be classified by vinification methods. These include classifications such as red or white wine, sparkling, semi-sparkling or still, fortified and dessert wines. The colour of wine

320-576: Is defined by a 1932 decree. Riserva ('reserve') may be used only for wines that have been aged at least two years longer than normal for a particular type of wine. Classification of wine The classification of wine is based on various criteria including place of origin or appellation , vinification method and style, sweetness and vintage , and the grape variety or varieties used. Practices vary in different countries and regions of origin, and many practices have varied over time. Some classifications enjoy official protection by being part of

360-563: Is intended for non-industrial use. With the exceptions of cider , perry , and sake , such non-grape wines are to be labelled with the word "wine" qualified by a truthful description of the originating product: " honey wine ", " dandelion wine ", (blended) " fruit wine ", etc. Other jurisdictions have similar rules dictating the range of products qualifying as "wine". Historically, wines have been known by names reflecting their origin, and sometimes style: Bordeaux , Port , Rioja , Mosel and Chianti are all legally defined names reflecting

400-477: Is intended for use as an ingredient in food rather than as a beverage. Cooking wine typically available in North America is treated with salt to allow its sale in non-licensed grocery stores. This also acts as a preservative, as the salt in cooking wine inhibits the growth of the microorganisms that produce acetic acid . This will preserve a bottle of cooking wine, which may be opened and used occasionally over

440-992: Is likely that some of those plantings were actually Trebbiano . Over the years Verdicchio and its wines have been known under various synonyms , including Boschera bianca, Giallo, Maceratese, Maggiore, Marchigiano, Mazzanico, Niuivres, Peloso, Peverella, Peverello, Peverenda, Peverise bianco, Pfeffer, Pfeffertraube, Terbiana, Torbiana, Trebbiano di Lugana, Trebbiano di Soave, Trebbiano verde, Trebbiano Veronese, Turbiana, Turbiana Moscato, Turbiano, Turviana, Uva Aminea, Uva Marana, Verdello duro persico, Verdicchio bianco, Verdicchio Dolce, Verdicchio Doratel, Verdicchio Doratello, Verdicchio Giallo, Verdicchio Marchigiano, Verdicchio Marino, Verdicchio Peloso, Verdicchio Scroccarello, Verdicchio Seroccarello, Verdicchio Straccione, Verdicchio Stretto, Verdicchio Verdaro, Verdicchio verde, Verdicchio Verzaro, Verdicchio Verzello, Verdone, Verzaro and Verzello verde. Denominazione di origine controllata The following four classifications of wine constitute

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480-470: Is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation. Grapes with coloured juice, for example alicante bouschet, are known as teinturier . Red wine is made from red (or black) grapes, but its red colour is bestowed by a process called maceration , whereby the skin is left in contact with the juice during fermentation. White wine can be made from any colour of grape as

520-461: Is probably indigenous to the Marche, there appears to be a genetic relation to Trebbiano and Greco grape varieties. In particular, the clones of Trebbiano grown in Lombardy and Soave show very close similarities to Verdicchio while genetic evidence has shown that Greco was probably an ancestor vine to nearly all of Italy's native white grape varieties. While Verdicchio is widely grown throughout

560-569: Is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to the agreement expanded in March 2007 when Sonoma County , Paso Robles , Chianti Classico , Tokay , Victoria, Australia and Western Australia signed the Declaration at a ceremony in Washington, DC. Many regional wine classifications exist as part of tradition or appellation law. The most common of these

600-431: Is some disagreement and research about the significance of vintage year to wine quality. Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion of wine that is not from the labeled vintage. A varietal wine is wine made from a dominant grape such as a Chardonnay or a Cabernet Sauvignon and labeled by the name of the grape variety. The wine may not be entirely of that one grape and varietal labeling laws differ. In

640-582: The Italian system of labelling and legally protecting Italian wine : The system was introduced in 1963 shortly after the Treaty of Rome established Italy as a founding member of the European Economic Community , and was modelled on the extant French appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) laws. It was overhauled in 1992 to match new European Union law on protected designation of origin , introducing

680-592: The wine law in their country of origin, while others have been created by, for example, growers' organizations without such protection. Within the European Union , the term "wine" and its equivalents in other languages is reserved exclusively for the fermented juice of grapes. In the United States , the term is also used for the fermented juice of any fruit or agricultural product , provided that it has an alcohol content of 7 to 24% ( alcohol by volume ) and

720-486: The 14th century. Despite its sensitivity to climate conditions and propensity to produce variable yields of variable quality wine, Verdicchio was a very popular planting in central Italy with an estimated 65,000 hectares planted in the mid-1980s. These figures made Verdicchio the 15th most planted variety of any grape in the world, ahead of well-known varieties like Chardonnay , Pinot noir , Sauvignon blanc and Sangiovese . While ampelographers believe that Verdicchio

760-531: The 20th century as producers limit yields even beyond DOC regulation to produce fuller flavored grapes that can better balance its high acidity. Clarke goes on to note that the subtlety of Verdicchio flavors allows it to pair very well with a variety of foods. The Verdicchio grapevine is very susceptible to clonal mutations with several sub-varieties of the grape known to exist in central Italy under various synonyms (see section below). Like with many varieties of Italian wine grapes, this makes an exact cataloging of

800-630: The DOC status has been used to classify other food products such as cheeses, olive oil and vinegar, but the denominazione di origine protetta (DOP) is now used instead. Since the 2008 EU reforms, both the DOC and DOCG wine classifications are protected in the EU as protected designation of origin (PDO), which in Italy generally is indicated in Italian: denominazione di origine protetta (DOP). They may however still be referred to as DOC/DOCG, or in Bolzano , where German

840-536: The EU protected geographical indication (PGI) designation, and many producers have switched to using the Italian translation, Indicazione geografica protetta (IGP). This classification is seen to be a higher quality wine than vino da tavola ('table wine'). The denominazione di origine controllata classification was created to be roughly equivalent to the French appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC). It requires that

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880-486: The Marche, Umbria and Lazio regions, it is most often encountered in the DOC wines of Verdicchio di Matelica and Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi. Castelli di Jesi, located around the commune of Iesi in the Ancona province, is the larger of the two areas and tends to produce a higher volume of wine. In Matelica , located in the nearby province of Macerata, the yields for Verdicchio are more restricted under DOC regulation with

920-684: The UK impose a higher tax on fully sparkling wines. Examples of semi-sparkling synonym terms are frizzante in Italy, vino de aguja in Spain, and pétillant in France. In most countries except the United States, champagne is legally defined as sparkling wine originating from the Champagne wine region in France, especially the city of Reims and the town of Épernay . Still wines are wines that have not gone through

960-626: The addition of a spirit, such as brandy , or have had additional spirit added after fermentation. Examples include Port , Madeira and Sherry . Table wines are inexpensive wines that often do not specify the grape variety used or the region of origin. Some equivalent terms for "table wine" in other languages are "vin de table" (French), "vino da tavola" (Italian), "Tafelwein" (German), and "vino de mesa" (Spanish). Cooking wine or cooking sherry usually refers to inexpensive grape wine (or rice wine in Chinese and other East Asian cuisine) which

1000-538: The best vineyard locations situated along hillsides of the Esino Valley. The following is a list of DOCs that include Verdicchio as a permitted grape variety, along with other grapes that may be included in the blend in varying percentages that are regulated under the DOC label. The wines for which Verdicchio must account for a majority of the blend are in bold. Verdicchio can produce wines that are virtually colorless with noticeably high acidity that can come across on

1040-411: The mold Botrytis cinerea or noble rot . These include Sauternes from Bordeaux , numerous wines from Loire such as Bonnezeaux and Quarts de Chaume , Tokaji Aszú from Hungary , and Beerenauslese . Ice Wine is made from grapes that are harvested while they are frozen. Fortified wines are often sweeter, and generally more alcoholic wines that have had their fermentation process stopped by

1080-413: The more general denominazione di origine protetta (DOP) designation for foods and agricultural products, including wines. Further EU reforms to harmonise agricultural policy in 2008 meant that designations used in member states, and thus Italian designations, were registered with the EU by the end of 2011, with subsequent new denominations or elevations approved by the EU. Indicazione geografica tipica

1120-456: The need to protect place names". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley , Washington , Oregon and Walla Walla , while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne , Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine

1160-565: The number of plantings difficult. In her book, Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes , Robinson reports in 1996 that there were nearly 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of Verdicchio found mostly in the provinces along the Adriatic coast. That number is dramatically reduced from the number of plantings of Verdicchio in the mid-1980s when there was an estimated 65,000 hectares (all in Italy). However, some wine experts, including Jancis Robinson, speculate that it

1200-412: The palate with citrus notes. According to wine expert Jancis Robinson , well made examples from favorable vintages can have flavors of lemons and slight bitter almond notes. Robinson also notes that the naturally high acidity of the grape makes it a good base cuvée variety for producing sparkling wine. According to Oz Clarke , the quality of Verdicchio wines has improved since the later half of

1240-463: The rush to register them before the EU reform deadline. This has had the effect of potentially diluting the importance of the DOCG classification. Italian legislation additionally regulates the use of qualifying terms for wines. Classico ('classic') is reserved for wines produced in the region where a particular type of wine has been produced "traditionally". For Chianti Classico , this traditional region

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1280-454: The skin is separated from the juice during fermentation. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or ' blush '. A form of Rosé is called Blanc de Noirs where the juice of red grapes is allowed contact with the skins for a very short time (usually only a couple of hours). Sparkling wines such as champagne , contain carbon dioxide which is produced naturally from fermentation or force-injected later. To have this effect,

1320-550: The sparkling wine method and have no effervescence. Dessert wines range from slightly sweet (with less than 50 g/L of sugar) to incredibly sweet wines (with over 400 g/L of sugar). Late harvest wines such as Spätlese are made from grapes harvested well after they have reached maximum ripeness . Dried grape wines, such as Recioto and Vin Santo from Italy , are made from grapes that have been partially raisined after harvesting. Botrytized wines are made from grapes infected by

1360-492: The term the actual appellation of origin. More recently, wine regions in countries with less stringent location protection laws such as the United States and Australia have joined with well-known European wine producing regions to sign the Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin, commonly known as the Napa Declaration on Place. This is a "declaration of joint principles stating the importance of location to wine and

1400-747: The traditional wines produced in the named region. These naming conventions or " appellations " (as they are known in France) dictate not only where the grapes in a wine were grown but also which grapes went into the wine and how they were vinified. The appellation system is strongest in the European Union, but a related system, the American Viticultural Area , restricts the use of certain regional labels in America, such as Napa Valley , Santa Barbara and Willamette Valley . The AVA designations do not restrict

1440-510: The type of grape used. In most of the world, wine labelled Champagne must be made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France and fermented using a certain method, based on the international trademark agreements included in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . However, in the United States, a legal definition called semi-generic has enabled U.S. winemakers to use certain generic terms (Champagne, Hock , Sherry , etc.) if there appears next to

1480-406: The wine is fermented twice, once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second time in a sealed container where the gas is caught and remains in the wine. Sparkling wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are labelled "bottle fermented", "méthode traditionelle" , or " méthode champenoise " . The latter designation

1520-449: The wines are "guaranteed" with a numbered governmental seal across the cap or cork, to prevent later manipulation. Where the DOCG classification represents a refinement of an existing DOC wine, the rules for the DOCG wine usually require more stringent quality controls. These controls are usually some combination of a lower proportion of blending grapes, lower yields, higher minimum alcohol, longer ageing requirements, and so on. The need for

1560-546: Was created in 1992 to recognize the unusually high quality of the class of wines known as Super Tuscans , and to be broadly equivalent to the French vin de pays designation, official in Italy's Aosta Valley , where French is an official language. IGT wines are labelled with the locality of their creation, but do not meet the requirements of the stricter DOC or DOCG designations, which are generally intended to protect traditional wine formulations such as Chianti or Barolo . Since 2008 both IGT and vin de pays are equivalent to

1600-479: Was outlawed for all wines other than champagne (which for obvious reasons does not bother to utilize it) in Europe in 1994. Other terms for sparkling wine in other languages include Sekt or Schaumwein (Germany), cava (Spain), spumante (Italy) and espumante (Portugal). Semi-sparkling wines are sparkling wines that contain less than 2.5 atmospheres of carbon dioxide at sea level and 20 °C. Some countries such as

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