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83-523: It should not be confused with the medieval Slovene (or Windic) March of the Holy Roman Empire which was located in the present-day south-east Slovenia, roughly in the areas of the regions of Lower Carniola , White Carniola and Lower Sava Valley . March , or "territory" (cognate to "mark"), is a word indicating a border county of a kingdom. Since the 10th century, the Slovene -inhabited area between

166-469: A United Slovenia , first advanced during the revolutions of 1848 , became the common platform of most Slovenian parties and political movements in Austria-Hungary. During the same period, Yugoslavism , an ideology stressing the unity of all South Slavic peoples , spread as a reaction to Pan-German nationalism and Italian irredentism . World War I brought heavy casualties to Slovenes, particularly

249-629: A dominus Carniole (Lord of Carniola) and succeeded his father as Duke of Austria and Styria in the following year. In 1248 the title was picked up by Duke Ulrich III of Carinthia , who had married Agnes of Merania after Frederick's death in 1246. When Duke Ulrich died in 1269, King Ottokar II of Bohemia occupied and unified Carniola, the Windic March, the valley of the Savinja , and the Slovenj Gradec as "the march" of his vast kingdom extending from

332-621: A limestone region of underground rivers, gorges, and caves, between Ljubljana and the Mediterranean Sea. On the Pannonian plain to the East and Northeast, toward the Croatian and Hungarian borders, the landscape is essentially flat. However, most of Slovenia is hilly or mountainous, with around 90% of its land surface 200 m (656 ft) or more above sea level . More than half of Slovenia, which

415-637: A group of intellectuals demanded Slovene independence in the 57th edition of the magazine Nova revija . Demands for democratisation and more Slovenian independence were sparked off. A mass democratic movement, coordinated by the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights , pushed the Communists in the direction of democratic reforms. In September 1989, numerous constitutional amendments were passed to introduce parliamentary democracy to Slovenia. On 7 March 1990,

498-670: A long period between the 11th and 14th centuries, and were led by a number of important feudal families, such as the Dukes of Spanheim , the Counts of Gorizia , the Counts of Celje , and, finally, the House of Habsburg . In a parallel process, an intensive Germanization significantly diminished the extent of Slovene-speaking areas. By the 15th century, the Slovene ethnic territory was reduced to its present size. In 1335, Henry of Gorizia , Duke of Carinthia, Landgrave of Carniola and Count of Tyrol died without

581-608: A male heir, his daughter Margaret was able to keep the County of Tyrol , while the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV passed Carinthia and Carniolan march to the Habsburg duke Albert II of Austria , whose mother, Elisabeth of Carinthia is a sister of the late duke Henry of Gorizia . Therefore, most of the territory of present-day Slovenia became a hereditary land of the Habsburg monarchy . As with

664-592: A movement for self-determination, demanding the creation of a semi-independent South Slavic state under Habsburg rule. The proposal was picked up by most Slovene parties, and a mass mobilization of Slovene civil society, known as the Declaration Movement , followed. This demand was rejected by the Austrian political elites; but following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the aftermath of

747-742: A newer natural geographic regionalisation, the country consists of four macroregions . These are the Alpine, the Mediterranean, the Dinaric, and the Pannonian landscapes. Macroregions are defined according to major relief units (the Alps, the Pannonian plain, the Dinaric mountains) and climate types (submediterranean, temperate continental, mountain climate). These are often quite interwoven. Protected areas of Slovenia include national parks, regional parks, and nature parks,

830-636: A predominantly temperate continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral and the Julian Alps . Ljubljana , the capital and largest city of Slovenia, is geographically situated near the centre of the country. Other larger urban centers are Maribor , Kranj , Celje and Koper . Slovenia's territory has been part of many different states: the Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire ,

913-767: A tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia , a newly declared Nazi puppet state . In 1945, it again became part of Yugoslavia . Post-war, Yugoslavia was allied with the Eastern Bloc , but after the Tito–Stalin split of 1948, it never subscribed to the Warsaw Pact , and in 1961 it became one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement . In June 1991, Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia and became an independent sovereign state . Slovenia

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996-682: A wide autonomy to the Slovene March. The Slovene governor József Klekl worked out a detailed program of autonomy together with Jászi. The proposal included an autonomous Slovene assembly in Murska Sobota , a regional defence unit, the establishment of a Slovene high school in Szentgotthárd , and the introduction of a trilingual administration in the territories of Szentgotthárd, Murska Sobota, Lendava and Őriszentpéter , with an equality between Prekmurje Slovene , Hungarian and German . The name of

1079-702: Is 11,823 km or 4,565 sq mi, is forested; ranking it third in Europe, by percentage of area forested , after Finland and Sweden . The areas are covered mostly by beech , fir -beech and beech- oak forests and have a relatively high production capacity. Remnants of primeval forests are still to be found, the largest in the Kočevje area. Grassland covers 5,593 km (2,159 sq mi) and fields and gardens (954 km or 368 sq mi). There are 363 km (140 sq mi) of orchards and 216 km (83 sq mi) of vineyards. Slovenia

1162-536: Is a developed country , with a high-income economy characterized by a mixture of both traditional industries, such as manufacturing and agriculture, and modern sectors, such as information technology and financial service. The economy is highly dependent on foreign trade, with exports accounting for a significant portion of the country's GDP. Slovenia is a member of the European Union , the United Nations , NATO ,

1245-559: Is also influenced by the variety of relief, and the influence of the Alps and the Adriatic Sea . In the northeast, the continental climate type with the greatest difference between winter and summer temperatures prevails. In the coastal region, there is a sub- Mediterranean climate . The effect of the sea on the temperature rates is also visible up the Soča Valley, while a severe Alpine climate

1328-599: Is considered a kind of flute, and possibly the oldest musical instrument discovered in the world. In the 1920s and 1930s, artifacts belonging to the Cro-Magnon , such as pierced bones, bone points, and a needle were found by archaeologist Srečko Brodar in Potok Cave . In 2002, remains of pile dwellings over 4,500 years old were discovered in the Ljubljana Marsh , now protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , along with

1411-679: Is in a rather active seismic zone because of its position on the small Adriatic Plate , which is squeezed between the Eurasian Plate to the north and the African Plate to the south and rotates counter-clockwise. Thus the country is at the junction of three important geotectonic units: the Alps to the north, the Dinaric Alps to the south and the Pannonian Basin to the east. Scientists have been able to identify 60 destructive earthquakes in

1494-513: Is known as the Slovene March ( Slovene : Slovenska marka or Slovenska krajina ). The name Windic is derived from Wends ( German : Wenden ), the name for Western Slavs settling in the Germania Slavica contact zone. The medieval German term Windisch referred to the Slovene language , but also to Slavic languages in general. It has the same etymology as Wendische ,

1577-576: Is present in the high mountain regions. There is a strong interaction between these three climatic systems across most of the country. Precipitation , often coming from the Gulf of Genoa , varies across the country as well, with over 3,500 mm (138 in) in some western regions and dropping down to 800 mm (31 in) in Prekmurje . Snow is quite frequent in winter and the record snow cover in Ljubljana

1660-909: The Alps , the Dinarides , the Pannonian Plain , and the Mediterranean Sea. Although on the shore of the Adriatic Sea near the Mediterranean Sea, most of Slovenia is in the Black Sea drainage basin . The Alps—including the Julian Alps , the Kamnik-Savinja Alps and the Karawank chain, as well as the Pohorje massif—dominate Northern Slovenia along its long border with Austria . Slovenia's Adriatic coastline stretches approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi) from Italy to Croatia. The term " Karst topography " refers to that of southwestern Slovenia's Karst Plateau ,

1743-704: The Baltic Sea to the Adriatic . After 1282, despite King Rudolf I's grant to his sons, Carniola and the Windic march were united under the control of the Meinhardiner duke Meinhard of Carinthia . During this period, the entity became known as the County in the March and Möttlig ( Metlika ). After 1374, the Windic March fell to the House of Habsburg . The Habsburgs however soon pawned it to

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1826-929: The Carolingian Empire , the Holy Roman Empire , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Republic of Venice , the Illyrian Provinces of Napoleon's First French Empire and the Habsburg Empire . In October 1918, the Slovenes co-founded the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs . In December 1918, they merged with the Kingdom of Montenegro and the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . During World War II , Germany , Italy , and Hungary occupied and annexed Slovenia, with

1909-467: The Counts of Cilli who remained the de facto rulers of the territory until their extinction in 1456. The Habsburgs retook the Windic March together with all other Cilli possessions in the Holy Roman Empire. They immediately reunited it with Carniola, and the Windic March thus ceased to be a separate political entity. The head of the House of Habsburg continued carrying the title of "Lord on the Windic March" in

1992-847: The Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt wrought havoc throughout the wider region. Such uprisings, which often met with bloody defeats, continued throughout the 17th century. After the dissolution of the Republic of Venice in 1797 , the Venetian Slovenia was passed to the Austrian Empire. The Slovene Lands were part of the French-administered Illyrian Provinces established by Napoleon, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary . Slovenes inhabited most of Carniola ,

2075-734: The European Commission , and seven Slovene parliamentarians were elected to the European Parliament at elections on 13 June 2004. In 2004 Slovenia also joined NATO . Slovenia subsequently succeeded in meeting the Maastricht criteria and joined the Eurozone (the first transition country to do so) on 1 January 2007. It was the first post-Communist country to hold the Presidency of the Council of

2158-619: The First World War , the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs took power in Zagreb on 6 October 1918. On 29 October, independence was declared by a national gathering in Ljubljana, and by the Croatian parliament, declaring the establishment of the new State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs . On 1 December 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs merged with Serbia , becoming part of

2241-812: The Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel , the oldest wooden wheel in the world. It shows that wooden wheels appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe. In the transition period between the Bronze Age to the Iron Age , the Urnfield culture flourished. Archaeological remains dating from the Hallstatt period have been found, particularly in southeastern Slovenia, among them a number of situlas in Novo Mesto ,

2324-419: The Mura and Rába rivers was part of the Kingdom of Hungary . Most of this area was included in Vas County , while a smaller portion to the southeast (the areas between Lendava and Beltinci ) belonged to Zala County . In the 12th century, the bishop of Győr founded a Slovene deanery district in his bishopric, under the name Tótság . The name came from the Hungarian term Tót , which meant ' Slav '. In

2407-517: The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , and other associations in the global community. The name Slovenia etymologically means 'land of the Slavs '. The origin of the name Slav itself remains uncertain. The suffix -en forms a demonym . Present-day Slovenia has been inhabited since prehistoric times. There is evidence of human habitation from around 250,000 years ago. A pierced cave bear bone , dating from 43100 ± 700 BP , found in 1995 in Divje Babe cave near Cerkno ,

2490-423: The Patriarch of Aquileia . From 1127 to 1131 the margravial territory was further expanded in several campaigns by the Counts of Weichselburg (or Weichselberg, modern Višnja Gora ) against Croatia in the union with Hungary . Backed by the Archbishop of Salzburg , they conquered the territory around Metlika up to the Kolpa River in the southeast, the later White Carniola ( Bela krajina ) region. Until 1209

2573-516: The Prekmurje region, perished in 1944 in the holocaust of Hungarian Jews . The German-speaking minority, amounting to 2.5% of the Slovenian population prior to the war, was either expelled or killed in the aftermath of the war. Hundreds of Istrian Italians and Slovenes that opposed communism were killed in the foibe massacres , and more than 25,000 fled or were expelled from Slovenian Istria . Around 130,000 persons, mostly political and military opponents, were executed in May and June 1945. During

Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-466: The Province of Ljubljana , the Slovenian National Liberation Front was organized in April 1941. Led by the Communist Party, it formed the Slovene Partisan units as part of the Yugoslav Partisans led by the Communist leader Josip Broz Tito . After the resistance started in summer 1941, Italian violence against the Slovene civilian population escalated. The Italian authorities deported some 25,000 people to concentration camps , which equaled 7.5% of

2739-407: The grand title of the Emperor of Austria . 45°48′7.2″N 14°49′53.55″E  /  45.802000°N 14.8315417°E  / 45.802000; 14.8315417 Slovenia – in Europe  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green) Slovenia officially the Republic of Slovenia is a country in Central Europe . It borders Italy to

2822-438: The local Slovene dialect , the ecclesiastical administrative unit became known as the Szlovenszka okroglina 'Slovene District'. In 1778, this area was transferred to the newly created Bishopric of Szombathely , and the first bishop, János Szily , created a district called Vendvidék 'Wendic March', from the Hungarian term Vend for the local Slovenes. Roman Catholic priests of the region called it Slovenska krajina , from

2905-429: The " Town of Situlas ". The area that is present-day Slovenia was in Roman times shared between Venetia et Histria (region X of Roman Italia in the classification of Augustus ) and the provinces Pannonia and Noricum . The Romans established posts at Emona (Ljubljana), Poetovio (Ptuj), and Celeia (Celje); and constructed trade and military roads that ran across Slovene territory from Italy to Pannonia. In

2988-419: The "Apostle of Carantanians". This process, together with the Christianization of the Bavarians , was later described in the memorandum known as the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum , which is thought to have overemphasized the role of the Church of Salzburg in the Christianization process over similar efforts of the Patriarchate of Aquileia . In the mid-8th century, Carantania became a vassal duchy under

3071-428: The 1920s, followed by a relatively successful economic adjustment to the 1929 economic crisis and Great Depression . Following a plebiscite in October 1920, the Slovene-speaking southern Carinthia was ceded to Austria . With the Treaty of Trianon , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was awarded the mostly Slovene-inhabited Prekmurje region, formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Slovenes living in territories that fell under

3154-514: The 1970s more airlines were created including Slovenian Adria Airways mostly focused in the growing tourist industry. Until the 1980s, Slovenia enjoyed relatively broad autonomy within the federation. It was the most liberal communist state in Europe, and the passport of the Yugoslavia Federation allowed Yugoslavians to travel to the most world countries of any socialist country during the Cold War. Many people worked in western countries, which reduced unemployment in their home country. Opposition to

3237-408: The 5th and 6th centuries, the area was subject to invasions by the Huns and Germanic tribes during their incursions into Italy. A part of the inner state was protected with a defensive line of towers and walls called Claustra Alpium Iuliarum . A crucial battle between Theodosius I and Eugenius took place in the Vipava Valley in 394. The Slavic tribes migrated to the Alpine area after

3320-416: The Communist party were persecuted and thousands were sent to Goli otok . The late 1950s saw a policy of liberalization in the cultural sphere as well, and unlimited border crossing into western countries was allowed, both for Yugoslav citizens and for foreigners. In 1956, Josip Broz Tito , together with other leaders, founded the Non-Aligned Movement . In the 1950s, Slovenia's economy developed rapidly and

3403-508: The Counts of Weichselburg held extended possessions in the Windic March. Through a marriage to the last heiress Sophia of Weichselburg, the Counts of Andechs , then at the peak of their power as Margraves of Istria and Dukes of Merania came to dominate the territory. It was part of the dowry of Agnes of Merania , daughter of Duke Otto I of Andechs-Merania , upon her marriage with the Frederick II of Babenberg , son of Duke Leopold VI of Austria , in 1229. Frederick II thereafter called himself

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3486-414: The European Union , for the first six months of 2008. On 21 July 2010, it became a member of the OECD. The disillusionment with domestic socio-economic elites at municipal and national levels was expressed at the 2012–2013 Slovenian protests on a wider scale than in the smaller 15 October 2011 protests . In relation to the leading politicians' response to allegations made by the official Commission for

3569-409: The Frankish feudal system reached the Slovene territory. After the victory of Emperor Otto I over the Magyars in 955, Slovene territory was divided into a number of border regions of the Holy Roman Empire . Carantania was elevated into the Duchy of Carinthia in 976. By the 11th century, the Germanization of what is now Lower Austria , effectively isolated the Slovene-inhabited territory from

3652-444: The Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia , legal experts expressed the need for changes in the system that would limit political arbitrariness . Slovenia is in Southern Europe touching the east Alps and bordering the Mediterranean Sea . This locates Slovenia within the Mediterranean basin. It lies between latitudes 45° and 47° N , and longitudes 13° and 17° E . The 15th meridian east almost corresponds to

3735-455: The Slovene refugees in Italian camps were treated as state enemies, and several thousand died of malnutrition and diseases between 1915 and 1918. Entire areas of the Slovene Littoral were destroyed. The Treaty of Rapallo of 1920 left approximately 327,000 out of the total population of 1.3 million Slovenes in Italy. After the fascists took power in Italy, they were subjected to a policy of violent Fascist Italianization . This caused

3818-459: The Slovenian Assembly changed the official name of the state to the "Republic of Slovenia". In April 1990, the first democratic election in Slovenia took place, and the united opposition movement DEMOS led by Jože Pučnik emerged victorious. The initial revolutionary events in Slovenia pre-dated the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe by almost a year, but went largely unnoticed by international observers. On 23 December 1990, more than 88% of

3901-456: The Slovenian Littoral, incorporating them into what was known as the Operation Zone of Adriatic Coastal Region . They united the Slovene anti-Communist counter-insurgence into the Slovene Home Guard and appointed a puppet regime in the Province of Ljubljana. The anti-Nazi resistance however expanded, creating its own administrative structures as the basis for Slovene statehood within a new, federal and socialist Yugoslavia. In 1945, Yugoslavia

3984-440: The US , but also to South America (the main part to Argentina ), Germany, Egypt , and to larger cities in Austria-Hungary, especially Vienna and Graz . Despite this emigration, the population of Slovenia increased significantly. Literacy was exceptionally high, at 80–90%. The 19th century also saw a revival of culture in Slovene , accompanied by a Romantic nationalist quest for cultural and political autonomy. The idea of

4067-412: The Windic March ( Marca Vinedorum ) of Duke Valuk ( Wallucus Dux ), located in the Eastern Alps , in 631. The territory of the Windic march was contained within the larger March of Carniola in Carolingian times, but under King Otto I of Germany from about 960 on it was separated from Upper Carniola ( Gorenjska ) and integrated into the March of Savinja (or Soune ). In 976 it was attached to

4150-408: The activist Vilmos Tkálecz . After less than two weeks, the tiny Republic was invaded by the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes that occupied the entire Prekmurje . With the Treaty of Trianon of June 1920, almost the totality of the area was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. After 1919, the name Slovene March fell into disuse. In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , it

4233-517: The ancestors of the Slovenes located in present-day Carinthia formed the independent duchy of Carantania , and Carniola , later duchy Carniola. Other parts of present-day Slovenia were again ruled by Avars before Charlemagne 's victory over them in 803. The Carantanians , one of the ancestral groups of the modern Slovenes, particularly the Carinthian Slovenes , were the first Slavic people to accept Christianity . They were mostly Christianized by Irish missionaries, among them Modestus , known as

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4316-462: The breakdown of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Slovene politicians in Prekmurje were confronted with the choice between continuing to be part of the newly established Hungarian Democratic Republic , seek for an autonomous entity, establish an independent state (Republic of the Slovene March), or join the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ( Yugoslavia ). The Hungarian republican leaders Mihály Károlyi and Oszkár Jászi were inclined to give

4399-518: The country in a few weeks. The southern part, including Ljubljana , was annexed to Italy, while the Nazis took over the northern and eastern parts of the country. The Nazis had a plan of ethnic cleansing of these areas, and they resettled or expelled the local Slovene civilian population to the puppet states of Nedić's Serbia (7,500) and NDH (10,000). In addition, some 46,000 Slovenes were expelled to Germany, including children who were separated from their parents and allocated to German families. At

4482-440: The electorate voted for a sovereign and independent Slovenia. On 25 June 1991, Slovenia became independent. On 27 June in the early morning, the Yugoslav People's Army dispatched its forces to prevent further measures for the establishment of a new country, which led to the Ten-Day War . On 7 July, the Brijuni Agreement was signed, implementing a truce and a three-month halt of the enforcement of Slovenia's independence. At

4565-454: The end of the month, the last soldiers of the Yugoslav Army left Slovenia. In December 1991, a new constitution was adopted, followed in 1992 by the laws on denationalisation and privatisation . The members of the European Union recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 15 January 1992, and the United Nations accepted it as a member on 22 May 1992. Slovenia joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. Slovenia has one Commissioner in

4648-401: The failure of forced collectivisation that was attempted from 1949 to 1953, a policy of gradual economic liberalisation, known as workers self-management , was introduced under the advice and supervision of the Slovene Marxist theoretician and Communist leader Edvard Kardelj , the main ideologue of the Titoist path to socialism. Suspected opponents of this policy both from within and outside

4731-535: The historic German term for the Sorbian -speaking population in Lusatia . In the 6th and 7th century the term was used by Bavarian settlers to refer to the Slavic population in the East Alpine principality of Carantania . The medieval geographic term windisches Land referred also to the region of Slavonia . In this usage, March is defined as a frontier or border area between two countries or territories. The Chronicle of Fredegar mentions "Sclavos coinomento Winedorum" in 623. Samo 's tribal union included

4814-425: The largest of which is Triglav National Park . There are 286 Natura 2000 designated protected areas, which include 36% of the country's land area, the largest percentage among European Union states. Additionally, according to Yale University 's Environmental Performance Index , Slovenia is considered a "strong performer" in environmental protection efforts. Slovenia is located in temperate latitudes. The climate

4897-443: The mass emigration of Slovenes, especially the middle class, from the Slovene Littoral and Trieste to Yugoslavia and South America. Those who remained organized several connected networks of both passive and armed resistance. The best known was the militant anti-fascist organization TIGR , formed in 1927 to fight Fascist oppression of the Slovene and Croat populations in the Julian March . The Slovene People's Party launched

4980-433: The middle line of the country in the direction west–east. The Geometric Centre of the Republic of Slovenia is located at coordinates 46°07'11.8" N and 14°48'55.2" E. It lies in Slivna in the Municipality of Litija . Slovenia's highest peak is Triglav (2,864 m or 9,396 ft); the country's average height above sea level is 557 m (1,827 ft). Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia:

5063-399: The name of the local Slavic people, which in their local dialect , as in all Slovene dialects , is Slovenci or Slovénge . In the late 19th century, the Hungarian authorities followed an assimilatory policy towards the minorities, pushing the Catholic majority of Slovenes, and their leaders József Borovnyák and Ferenc Ivanóczy , to aspire for autonomy of the Slovene March. In 1918, with

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5146-523: The new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes ; in 1929 it was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The main territory of Slovenia, being the most industrialized and westernized compared to other less developed parts of Yugoslavia, became the main centre of industrial production: Compared to Serbia, for example, Slovenian industrial production was four times greater; and it was 22 times greater than in North Macedonia . The interwar period brought further industrialization in Slovenia, with rapid economic growth in

5229-408: The newly founded Duchy of Carinthia . After Margrave William of Soune had been killed by the deposed Carinthian duke Adalbero in 1036, the Windic march was separated from Carinthia and reattached to the newly established March of Carniola, which was thereafter sometimes called "Carniola and the Windic March". In 1077 King Henry IV of Germany put Carniola and the Windic March under the direction of

5312-454: The other western Slavs , speeding up the development of the Slavs of Carantania and of Carniola into an independent Carantanian/Carniolans/Slovene ethnic group. By the High Middle Ages , the historic provinces of Carniola, Styria , Carinthia , Gorizia , Trieste , and Istria developed from the border regions and were incorporated into the medieval Holy Roman Empire . The consolidation and formation of these historical lands took place in

5395-485: The other component parts of the Habsburg monarchy , Carinthia and Carniola remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for a long time. The counts of Celje , a feudal family from this area who in 1436 acquired the title of state princes, were Habsburgs ' powerful competitors for some time. This large dynasty, important at a European political level, had its seat in Slovene territory but died out in 1456. Its numerous large estates subsequently became

5478-414: The past. Additionally, a network of seismic stations is active throughout the country. Many parts of Slovenia have a carbonate bedrock and extensive cave systems have developed. The first regionalisations of Slovenia were made by geographers Anton Melik (1935–1936) and Svetozar Ilešič (1968). The newer regionalisation by Ivan Gams divided Slovenia in the following macroregions: According to

5561-413: The population of their occupation zone. The most infamous ones were Rab and Gonars . To counter the Communist-led insurgence, the Italians sponsored local anti-guerrilla units, formed mostly by the local conservative Catholic Slovene population that resented the revolutionary violence of the partisans. After the Italian armistice of September 1943, the Germans took over both the Province of Ljubljana and

5644-431: The property of the Habsburgs, who retained control of the area right up until the beginning of the 20th century. Patria del Friuli ruled present western Slovenia until Venetian takeover in 1420. At the end of the Middle Ages, the Slovene Lands suffered a serious economic and demographic setback because of the Turkish raids . In 1515, a peasant revolt spread across nearly the whole Slovene territory. In 1572 and 1573

5727-411: The proposed entity would be Slovene March (Slovenska krajina). On 19 January 1918, a convention was assembled in Beltinci , which proposed that the Slovene March became an authonom territory in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia . Some Slovene politicians, such as Mihael Kuhar , Joško Godina , Ivan Jerič and the great Slovene politician Anton Korošec also felt that the idea of an independent Slovene March

5810-482: The re-establishment of Yugoslavia in World War II, the first Slovenian republic, Federal Slovenia , was created and it became part of Federal Yugoslavia . It was a socialist state , but because of the Tito–Stalin split in 1948, economic and personal freedoms were much broader than in the Eastern Bloc countries. In 1947, the Slovene Littoral and the western half of Inner Carniola , which had been annexed by Italy after World War One, were annexed to Slovenia. After

5893-426: The regime was mostly limited to intellectual and literary circles and became especially vocal after Tito's death in 1980 when the economic and political situation in Yugoslavia became very strained. Political disputes around economic measures were echoed in the public sentiment, as many Slovenians felt they were being economically exploited, having to sustain an expensive and inefficient federal administration. In 1987

5976-786: The rule of the Bavarians , who began spreading Christianity . Three decades later, the Carantanians were incorporated, together with the Bavarians, into the Carolingian Empire . During the same period Carniola , too, came under the Franks, and was Christianised from Aquileia . Following the anti-Frankish rebellion of Liudewit at the beginning of the 9th century, the Franks removed the Carantanian princes, replacing them with their own border dukes. Consequently,

6059-630: The rule of the neighboring states—Italy, Austria, and Hungary—were subjected to assimilation . Slovenia was the only present-day European nation that was trisected and completely annexed into both Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during World War II. In addition, the Prekmurje region in the east was annexed to Hungary, and some villages in the Lower Sava Valley were incorporated in the newly created Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941 and defeated

6142-679: The same time, the ethnic Germans in the Gottschee enclave in the Italian annexation zone were resettled to the Nazi-controlled areas cleansed of their Slovene population. Around 30,000 to 40,000 Slovene men were drafted to the German Army and sent to the Eastern front. Slovene was banned from education, and its use in public life was limited. In south-central Slovenia, annexed by Fascist Italy and renamed

6225-518: The southern part of the duchies of Carinthia and Styria , the northern and eastern areas of the Austrian Littoral , as well as Prekmurje in the Kingdom of Hungary . Industrialization was accompanied by construction of railroads to link cities and markets, but the urbanization was limited. Due to limited opportunities, between 1880 and 1910 there was extensive emigration; around 300,000 Slovenes (1 in 6) emigrated to other countries, mostly to

6308-635: The twelve Battles of the Isonzo , which took place in present-day Slovenia's western border area with Italy. Hundreds of thousands of Slovene conscripts were drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , and over 30,000 of them died. Hundreds of thousands of Slovenes from Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca were resettled in refugee camps in Italy and Austria. While the refugees in Austria received decent treatment,

6391-469: The west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and a short coastline within the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, which is part of the Mediterranean sea . Slovenia is mostly mountainous and forested, covers 20,271 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi), and has a population of approximately 2.1 million. Slovene is the official language. Slovenia has

6474-562: The westward departure of the Lombards (the last Germanic tribe) in 568, and, under pressure from Avars , established a Slavic settlement in the Eastern Alps . From 623 to 624 or possibly 626 onwards, King Samo united the Alpine and Western Slavs against the Avars and Germanic peoples and established what is referred to as Samo's Kingdom. After its disintegration following Samo's death in 658 or 659,

6557-505: Was gradually replaced by the name Prekmurje , although most of the local elites preferred the old name Slovene March. The name however made little sense in the changed circumstances, since the region was not any more a Slovene-speaking peripheral area of Hungary, but was considered part of Slovenia . During the 1920s, the name Slovene March was thus replaced by 'March of the Mura' (Slovene: Murska krajina ; Prekmurje dialect: Mörska krajina ), which

6640-555: Was liberated by the partisan resistance and soon became a socialist federation known as the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The first Slovenian republic , named Federal Slovenia , was a constituent republic of the Yugoslavian federation, led by its own pro-Communist leadership. Approximately 8% of the Slovene population died during World War II . The small Jewish community, mostly in

6723-562: Was possible. But Klekl disagreed and pushed for the inclusion of the Slovene March into Slovenia , which was then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . Initially, the area was assigned to Hungary, but with the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution of 1919 , the situation changed dramatically. After a short interim of the Hungarian Soviet Republic , the Republic of Prekmurje was proclaimed in late May 1919 by

6806-512: Was strongly industrialized. With further economic decentralization of Yugoslavia in 1965–66, Slovenia's domestic product was 2.5 times the average of Yugoslav republics. While a Communist country, after the Tito–Stalin split Yugoslavia initiated a period of military neutrality and non-alignment. JAT Yugoslav Airlines was the flag carrier and during its existence it grew to become one of the leading airlines in Europe both by fleet and destinations. By

6889-553: Was used together with the denomination Prekmurje (literally 'the region over the Mura' or 'Trans-Mura'). After World War Two, this latter name prevailed, and all the others fell in disuse. Windic March The Windic March ( German : Windische Mark ; also known as Wendish March ) was a medieval frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire , roughly corresponding to the Lower Carniola ( Slovene : Dolenjska ) region in present-day Slovenia . In Slovenian historiography, it

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