Veit Stoss ( German: [faɪt ˈʃtoːs] , also spelled Stoß and Stuoss ; Polish : Wit Stwosz ; Latin : Vitus Stoss ; before 1450 – about 20 September 1533) was a leading German sculptor, mostly working with wood, whose career covered the transition between the late Gothic and the Northern Renaissance . His style emphasized pathos and emotion, helped by his virtuoso carving of billowing drapery; it has been called "late Gothic Baroque ". He had a large workshop, and in addition to his own works there are a number by pupils. He is best known for the altarpiece in St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków , Poland .
47-567: According to the contracts and other official documents written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Stoss was born in a place pronounced as Horb or Horbn. Most researchers identify this place with Horb am Neckar near Stuttgart in Germany. However, there are artistic traces indicating that Stoss's early education could have taken place in the modern Switzerland. Moreover, his brother was certainly born in Aarau in northern Switzerland, which suggests that
94-504: A Jurassic limestone found in the North Tyrol and used as a building stone throughout western Austria. The bronze relief frieze of trophies includes vases, suits of armor, weapons, shields, musical instruments, etc., and above that two rows of white marble reliefs. The 24 reliefs were created by the artist Alexander Colin , based on woodcuts from The Triumphal Arch ( Ehrenpforte ) by Albrecht Dürer , with four stone bas-reliefs each on
141-692: A major district town ( Große Kreisstadt ); the request was granted, effective as of 1 January 1981. In the Middle Ages, Horb am Neckar was part of the Diocese of Constance , under the local supervision of the Archdiaconate "Vor dem Walde", based in Dornstetten . When the Protestant Reformation came to Germany, Horb was still a part of Further Austria, and thus remained overwhelmingly Catholic along with
188-585: A number of artists including Christian Amberger, Albrecht Dürer , Jörg Kölderer, Jörg Polhamer the elder, Gilg Sesselschreiber, Ulrich Tiefenbrunn, and sculptors Peter Vischer the Elder , Hans Leinberger , G. Löffler, Leonhart Magt, and Veit Stoß . Three of the statues are based on designs by Dürer. According to David Gass, executive at the Jupistarchive, the inclusion of the King Arthur and Godfrey of Bouillon statues
235-647: A presence in the town include the manufacturers Fischer and LEUCO. Most of Horb's industrial facilities are located in the constituent communities of Heiligenfeld or Hohenberg. Local daily newspapers include the "Neckar-Chronik" edition of Südwest Presse , based in Ulm , and a Horb edition of the Schwarzwälder Bote, based in Oberndorf am Neckar . The local governing body is a town council ( Gemeinderat ) consisting of 32 members, with elections held every five years. Since
282-461: A sculptor. Between 1500 and 1503 he carved an altar, now lost, for the parish church of Schwaz , Tyrol of the " Assumption of Mary ". In 1503, he was arrested for forging the seal and signature of a fraudulent contractor and was sentenced to be branded on both of his cheeks and prohibited from leaving Nuremberg without the explicit permission of the city council. He was pardoned in 1506 by Emperor Maximilian and his civil rights reinstated. Despite
329-542: A year it was made into an administrative center, Oberamt Horb . Its borders had changed several times in the following years, and in 1938 it was reorganized as a rural district, Landkreis Horb . Current constituent communities Betra, Dettensee, Dettingen, Dettlingen and Dießen had belonged to the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen since 1803, where they were organized under Oberamt Hechingen (and from 1838 to 1854, Oberamt Haigerloch ). In 1925, Oberamt Hechingen
376-1175: Is part of the Sulz am Neckar district within the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg , and includes members of the Protestant churches in Horb itself, in Altheim, Isenburg, Grünmettstetten, Nordstetten and Bildechingen, as well as in the neighboring municipality of Eutingen im Gäu. Another Protestant community based in Dettingen includes Protestants in Betra, Dießen, Ihlingen, and Rexingen along with neighboring Fischingen and Glatt; yet another one based in Mühlen includes those in Ahldorf, Dettensee, and Mühringen. Protestants in Talheim (formerly Obertalheim and Unterteilheim) belong to
423-572: The Archdiocese of Freiburg (Deanery of Zollern) since 1827, due to those communities' former inclusion in the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. In the 19th century, Protestants (Lutheran) also settled in Horb. In 1866, they were able to establish their first congregation there, and some time later build their own place of worship, the Johanneskirche (St. John's). The community based in Horb
470-503: The Black Forest at the Neckar. The well-preserved old town, with an ancient castle and castle gardens and a typical market place where the town hall is still located, lies on a ridge overlooking the Neckar. The modern town and its outskirts stretch up the valleys of both rivers. In addition to the main town of Horb, the municipality includes a number of communities which are recognised within
517-557: The plague sore in his thigh. Even Giorgio Vasari , who did not think much of artists north of the Alps, praised it in his Le Vite and called it "a miracle in wood", though misattributing it. Veit Stoss was buried at St. Johannis cemetery in Nuremberg. His artistic legacy was continued by his son Stanisław. Veit Stoss is featured in Judith Weir 's opera , The Black Spider . He is one of
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#1732855839412564-753: The German branch of the Assemblies of God . There is also congregation of the New Apostolic Church in Horb, belonging to church's Tübingen apostolic region. Horb and its constituent communities were once home to several Jewish communities, but during the Nazi era these communities suffered from forced mass emigration and deportation. Jewish communities could be found in Rexingen, Nordstetten and neighboring Baisingen, among others. Until 1911, Horb's Jewish communities were part of
611-686: The Habsburg patron saints. They were designed by court painter Jörg Köldere around 1514/15, and carved into wood and then wax by Leonhard Magt. The church also once contained a number of busts of Roman emperors; 20 are now displayed in Schloß Ambras and one is in the Bavarian National Museum in Munich . Andreas Hofer , Tirol 's national hero, is also buried within the church. Sculptor Johann Nepomuk Schaller made his statue; Josef Klieber created
658-694: The Heiterback-Talheim community in the Nagold district, and those in Bittelbronn and Dettlingen belong to the Shopfloch community in the Freudenstadt district. Aside from Germany's two major Christian denominations, there are also communities considered " free churches ", including a Pentecostal congregation associated with Germany's Federation of Pentecostal Churches ( Bund Freikirchlicher Pfingstgemeinden , BFD),
705-711: The Hofkirche serves as a cenotaph. The Hofkirche is located at Universitätsstraße 2, adjacent to the Hofburg in the Altstadt section of Innsbruck. The church was designed by architect Andrea Crivelli of Trento in the traditional German form of a hall church , consisting of three naves with a setback three-sided choir, round and pointed arch windows, and a steep broken hip roof . Its layered buttresses reflect compromise of contemporary Renaissance design with German late Gothic style. Stonemasons Hieronymus de Longhi and Anton de Bol carved
752-500: The Mühringen rabbinical district. The coat of arms of Horb am Neckar consists of a shield divided horizontally, the top half silver and the bottom half red. In the 13th century, the counts palatine of Tübingen established Horb as a town, incorporating the existing settlement along the Neckar. The oldest surviving town seal dates from 1261 and depicts the arms and banner of the counts palatine; an additional town seal from 1301 also depicts
799-480: The Prague imperial court, supplied a full-sized draft of the high tomb in the florid style of court Mannerism . Its construction took more than 80 years. The sarcophagus itself was completed in 1572, and the final embellishments—the kneeling emperor, the four virtues, and the iron grille—were added in 1584. Trento mason Hieronymus Longi directed construction of the tomb proper. The base of the tomb consists of Hagau marble,
846-489: The Viennese court architect Nikolaus Pacassi , and decorated with a crucifixion by the Viennese academic painter Johann Carl Auerbach, and bronze statues of Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Teresa of Ávila by Innsbruck court sculptor Balthasar Moll (1768). The Renaissance organ (1560) is by Jörg Ebert of Ravensburg , and described locally as one of the five most famous organs in the world. Domenico Pozzo from Milan painted
893-571: The altar for Bamberg Cathedral and various other sculptures in Nuremberg, including the Annunciation and Tobias and the Angel . In 1506 he was arrested a second time. In 1507, Emperor Maximilian wrote a letter of pardon. The sole argument was made on the account of his genius. The council of the Imperial free city Nuremberg refused to give him a public notice. But Maximilian's intervention saved him from
940-672: The arms of the Tübingen family. In 1305 Horb was acquired via marriage by the counts of Hohenberg , and ever since the town has borne the Hohenberg arms. The oldest town seal bearing these arms comes from 1308. Tourism plays a major role in the economy of Horb am Neckar, with numerous local projects and organizations in place to promote the town's various cultural events and attractions, which typically include concerts, Kabaretts , and theatrical performances. The annual Renaissance fair "Maximilian-Ritterspiele" ("Maximilian jousting"), taking place in
987-466: The artist's family lived in the region and that Stoss was rather born in the town of Horben, located 30 km southeast of Aarau His exact date of birth is unknown though it must have been shortly before 1450. Nothing about his life is known for certain before 1473 when he moved to Nuremberg in Franconia and married Barbara Hertz. Their eldest son Andreas was born there before 1477, when Stoss moved to Kraków,
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#17328558394121034-443: The city itself, was transferred to Freudenstadt, itself now part of the newly created Northern Black Forest Region in the recently expanded Regierungsbezirk of Karlsruhe. This is how a town that once belonged to Württemberg came to be administered from the former capital of Baden . In 1979, Horb exceeded 20,000 residents for the first time, thus allowing the town to petition the state government of Baden-Württemberg to be made into
1081-500: The dungeons and having his hands chopped off. He was able to resettle in Nuremberg from 1506, but was shunned by the council and received few large commissions from that time onwards. In 1512, the Emperor asked Stoss to help with the planning of his tomb monument, which was eventually placed in the Hofkirche , Innsbruck ; it seems Stoss's attempts to cast in brass were unsuccessful. During
1128-715: The east: Eutingen im Gäu ( Landkreis Freudenstadt), Starzach (in Landkreis Tübingen ), Haigerloch ( Zollernalbkreis ), Empfingen (Landkreis Freudenstadt ), Sulz am Neckar ( Landkreis Rottweil ), Glatten , Schopfloch and Waldachtal (all in Landkreis Freudenstadt), and finally Haiterbach and Nagold , both in Landkreis Calw ). Horb was first documented as horv or horva , meaning "swamp" in Old High German , in 1090. But since Old High German
1175-468: The fine Renaissance portal. The church interior contains galleries, high slender colonnettes of red marble with white stylized Corinthian capitals , and a lectern. The gallery's original ribs made from sandstone from Mittenwald have been preserved, but after the main vault was damaged by earthquake in the 17th century, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style. The high altar seen today was designed in 1755 by
1222-461: The first references to a mayor ( Schultheiß ) and a market are to be found in 1244 and 1277, respectively. Until 1305, Horb belonged to the counts palatine of Tübingen , and later to the counts of Hohenberg . In 1381, Horb came into the possession of Austria ( Further Austria ) and served as an administrative seat for the local Vogt . Later, in 1806, Horb became part of the Kingdom of Württemberg , and
1269-528: The local court ( Amtsgericht ), which is positioned under the Rottweil regional court ( Landgericht ), itself under the umbrella of Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart , one of two supraregional courts in Baden-Württemberg (See Judiciary of Germany ). The town also has a notary 's office, as well as a satellite office of the Freudenstadt regional court. The customs office ( Zollamt ) in Horb is subordinate office to
1316-528: The main customs office in Karlsruhe. Horb am Neckar is twinned with: Hofkirche, Innsbruck The Hofkirche (Court Church) is a Gothic church located in the Altstadt (Old Town) section of Innsbruck , Austria. The church was built in 1553 by Emperor Ferdinand I (1503–1564) as a memorial to his grandfather Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519), whose cenotaph within boasts a remarkable collection of German Renaissance sculpture. The church also contains
1363-399: The middle of June draws crowds from all over the region, and Horb's "Mini Rock Festival" hosts several thousand attendees each year and features musical acts from all over the world. Since 2005, the festival has been primarily organised and staffed by teenage volunteers. The largest employer in town is the engineering firm Bosch Rexroth , which operates a plant in Horb. Other businesses with
1410-408: The most recent elections in 2014, CDU holds 12 seats on the council, FDP holds 9, and SDP 5, with the remaining seats split Greens , Republicans , and independents. The mayor (since 1981, Oberbürgermeister ) is directly elected every eight years. The current officeholder, Peter Rosenberger (CDU) was elected in 2009 with 98.45% of the vote (no opponent). List of mayors: Horb is also seat of
1457-772: The order of Hans Frank – the Governor-General of that region of occupied Poland – the dismantled Altar was shipped to Nazi Germany around 1941. It was rediscovered in 1945 in Bavaria , hidden in the basement of the heavily bombed Nuremberg Castle . The High Altar underwent major restoration work in Poland and was put back in its place at the Basilica ten years later. In 1496, Stoss returned to Nuremberg with his wife and eight children. He reacquired his citizenship for three gulden and resumed his work there as
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1504-470: The organ panels. A side chapel, called the Silver Chapel ( Silberne Kapell ), was consecrated in 1578. It contains a silver altar to Mary incorporating three elephant tusks and three hundred kilos of ebony, and the tombs of Archduke Ferdinand II and his wife Philippine Welser —both by Alexander Colyn . Emperor Maximilian's ornate black marble cenotaph occupies the center of the nave. Florian Abel , of
1551-594: The period 1515–1520, Veit Stoss received a commission for sculptures by Raffaele Torrigiani , a rich Florentine merchant. In 1516 he made Tobias and the Angel (now in Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg), and a statue of Saint Roch for the Basilica of Santissima Annunziata in Florence. This wooden statue represents the saint in a traditional way: in the garb of a pilgrim, lifting his tunic to demonstrate
1598-408: The prohibition he went to Münnerstadt in 1504, to paint and gild the altarpiece that Tilman Riemenschneider had left in plain wood ten years earlier, presumably according to his contract (unlike Stoss, his workshop did not include painters and gilders). Leaving wood sculpture unpainted was a new taste at the time, and "perhaps the tastes of the city council were somewhat provincial." He also created
1645-697: The rest of Austria. Upon its transfer to the Kingdom of Württemberg, the territory was assigned to the Diocese of Rottenburg (today, Rottenburg-Stuttgart ) and made the seat of a deanery . In 1976 it was merged with the Deanery of Freudenstadt to form a new deanery, still named for Freudenstadt but based in Horb; it contains nearly all of the Catholic parishes in the mostly Protestant Landkreis Freudenstadt. Today there are two pastoral units (German Seelsorgeeinheiten ) operating in
1692-471: The royal capital of Poland, where he was commissioned to produce the enormous polychrome wooden Altar of Veit Stoss (Ołtarz Wita Stwosza) at St Mary's Church in Kraków. His son Stanisław who was born in Kraków the next year was also a sculptor. Veit lived and worked in Kraków for almost twenty years, from 1477–1496. His name is usually polonized as Wit Stwosz. The altar in Kraków was completed in 1489, and
1739-687: The singing sculptors in Act 3 Scene 2 inside the Wawel Cathedral . He is shown chiseling at the tomb of King Casimir IV . There is a Polish book (1913) and film (1961) Historia żółtej ciżemki ( The story of a yellow crakow ) about Veit Stoss in Cracow. Horb am Neckar Horb am Neckar is a town in the southwest of the German state of Baden-Württemberg . It is located on the Neckar river, between Offenburg to
1786-627: The status of a Große Kreisstadt , serving as a mid-sized center within the Northern Black Forest Region of the Karlsruhe Administrative Region . It also belongs to the "Cooperative Zone" of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region . Horb am Neckar operates a combined administration with the neighbouring communities of Empfingen and Eutingen im Gäu . Horb lies on the eastern margin of the northern part of
1833-1138: The terms of the 1970s Baden-Württemberg local government reform, that is they have an elected council and council chairman. These are Ahldorf, Altheim, Betra, Bildechingen, Bittelbronn, Dettensee, Dettingen, Dettlingen, Dießen, Grünmettstetten, Ihlingen, Isenburg, Mühlen, Mühringen , Nordstetten, Rexingen and Talheim, the last of which is made up of the formerly independent communities of Obertalheim and Untertalheim. These are referred to formally (for example, in postal purposes) as Horb-Ahldorf, Horb-Altheim, etc. There are also other districts with distinct names, such as Hohenberg and Haugenstein, but no formally recognised boundaries, and numerous isolated hamlets with handfuls of inhabitants, such as Fronholzhof, Frundeckhof, Heidgrundhof, Hohenfichtehof, Markstallhof, Auchtert-Höfe, Breitenbaum-Höfe, Josefshof, Käppleshof, Kegelhof, Isenburger Höfe, Buchhöfe, Kreuzhöfe, Plattenhöfe, Ziegelhof, Heidehöfe, Kapellenhöfe, and Röteberg, not to mention even smaller settlements such as Neckarhausen or Priorberg. The following towns and communities border on Horb am Neckar, listing them in clockwise order starting in
1880-472: The territory of Horb am Neckar: Seelsorgeeinheit Steinachtal includes the parishes in Altheim, Grünmettstetten, Bittelbronn, Untertalheim and Obertalheim; Seelsorgeeinheit Horb includes parishes in Horb itself, Ihlingen and Isenburg, Bildechingen, Mühlen, Rexingen and Nordstetten, Ahldorf and Mühringen, along with Wiesenstetten, which belongs to the municipality of Empfingen. Parishes in Betra, Dettensee, Dettingen, Dettlingen and Dießen have actually belonged to
1927-622: The tomb of Andreas Hofer , Tyrol 's national hero. Although Maximilian's will had directed that he be buried in the castle chapel in Wiener Neustadt , it proved impractical to construct there the large memorial whose plans he had supervised in detail, and Ferdinand I as executor planned construction of a new church and monastery in Innsbruck for a suitable memorial. In the end, however, Maximilian's simple tomb remained in Wiener Neustadt and
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1974-650: The tomb's ends, and eight on its longer sides. They depict events from Maximilian's life as follows: The tomb is enclosed within a fine wrought iron grille created by Jörg Schmidhammer of the Prague court, based on a drawing by the Innsbruck painter Paul Trabel, and capped with statues of the four virtues and kneeling emperor cast in Mühlau from models by Alexander Colin. The cenotaph is surrounded by 28 large bronze statues (200–250 cm) of ancestors, relatives and heroes. Their creation took place between 1502 and 1555, and occupied
2021-496: The west (about 56 kilometres (35 mi) away) and Tübingen to the east (about 29 kilometres (18 mi) away). It has around 25,000 inhabitants, of whom about 6,000 live in the main town of Horb, and the remainder in 18 associated villages and districts which form part of the same municipality. If the entire municipality is counted, it is the largest town in the District of Freudenstadt . Since 1 January 1981 Horb am Neckar has had
2068-429: Was made into Landkreis Hechingen. Between 1971 and 1975, a total of 18 surrounding municipalities, including the above-mentioned communities from the District of Hechingen, were assigned to Landkreis Horb or its legal successor, Landkreis Freudenstadt . The districts of both Horb and Hechingen were dissolved as part of Baden-Württemberg's 1973 local government reforms, and the majority of Horb's territory, including
2115-408: Was nearly extinct at that time, it is assumed that Horb is even older than that. The swampy land along the Neckar forced the builders of the town to lay it out among the foothills of the mountain called Schütteberg. Today the townscape is characterised by the location of the whole historic city on top of a hill, making it visible from any direction. Horb was first documented as a town in 1228, and
2162-459: Was owing to Louis II's sister, Anna, the Queen of Bohemia's having married Ferdinand, Maximilian's grandson, and having brought her English heritage with her. Both men were said to have been her ancestors. The following list includes the statues (clockwise from the left of the altar), with the designer, sculptor, cast, and year of execution of each: The gallery contains 23 small statues (66–69 cm) of
2209-569: Was the largest triptych of its time. Like Stoss' other large works, it required a large workshop including specialized painters and gilders. Other important works from Stoss' period in Poland were the tomb of Casimir IV in Wawel Cathedral , the marble tomb of Zbigniew Oleśnicki in Gniezno , and the altar of Saint Stanislaus . The Polish court was more aware of Italian styles than Nuremberg patrons of that time, and some of Stoss' Polish work used Renaissance classical ornament. During World War II, on
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