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26-518: Valmiera Municipality covers an area of 2,948 square kilometres (1,138 sq mi). It is located in the northwestern part of the Vidzeme region in northern Latvia, on the border with Estonia . It borders Valka Municipality to the east, Smiltene Municipality to the southeast, Cēsis Municipality to the south, and Limbaži Municipality to the west. It also borders the Estonian counties of Pärnu to

52-644: A cedilla or a small comma placed below (or, in the case of the lowercase g , above). They are modified ( palatalized ) versions of G , K , L and N and represent the sounds [ ɟ ] , [ c ] , [ ʎ ] and [ ɲ ] respectively. In alphabetical sorting, the letters Č , Š , Ž , Ģ , Ķ , Ļ and Ņ are collated separately from their unmodified counterparts, but Ā , Ē , Ī , and Ū are usually collated as plain A , E , I , U . The letters F and H appear only in loanwords . However, they are common enough in modern Latvian, more common than Ž , Ģ , Ķ , or Č . Historically

78-530: A gross domestic product per capita of €16,918, second highest among Latvian cities behind Riga. It is a regional centre for manufacturing and education. Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences is located in Valmiera. Valmiera Municipality is crossed by national road A3 and the Riga–Lugaži Railway , which serve to connect the municipality with Riga to the southwest and with Valka on the Estonian border to

104-503: A phonetic spelling. There are only a few exceptions to this: Latvian orthography also uses digraphs Dz , Dž and Ie . The old orthography was based on that of German and did not represent the Latvian language phonemically. At the beginning it was used to write religious texts for German priests to help them in their work with Latvians. The first writings in Latvian were chaotic: there were as many as twelve variations of writing Š . In 1631

130-401: A population of 51,370 living in what is now Valmiera Municipality at the beginning of 2021. This represented a 24% decrease from an estimated population of 67,433 at the beginning of 2000, and a 11% decrease from an estimated population of 57,854 at the beginning of 2011. The city of Valmiera had an estimated population of 22,971 at the beginning of 2021. In 2018, the city of Valmiera recorded

156-796: A publication in Latvia today, albeit one aimed at the Latvian diaspora, that uses the older orthography—including the letters CH , Ō and Ŗ —is the weekly newspaper Brīvā Latvija . The Latgalian language (variously considered a separate language or a dialect of Latvian) adds two extra letters to this standard set: Ō and Y . The Latvian alphabet lacks Q ( kū ), W ( dubultvē ), X ( iks ) and Y ( igrek ). These letters are not used in Latvian for writing foreign personal and geographical names; instead they are adapted to Latvian phonology, orthography, and morphology, e. g. Džordžs Volkers Bušs (George Walker Bush). However, these four letters can be used in mathematics and sometimes in brand names. Latvian has

182-654: A subtag for the old orthography ( lv-vecdruka , lv-Latf-vecdruka for Fraktur ) Standard QWERTY computer keyboards are used for writing in Latvian; diacritics are entered by using a dead key (usually ' or ` ). Some keyboard layouts use the AltGr modifier key , usually placed immediately to the right of the space bar (most notable of such is the Windows 2000 and XP built-in Latvian QWERTY layout). On macOS , diacritics can be entered by holding down

208-838: The Polish-Swedish War concluded by the Truce of Altmark in 1629, Sweden acquired the western part of the Duchy of Livonia roughly as far as the Aiviekste River , since then forming Vidzeme's eastern border. During the course of the Great Northern War , Swedish Livonia was conquered by the Russian Empire and ceded to Russia at the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. In place of Livonia the Russians created

234-453: The Saeima approved reducing the number of municipal-level administrative divisions from 119 to 42. Valmiera Municipality was formed from the union of the city of Valmiera with Beverīna Municipality , Burtnieki Municipality , Kocēni Municipality , Mazsalaca Municipality , Naukšēni Municipality , Rūjiena Municipality , and Strenči Municipality . Except for Strenči Municipality, these units were

260-500: The 20th century when it was slowly replaced by the modern orthography. Latvian was also traditionally written using a knot system known as mezglu raksti  [ lv ] . One or two threads of differently colored yarn would be tied in knots and wound onto a peg, which created a ball that was unraveled to read the full message. This system was mostly used for recording folk songs or for textile patterns. The system became lost and died out, but lived on with some older individuals until

286-625: The 20th century. Lack of software support of diacritics has caused an unofficial style of orthography, often called translit , to emerge for use in situations when the user is unable to access Latvian diacritic marks on the computer or using cell phone. It uses only letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet , and letters not used in standard orthography are usually omitted. In this style, diacritics are replaced by digraphs: Some people may find it difficult to use such methods and either write without any indication of missing diacritic marks or use digraphs only if

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312-454: The German priest Georg Mancelius tried to systematize the writing. He wrote long vowels according to their position in the word — a short vowel followed by h for a radical vowel, a short vowel in the suffix and vowel with a diacritic mark in the ending indicating two different accents. Consonants were written following the example of German with multiple letters. The old orthography was used until

338-586: The Latin alphabet and additional 11 modified by diacritics. The vowel letters A , E , I and U can take a macron to show length, unmodified letters being short. The letters C , S and Z , which in unmodified form are pronounced [ ts ] , [ s ] and [ z ] respectively, can be marked with a caron . These marked letters, Č , Š and Ž are pronounced [ tʃ ] , [ ʃ ] and [ ʒ ] respectively. The letters Ģ , Ķ , Ļ and Ņ are written with

364-613: The Riga Governorate, but in 1796 the Riga Governorate was renamed the Governorate of Livonia , administered autonomously by the local German Baltic nobility through a feudal Landtag . After the end of World War I it was split between the newly independent countries of Latvia and Estonia. During World War II , the region was occupied by the Soviet Union from 1940, and then by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944. The territory of

390-666: The Riga Latvian Association in 1908, and was approved the same year by the orthography commission under the leadership of Kārlis Mīlenbahs and Jānis Endzelīns . It was introduced by law from 1920 to 1922 in the Republic of Latvia. Latvian orthography historically used a system based upon German phonetic principles, while the Latgalian dialect was written using Polish orthographic principles. The modern Latvian standard alphabet consists of 33 letters, 22 unmodified letters of

416-568: The ancient Latgalians and home to the Soviet-era folk healer Marta of Zilaiskalns  [ lv ] . The Sakala Upland extends from southern Estonia into the northern part of the municipality, its highest point in Latvia being Pikas kalns at 107.6 metres (353 ft) above sea level. The major rivers in the municipality are: The northern part of the municipality lies within the North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve . In 2020,

442-498: The constituents of the former Valmiera District . Elections for Latvia's new municipal councils were held on 5 June 2021, and the new municipalities including Valmiera will go into effect on 1 July 2021. As of 2021, there are 19 seats on the Valmiera municipal council. The municipality is divided into the city of Valmiera, four towns and 26 parishes: Valmiera is Latvia's second most populous municipality behind Ogre Municipality . The Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia estimated

468-433: The diacritic mark in question would make a semantic difference. There is yet another style, sometimes called " Pokémonism " (In Latvian Internet slang "Pokémon" is derogatory for adolescent ), characterised by use of some elements of leet , use of non-Latvian letters (particularly w and x instead of v and ks), use of c instead of ts, use of z in endings, and use of mixed case . The IETF language tags have registered

494-788: The left bank of the river. The most notable Latgalian region in today's Vidzeme was Tālava . After the Livonian War , part of the Livonian Confederation on the right bank of the Daugava river and the Patrimony of Riga was ceded to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Duchy of Livonia (the left bank forming the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia ). Afterwards, the region was invaded by Sweden in 1600 , 1617 and 1621 . After

520-540: The letters CH , Ō and Ŗ were also used in the Latvian alphabet. The last of these stood for the palatalized dental trill /rʲ/ which is still used in some dialects (mainly outside Latvia) but not in the standard language, and hence the letter Ŗ was finally removed from the alphabet on 5 June 1946, when the Latvian SSR legislature passed a regulation that officially replaced it with R in print. A spelling reform replacing Ŗ with R , CH with H , and Ō with O ,

546-635: The northeast. Vidzeme Vidzeme ( pronounced [ˈvid̪͡z̪eme] ; Old Latvian orthography : Widda-semme , Livonian : Vidūmō ) is one of the Historical Latvian Lands . The capital of Latvia , Riga , is situated in the southwestern part of the region. Literally meaning "the Middle Land", it is situated in north-central Latvia north of the Daugava River . Sometimes in German , it

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572-520: The northwest, Viljandi to the north, and Valga to the northeast. The northernmost point of Latvia is located on the border with Estonia in Ipiķi Parish , and is marked with a sculpture by Vilnis Titāns  [ lv ] . The highest point in Valmiera Municipality is Zilaiskalns  [ lv ] with an elevation of 127 metres (417 ft) above sea level. The hill was sacred to

598-470: The region of Vidzeme is defined by Latvian law as follows: Latvian orthography#Old orthography The modern Latvian orthography is based on Latin script adapted to phonetic principles, following the pronunciation of the language . The standard alphabet consists of 33 letters – 22 unmodified Latin letters and 11 modified by diacritics . It was developed by the Knowledge Commission of

624-606: The territory of Vidzeme was inhabited by Latgalians and Livs (near the coast of the Gulf of Riga and along the lower reaches of the Daugava and Gauja rivers). Until the German conquest in the 13th century the Daugava, which now forms the south-east border of Vidzeme, was the boundary between the lands of the Livs and Latgalians on the right bank and those of the Semigallians and Selonians on

650-496: Was also known as Livland , the German form from Latin Livonia , though it comprises only a small part of Medieval Livonia and about half (the Latvian part) of Swedish Livonia . Most of the region's inhabitants are Latvians (85%), thus Vidzeme is the most ethnically Latvian region in the country. The historic Governorate of Livonia is also larger than Vidzeme, since it corresponds roughly to Swedish Livonia . In ancient times,

676-408: Was enacted in 1938, but then Ŗ and CH were reinstated in 1939, Ō was reinstated in 1940, Ŗ and Ō were finally removed in 1946 and CH was finally removed in 1957. The letters CH , Ō and Ŗ continue to be used in print throughout most of the Latvian diaspora communities, whose founding members left their homeland before the post-World War II Soviet-era language reforms. An example of

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