Fakhruddin Valibhai Valika (died 1973) was a Pakistani industrialist who led the Valika Group, which had subsidiaries such as Valika Cement , Valika Steel now known as Peoples Steel, Valika Chemicals, Valika Textile, and Muhammadi Steamship Company Limited until the nationalisation of major industries in Pakistan.
97-730: Fakhruddin Valika was born into a business family in Bombay, part of Dawoodi Bohra community. In 1947, Valika setup the first textile mill of Pakistan near Metroville , Karachi. It was inaugurated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah . In 1959, Valika founded the United Insurance Company of Pakistan which was later listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange . In 1972, Valika Cement, Valika Chemicals, Valika Steel, and later Muhammadi Steamship Company Limited were nationalised with compensation. After
194-436: A Bohra's adult life. The Dawoodi Bohra follow a Fatimid-era tabular calendar which matches the lunar cycle of 354 days (and hence requires no adjustments). The odd-numbered months have 30 days and the even-numbered months have 29 days—except in a leap year when the 12th and final month, Zil Hajj , has 30 days. This contrasts with other Muslim communities, which base the beginnings of specific Islamic months on sightings of
291-569: A believer to the duties owed to Allah, including an oath of allegiance : a vow to accept the spiritual guidance of the Da'i al-Mutlaq wholeheartedly and without reservation. This ceremony, akin to baptism in Christianity , is mandatory to enter the fold of the faith. The mithaq is first taken at whatever age a child is deemed to have reached maturity: most commonly, thirteen years for girls, fourteen or fifteen for boys. These vows are renewed throughout of
388-542: A circle in their palms or just coloring the fingertips. The older men might do those simple designs as well, but it is not that common. Henna is a "woman's" thing in Afghanistan when it comes to doing designs on their hands and feet. At night, multiple campfires are set around houses, sometimes to the point that entire valleys may initially appear to be engulfed in flame. Celebratory fire with automatic rifles, particularly tracer rounds, can also be expected in high density. Eid
485-630: A close-knit Muslim community. Their faith is founded on the conviction that there is only one deity, Allah that the Islamic prophet Mohammed is the last of the Prophets and, that the Holy Quran is the message of Allah. They follow the sharia-mandated tenets of Islam, such as reciting the Quran, performing the five daily prayers (Salah), and fasting during the month of Ramadan, and the mandatory Hajj pilgrimage to Makkah and
582-412: A crocheted white cap with a gold design. Men, adhering to the customs of Muhammad , are expected to grow a full beard. The women wear a two-piece dress called rida, distinct from hijab , purdah , and chador . Its distinguishing features are bright colors, decorative patterns and lace, and the fact that it does not cover a woman's face. The rida is of any colour except black. A flap called pardi
679-458: A journey from Mecca , through the deserts of modern-day Iraq, to Kufa . The Bohras believe that Husayn's sacrifice was foretold by Muhammad, and that he was destined to change the course of Islam as a result of his martyrdom . Remembrance of the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, often linked to the hagiography of John the Baptist and Jesus Christ , is among the most important events of the year for
776-449: A medium to articulate Islamic values and heritage. Though Arabic remains community's dominant liturgical language, Lisan al-Dawat is its language of sermons and its medium of official and day-to-day communication. The Dawoodi Bohras wear distinct attire. The men traditionally dress in a predominantly white, three-piece outfit: kurta , a form of tunic; saaya , an overcoat of equal length; and izaar , loose-fit trousers; with topi ,
873-776: A schism in the community. A majority of Bohras acknowledged Dawood Bin Qutubshah as the rightful successor and henceforth came to be known as Dawoodis (or Da’udis.) Over the next few centuries, the Bohra headquarters moved within India with the changing location of the Dai. The centre of the Da’wah has been in six places: Ahmedabad (eight Dais, from 1567/974 to 1655/1065); Jamnagar in the Kathiawar region of Gujarat (five Dais, from 1655/1065 to 1737/1150); Ujjan in
970-451: A spirit of self-sacrifice, forbearance, and adherence to their faith. During the ʿAshara Mubāraka , the Bohra communities all over the world host a series of majālis twice a day, one each in the morning and in the evening, recounting Husayn ibn Ali's sacrifice, which forms the central theme of the discourse. The majālis led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq on occasion attract hundreds of thousands of followers. To facilitate marriages among
1067-762: A town in Gujarat, was one of the Bohras who travelled to Yemen to seek knowledge from the Dai. Najmuddin arrived in Yemen while still in his youth and first studied under Hasan bin Nuh al-Bharuchi. He was eventually appointed the 23rd Dai as his successor and became the first from the Indian community to lead the Tayyibi Da’wa as the 24th al-Mutlaq. When Najmuddin died in CE 1567/H 974, the central headquarters of
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#17328551062031164-415: Is 80 feet above the plinth: the number signifies the age of Taher Saifuddin , who is buried there. The sanctum of the mausoleum is 51 × 51 feet, which symbolises Saifuddin's position as the 51st Dai al-Mutlaq. The entire Quran is inscribed in gold on its walls, whilst Bismillah is engraved 113 times in precious stones, and four doors, one on each side of the wall, are clad with silver. The inner side of
1261-428: Is Arabic for "Blessed Eid". As it comes after a month of fasting, sweet dishes and foods are often prepared and consumed during the celebration. Muslims typically decorate their homes, and are also encouraged to forgive each other and seek forgiveness. In countries with large Muslim populations, it is normally a public holiday with most schools and businesses closed for the day. Practices differ by country and region. In
1358-449: Is a national holiday. In Kyrgyzstan the day is known as Orozo Ait ( Kyrgyz : Орозо айт ). The local population celebrate in various ways such as by partying, eating and singing. Festivals often feature long distance horse racing and other horse-based sports. People would tend to wear fancy and bright clothes, while people would sing Jaramazan tunes and receive cooked bread, candy or cash in return. Ramazon Hayit or Roʻza hayiti
1455-440: Is a popular meal during Eid al-Fitr in Afghanistan. On the day of Eid al-Fitr, Afghans will first offer their Eid prayers and then gather in their homes with their families, greeting one another by saying " Eid Mubarak " and usually adding " Eidet Mobarak Roza wa Namazet Qabool Dakhel Hajiha wa Ghaziha, " which means "Happy Eid to you; may your fasting and prayers be accepted by God, and may you be counted among those who will go to
1552-559: Is a public holiday in India . The holiday begins after the sighting of the new moon on Chand Raat . On that evening, people head to markets to finish their shopping for Eid, for clothing and gifts, and begin preparing their food for the next day. Traditional Eid food often includes biriyani , sheer khurma , and sivayyan , a dish of fine, toasted sweet vermicelli noodles with milk and dried fruit, among other regionally-specific dishes. Women and girls also put henna on each others' hands. In
1649-590: Is a public holiday in Uzbekistan and widely celebrated. Traditional pastry such as kush-tili, plov and chak-chak are prepared by Uzbek families the day before Eid al-Fitr for consumption. Businesses tend to sell a high range of candies and children's toys during this period. Known as Oraza Ait (Ораза айт) Kazakh Muslims tend to visit each other during the celebration and handing out fried doughnuts such as baursaki to others. However mutton, soup, tea and kymyz (horse milk) are also popular food and drinks during
1746-555: Is also funded in large part by the Da'i al-Mutlaq. The office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq has appointed committees at the city level to oversee the management of this corpus. The Bohras use these loans to finance their enterprises, acquire homes, and pursue higher education. The rite of initiation for the Bohras is the mithaq . This ceremony is a covenant between the believer and God , effected through God's representative on earth. The mithaq binds
1843-607: Is an age-old practise of the community in which they congregate on major dates in the Islamic calendar. The Bohra community during their gatherings, eat in groups of eight or nine people, seated around a big metal plate called a thaal. Dawoodi Bohras are a subset of the Taiyebi sect of the Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism , itself a branch of Shia Islam. Reverence for the Fatimid Imams, whose lineage traces back to Mohammed's daughter Fatima
1940-468: Is celebrated for one to three days, depending on the country. It is forbidden to fast on the Day of Eid, and a specific prayer is nominated for this day. As an obligatory act of charity, money is paid to the poor and the needy ( zakat al-Fitr ) before performing the 'Eid prayer. The Eid prayer is performed by the congregation in an open area such as a field, community center, or mosque. No call to prayer
2037-547: Is considered to have played an important role in shaping the community's social and economic progress. Community members seek and abide by his counsel in different aspects of life. The 1st Dai, Dhu'ayb bin Musa, was appointed in 1138 (532 H ) in Yemen by Queen Arwa bint Ahmed when the 21st Imam went into seclusion. Over the next 400 years, 23 Dais established the Dawat in Yemen. The seat of the Dawat then transferred from Yemen to India, where
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#17328551062032134-422: Is folded to one side to allow a woman's face to be visible, but it can be worn over the face when desired. Joining each other for meals is a well-known Dawoodi Bohra custom. Families and friends gather around sharing the meal from a large circular tray called thaal . The thaal is raised upon a kundali or tarakti made of wood or metal, on top of a safra , a large cloth that covers the floor. Each course of
2231-586: Is fundamental to Bohras' beliefs. The Fatimids , descendants of the Prophet Mohammed, ruled over North Africa and Egypt, Hejaz, and the Levant between the 10th and 11th centuries. They flourished during what Maurice Lombard called the Golden Age of Islam , and were patrons of arts, learning, and scientific discovery. The 14th Imam, al-Mui’zz , founded the city of Cairo and established Al-Azhar University , one of
2328-421: Is given for this Eid prayer, and it consists of only two rakaʿāt , with a variable amount of takbirs and other prayer elements depending on the branch of Islam observed. The Eid prayer is followed by the khutbah and then a dua asking for God's forgiveness, mercy, peace and blessings for all living beings across the world. The sermon also instructs Muslims as to the performance of rituals of Eid, such as
2425-504: Is in reference to Dawood Bin Qutubshah , the 27th Da'i al-Mutlaq , who emerged as the leader of the majority following a schism in 1588. Dawoodi Bohras culture is a blend of Yemeni, Egyptian, Pakistani , and Indian cultures. Their language Lisan al-Dawat , written in Perso-Arabic script, derives from Arabic , Urdu , Persian , Sanskrit , and Gujarati . Lisan al-Dawat, which takes its basic structure from Gujarati developed as
2522-408: Is popular for locals to buy new clothing, while women would shop for handbags, necklaces and other clothing. For some youngsters Eid nights involve dancing at a club. Children would receive coins of money from locals. In Cape Town , hundreds of Muslims—each with something to share with others at the time of the breaking of the fast—gather at Green Point in the evening of the last day of Ramadan for
2619-525: Is recited. Then, the Imam recites Sūrat al-Fātiḥah and Surat Al-'A`lá and the congregation performs Ruku and Sujud as in other prayers. In the second Rakat , the same above steps (five Takbeers, Sūrat al-Fātiḥah and Surat Al-'A`lá, Ruku and Sujud ) are repeated. After the prayer, Khutbah starts. During the Eid celebration, Muslims greet each other by saying 'Eid Mubarak' , which
2716-498: Is that there will always be an imam on earth, descended from the Prophet through his grandson Imam Husain , to carry on the task of leading the faithful. When the imam chooses to withdraw from public view, he is represented by the Al-Da'i al-Mutlaq (unrestricted missionary) who, like the imam, preserves and protects the faith until the imam's return. After the 21st Imam chose seclusion in 1132,
2813-518: Is the earlier of the two official holidays celebrated within Islam (the other being Eid al-Adha ). Eid al-Fitr is celebrated by Muslims worldwide because it marks the end of the month-long dawn-to-dusk fasting of Ramadan . Eid al-Fitr falls on the first day of Shawwal in the Islamic calendar ; this does not always fall on the same Gregorian day , as the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on when
2910-475: Is the language of the Bohras. The language is based on a Neo-Indo-Aryan language, Gujarati , but incorporates a heavy amount of Arabic , Urdu , and Persian vocabulary and is written in the Arabic script naskh style. The Bohras' cultural attire is known as Libas al-Anwar and men usually grow a full beard. Prominent religious festivals include Eid-e-Milad an-Nabi, Eid al-Fitr , Eid al-Adha and Muharram . The majlis
3007-563: Is the most important of the seven pillars of Islam according to the Dawoodi Bohra faith. The other six pillars are tahaarat (purity in body and thought), salah (daily ritual prayers), zakaat (offering a portion of one's income in the cause of Allah ), sawm (fasting in the month of Ramadan ), hajj (a ritual pilgrimage to Mecca ), and jihad (striving in the way of Allah). The Bohras build mosques wherever they live to congregate for prayers and majalis (religious congregation) for
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3104-475: Is the preferred snack during Eid celebrations. In modern times, supermarkets, corporates, and malls compete to attract children during this time via advertising in newspapers and on TV, and by offering special promotions and arranging closed Gargee'an events to market themselves. After the Eid al-Fitr prayer, the people of Jerusalem will decorate the courtyards of the al-Aqsa Mosque with toys for children who come from all Palestinian areas to participate in
3201-503: Is typically marked by a one- or two-day national holiday. Egyptians spend the first day of Eid al-Fitr to gather all family members and celebrate the Eid at public gardens. And also offers Eid Prayers in the Morning at their Local times, which are not same in different areas. Same as Cairo Salah time is not same to Alexandria. It is customary for children to also receive an Eidi , a small sum of money to be spent on activities throughout
3298-526: Is widely called Korité in Senegal and elsewhere across West Africa . It is a national holiday, celebrated for three days, with families normally having new clothes made for the holiday. Gifts and donations are normally exchanged. In the Ivory Coast , Eid is a large feast among Muslims. The celebration lasts between two and ten days depending on region. In Tajikistan the holiday is known as Idi Ramazon and
3395-426: The zakāt . The sermon of Eid takes place after the Eid prayer, unlike Friday prayer which comes first before prayer. Some imams believe that listening to the sermon at Eid is optional. After the prayers, Muslims visit their relatives, friends, and acquaintances or hold large communal celebrations in homes, community centers, or rented halls. As ritual dictates, Sunnis praise God in a loud voice while going to
3492-431: The zikr of Allah and his prophets, imams, and da'is. During the seclusion of the Imam, his vicegerent, al-Dai al-Mutlaq was appointed to lead the community and administer, with complete authority, its secular and religious affairs. The Dai preaches Quranic precepts, which are the foundation of the faith, and guides the community on the path of salvation. Over the nine centuries that this office has existed, each Dai
3589-730: The Arab states of the Persian Gulf countries , men would typically buy new Kandora (traditional white long robe) or dye their existing Kandoras with walnut oil . Women would wear special clothes for the occasion along with special perfumes and braids. Most majlises would offer fruits, dates , tea or coffee to visitors. Those who live in rural areas tend to celebrate more modestly. Buildings, shops, roads and houses in UAE cities get decorated in bright festive lights. Many shows such as theatres would also occur. In Bahrain , families often celebrate
3686-547: The Gujarati word vohrvu or vyavahar , meaning "to trade". Their heritage is derived from the traditions of the Fatimid imams ; direct descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima , who ruled over North Africa between the 10th and 11th century CE . Whilst adherence to traditional values is important for the community, they are also known for their mercantilism and forward outlook. Lisan ald-Da'wat
3783-741: The Ismā'īlī branch of Shia Islam . They number approximately one million worldwide and have settled in over 40 countries around the world. The majority of the Dawoodi Bohra community resides in India, with sizable congregations in Pakistan, Yemen, East Africa, and the Middle East. They also have a growing presence in Europe, North America, and Australia. The present leader is the 53rd al-Dai al-Mutlaq, Mufaddal Saifuddin who assumed office in January 2014. The Dawoodi Bohras are
3880-566: The 24th Dai, Yusuf bin Sulayman Najmuddin , became the first Dai to assume office from this region. Despite territorial and political upheavals through different periods, the Dais persevered and continued to lead the faithful and preserve the faith. The current leader of the Dawoodi Bohra community is the 53rd al-Dai al-Mutlaq, Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin , who lives in India. As of 2021, there are an estimated 1 million Dawoodi Bohras around
3977-456: The 9th month of the Islamic calendar, the Dawoodi Bohras like rest of Islamic world, observe a mandatory fast from dawn to dusk. The Bohras congregate in their local mosques for daily prayers (particularly for the evening prayers), and break the day-long fast with the iftaar ( lit. ' fast breaking ' ) meal together. Ramadan is a month of heightened spirituality activity for
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4074-454: The Al-dai al-mutlaq operated from Yemen and subsequently from India, for over the last 450 years. The Dais are considered to have played an important role in shaping the lives of Dawoodi Bohras and contributing to the community's progress over the last nine centuries. Mostly self-reliant, the Bohras are typically well-educated traders, businesspersons, and entrepreneurs. The word "Bohra" comes from
4171-640: The Beirut waterfront. Other activities include art exhibitions. Ma'amoul and Kahk are popular cookie treats baked and consumed during Eid in Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. In Iraq, kleicha (the traditional snack) and lamb are popular foods. The Iraqi Kurds tend to visit cemeteries to remember their lost ones one day before the festival. After the prayers, Iraqi Kurdish families would gather together for large breakfasts of rice and stew, as well as candies, nuts and caffeinated beverages. In Iran , where
4268-666: The Bohras first eat mithaas (sweet dish), followed by kharaas (savoury dish), and then the main course. Food wastage is frowned upon. Those seated at the thaal are encouraged to take smaller portions and expected to finish those. The Bohra cuisine, influenced by Gujarati , Persian , Yemeni , and Egyptian cuisines, is known for its unique taste and dishes such as bohra-style biryani , dal chaawal palidu (rice, lentils, and curry), kheema samosa (minced mutton samosa ), dabba gosht ( steamed-mutton-in-a-box ), and masala bateta (spicy potatoes). Islam prohibits riba ( lit. ' usury ' ) and interest ;
4365-452: The Bohras that ends with Eid al-Fitr . In the month of Zil Hajj the Bohras undertake hajj and all celebrate Eid al-Adha at its conclusion. In line with Shia traditions, on the 18th of Zil Hajj, the day Muhammad publicly anointed Ali ibn Abi Talib his successor, the Bohras mark celebrate Eid i-Ghadir by , observe fasting, and offering special prayers. Special prayers and congregations are also held during other major events such as
4462-528: The Bohras. Known as ʿAshara Mubāraka ( lit. ' the Blessed Ten ' ), the Dawoodi Bohras congregate for a series of ten majālis ( lit. ' congregations ' ) in the beginning of the month of For them, Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom epitomizes the values of humanity, justice, and truth. They consider his sacrifice and stand against tyranny, to offer lessons in bravery, loyalty, and compassion. These values, they believe, inculcate in them
4559-569: The Dawoodi Bohra, Taher Saifuddin, the 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq, started Rasm-e Saifee in Jamnagar c. 1952 and later institutionalised it c. 1963 . During Rasm-e Saifee multiple nikah are solemnized at the hands of the Da'i al-Mutlaq and his representatives. Saifuddin's son and successor, Mohammed Burhanuddin , founded the International Taiseer al-Nikah Committee (ITNC), which now organizes Rasm-e Saifee throughout
4656-412: The Dawoodi Bohras follow the practice of Qardan Hasana ( lit. ' good loan ' ), which means interest-free loans. Based on the ideal of benefitting the borrower (as opposed to the lender), this model has played an important role in the economic growth of the community. Qardan Hasana contributions from the Bohras are voluntarily made to an institutionally-maintained loan corpus, which
4753-638: The Da’wah were transferred from Yemen to Gujarat by his Indian successor, Jalal bin Hasan . When the 26th al-Dai al-Mutlaq died in CE 1589/H 997, he was succeeded by Dawood Bin Qutubshah . However, three years later, Sulayman bin Hasan, a high-ranking dignitary in Yemen, claimed the succession to the leadership of the community for himself. This succession dispute was brought before the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1597. A special tribunal decided in favour of Dawood Bin Qutubshah. However, this did not dissolve tensions, leading to
4850-466: The Eid al-Fitr prayer rituals. Many Palestinians go out to visit the families of Palestinian prisoners in Israel , visit the prisons themselves, and visit graves to lay wreaths on them. Palestinians and Jordanians decorate their homes and prepare sumptuous meals for family and friends. They prepare new clothes and shoes for the festival. Eid festivities in Palestine and Jordan may vary culturally depending on
4947-471: The Eid prayer in Eidgah . Children do "Salam" by touching the feet of the elderly members of the family. And elders give them a small amount of money which is known as "Salami" or " Eidi ", which is a major part of Eid happiness for children. Bengali dishes which are rich in flavor like Biryani , Polao , Pitha , Kabab , Korma , Chingri Malaikari , Shorshe Ilish , Payesh , Shirni , Halwa etc. are served by
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#17328551062035044-422: The Eid prayer: Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar. Lā ilāha illà l-Lāh. Allāhu Akbar, Allahu akbar, wa-li-l-Lāh al-ḥamd Recitation ceases when they get to the place of Eid or once the Imam commences activities. The prayer starts by doing niyyah "intention" for the prayer before the takbir is said by the imam . Next, the takbir al- ihram is performed, by saying takbir three times, raising hands to
5141-752: The Eid. Egyptians like to celebrate with others, so the streets are always crowded during the days and nights of Eid. Eid is popularly known as Small Sallah in Nigeria . During the day, people generally greet each other by saying Barka Da Sallah, which when translated means "Greetings on Sallah" in the Hausa language . The celebrations last as long as 3 days. Tunisia celebrates Eid for three days (with preparations starting several days earlier), two of which are national holidays. Special Sweets and biscuits, including Baklava and several kinds of " ka'ak ", marzipan , cookies are made or bought to give to friends and relatives on
5238-476: The French petit four ), and popcorn are baked in large batches to serve to guests and to give to family and friends; dressy Eid clothes are either shopped for or sewn; girls and women decorate their hands and feet with henna ; and parts of the house may even be painted. The night before Eid, the whole household partakes in cleaning the house and yard and setting out the finest bedsheets, table cloths, and decorations. On
5335-610: The Hajj-pilgrimage." Family elders will give money and gifts to children. It is also common practice to visit families and friends, which may be difficult to do at other times of the year. Children walk from home to home saying " Khala Eidet Mubarak " ("aunt happy Eid"), and they receive cookies or Pala . Young girls and women apply henna "tattoo"s on their hands and feet. The older women while applying it too, don't do very complicated designs. The boys and young men in some communities might apply it as well but, with very simple designs like
5432-546: The Prophet's shrine in Medina. At the core of their faith is the belief that the Ahl al-Bayt , members of the Prophet Mohammed's family, are the rightful imams and successors of the like all Shia Muslims, they hold that Ali bin Abi Talib, the Prophet Mohammed's legatee, succeeded him and provided an interpretation and explanation of the Holy Quran. A fundamental tenet of the Dawoodi Bohra faith
5529-590: The aftermath of a severe drought in Kathiawar. The 43rd Dai, Abdeali Saifuddin, invited 12,000 of his followers to Surat, and provided food, work and lodgings for all of them. His only conditions were that they learn and practice vocational skills, and he gave them their earnings when it was time for them to leave Surat. Many from this group decided to use this capital to venture forth to trade in East Africa. A century on from Abdeali Saifuddin, Taher Saifuddin acceded to
5626-523: The bank of a river or under a big banyan tree near the local bazaar. The tradition of Eid procession can be traced back to the Mughal era of Old Dhaka. Bangladesh has the biggest Eidgah, the Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah Maidan . The Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah is a listed archaeological site of the Department of Archaeology and has historical, architectural and heritage values. Sholakia holds the record of
5723-537: The celebration of Eid al-Fitr. According to certain ahadith , these festivals were initiated in Medina after the migration of Muhammad from Mecca . Anas ibn Malik , a companion of Muhammad , narrated that when Muhammad arrived in Medina, he found people celebrating two specific days in which they entertained themselves with recreation. Muhammad then remarked that God had fixed two mandatory days of festivity: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha . Eid al-Fitr begins at sunset on
5820-575: The children. Sri Lankan Muslims like to eat watalappam , falooda , samosa , gulab jamun , sheerkurma , oil cake and other national and regional dishes. In Bangladesh Eid is celebrated with great pomp and festivities. The preparation for Eid in Bangladesh starts from the last quarter of the holy month of Ramadan . The markets and shopping malls become overwhelmed with people. Those who live away from their families for their job or livelihood, they return to their home towns and villages to celebrate
5917-420: The day Muhammad first began his Da'wah ( lit. ' mission ' ), the night of Isra and Mi'raj , the birthday of Muhammad , the urs mubarak ( lit. ' remembrance day ' ) of prominent community leaders, and the birthday of the current Da'i al-Mutlaq. The grandson of Prophet Muhammad Husayn ibn Ali was martyred along with his family and companions on the plains of Karbala while on
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#17328551062036014-417: The day of Eid, men and boys (and occasionally women and girls) will attend the Eid prayer. For the next 3 days, families will then visit each other, extended family, neighbors, and close friends. In these short visits, the baked goods, chocolates, and sweets are served, and often large lunches are prepared for the visiting well-wishers. Children are given gifts, either in the form of toys or money. The holiday
6111-857: The day. kids receive gifts from parents and elderly relatives, usually money or even toys. They also invite close friends and relatives for the Eid dinner. After Eid dinner people love to sing and dance. In Somalia and other Islamic parts of the Horn region , Eid al-Fitr is observed by the Muslim communities. Celebrations marking the event are typically accompanied by elaborate banquets, where special dishes such as xalwo (halwo) and buskut (buskuit) are served. Muslims in Tanzania celebrate Eid al-Fitr, when they normally dress in fine clothes and decorate their homes with lights. Special foods are prepared and shared with family and visitors, while children receive gifts. In Zanzibar it
6208-618: The dome proclaims, "Allah holds the sky and earth together which none else can." The office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq, known as Dawat-e-Hadiyah , manages the affairs of the close-knit Dawoodi Bohra community through a distributed network of Jamaat committees. The Dawat-e-Hadiyah head office is at Badri Mahal in Fort , Mumbai . Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Fitr ( / ˌ iː d əl ˈ f ɪ t ər , - t r ə / EED əl FIT -ər, -rə ; Arabic : عيد الفطر , romanized : ʿĪd al-Fiṭr , IPA: [ʕiːd al ˈfɪtˤr] )
6305-419: The ears and dropping them each time, except for the last when the hands are folded. The Imam then reads al-Fatihah , followed by another surah. The congregation performs ruku and sujud . This completes the first rak'ah . The congregation rises and folds their hands for the second rak'ah, after which the imam recites al-Fatiha followed by another surah. After this, three takbirs are called out just before
6402-550: The faith and authoring seminal works. The 19th Dai, Idris Imaduddin , wrote numerous works, including a comprehensive and detailed history of the Fatimid faith. Meanwhile, the community in Gujarat had maintained ties with their Dais in Yemen, who closely supervised their affairs and regularly welcomed Bohra delegations from Gujarat. During this time, the community grew in size, especially in Cambay, Patan, Sidhpur, and Ahmedabad. Yusuf bin Sulayman Najmuddin , originally from Sidhpur ,
6499-524: The festival with an eid dinner consisting of quzi or machboos rice dishes, while popular sweets include halwa or khanfroosh (see Bahraini cuisine ). Men typically wear thawbs and women wear abayas , the latter also painting henna on their hands or feet. Saudis decorate their homes and prepare sumptuous meals for family and friends. They prepare new clothes and shoes for the festival. Eid festivities in Saudi Arabia may vary culturally depending on
6596-615: The festival with family members and relatives. In the Chaand Raat children gather at the open field to see the Hilal (crescent moon) of the month of Shawwal . In the occasion of Chand Raat, Bangladesh Television plays the popular Bengali Eid song, O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe . Children makes and exchanges Eid cards. Girls decorate their hands with Mehndi . The Bengali sweet dish, Shemai ( Vermicelli ) are served with Roti or Paratha or Luchi as breakfast in Bangladesh . Then people attend
6693-484: The first rakat at the end of Tilawa , before rukūʿ , and five in the second. Depending on the juristic opinion of the locality, this salat is either farḍ ( فرض , obligatory) or mustaḥabb (strongly recommended). After the salat , Muslims celebrate the Eid al-Fitr in various ways with food being a central theme, which also gives the holiday the nickname "Sweet Eid" or "Sugar Feast". According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad instituted
6790-604: The first Da'i al-Mutlaq . Succession to the office of al-Da'i al-Mutlaq happens through nass , whereby each Da'i appoints a successor in his own lifetime. As of 2024 the chain of succession was uninterrupted. The roots of the community's establishment in India go back to the Fatimid era, when Al Mustansir Billah , the 18th Imam, sent a Dai named Abdullah from Yemen to initiate the Da’wah on his behalf. Abdullah arrived in Cambay (modern day Khambhat , Gujarat) in AD 1067/H 460 and soon won many converts, including local rulers. Abdullah
6887-640: The following morning, Muslims go to their local mosque or Eidgah for Eid Namaz and give Eid zakat before returning home. Afterwards, children are given Eidi (cash gifts) and friends and relatives visit each other's homes to eat and celebrate. In Pakistan , Eid al-Fitr is also referred to as 'the Lesser Eid' ( Urdu : چھوٹی عید , chhoṭī īd , Punjabi : نکی عید , nikkī īd ) or 'Sweet Eid' ( Urdu : میٹھی عید , mīṭhī īd , Punjabi : مٹھی عید , miṭṭhī īd ). People are supposed to give obligatory charity on behalf of each of their family members to
6984-523: The hands to the ears whilst reciting the Takbir , saying "Allāhu ʾAkbar", meaning "God is the greatest"). In the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam , there are three Takbirs at the start of the first rakat and three just before rukūʿ in the second rakat . Other Sunni schools usually have 12 Takbirs , similarly split in groups of seven and five. In Shia Islam , the salat has six Takbirs in
7081-823: The holiday. In the predominantly Sunni Muslim culture of Afghanistan , Eid al-Fitr holds significant importance and is celebrated widely for three days. It popularly involves special festivities for children and the youngest members of families. The most common greeting is Akhtar mo Mubarak sha (Eid Mubarak) in the Pashto -speaking community. Afghans start preparing for the Eid al-Fitr festival up to ten days prior by cleaning their homes (called Khana Takani in Dari ). Afghans visit their local bazaars to buy new clothes, sweets, and snacks including Jalebi , Shor-Nakhod (made with chickpeas), Cake wa Kolcha (a simple cake, similar to pound cake). The traditional Bolani (vegetarian flatbreads)
7178-519: The largest Eid congregation in the world. On the second day of Eid, the longest running magazine show Ityadi airs in Bangladesh Television. The show celebrates the rich Bengali culture and brings education into light. In rural Bengal, folk sports competitions are organised on this occasion of Eid to create festive atmosphere. Eid is a national holiday in Nepal. Nepalese Muslims often consume
7275-410: The meal is served one after the other for those seated at the thaal to share. The meal begins and ends with a taste of salt, traditionally said to cleanse the palate and prevent diseases. Bohras usually wear a topi (cap)during the meal and eat with their hands. A common etiquette is for the host to offer to wash their guests' hands using a chilamchi lota (basin and jug). At community feasts,
7372-444: The moon crescent. Dawoodi Bohras observe all significant occasions on the Muslim calendar, such as Muharram, Ramadan, Eid al Fitr and Eid al Adha and Mawlid al Nabi. They also observe some occasions particular to their sect, such as the death anniversaries of previous dais and the birthday of the current dai. These occasions typically bring together members of the community for educational sermons and communal meals. During Ramadan ,
7469-477: The nationalisation of Valika Group companies, Fakhruddin Valika was arrested by the Bhutto government and the event was shown live on the television . Valika was a founding member of the Karachi Stock Exchange . He was one of the patrons of cricket and field hockey in Pakistan. He also established several charitable organizations. Dawoodi Bohra The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious denomination within
7566-564: The needy or poor before Eid day or, at most, before the Eid prayer, allowing for all to share in the joy of Eid. At home, family members enjoy a special Eid breakfast with various types of sweets and desserts, including Kheer and the traditional dessert Sheer Khurma , which is made of vermicelli, milk, butter, dry fruits, and dates. Eid is especially enjoyed by the kids, as they receive money in cash called " Eidi " as gift from their relatives and elders. People tend to get fresh currency notes issued by State Bank of Pakistan with which they give to
7663-666: The new moon is sighted by local religious authorities. The holiday is known under various other names in different languages and countries around the world. The day is also known as the First Eid or as the Lesser Eid (Arabic: العيد الصغير , romanized: al-ʿĪd al-Ṣaghīr ) by some Muslim communities. Eid al-Fitr has a particular salah that consists of two rakats generally performed in an open field or large hall. It may only be performed in congregation ( jamāʿat ) and features seven additional Takbirs (raising of
7760-473: The night before with chanting the Takbir and lighting lamps. On the day itself, before Eid prayer in the morning, zakat alms for the poor are distributed in the mosques. People gather with family and neighbors in traditional clothing and have a special Lebaran meal. Children are given money in colourful envelopes. Later, it is common for Muslims in Indonesia to visit the graves of relatives to ritually clean
7857-412: The night of the first sighting of the crescent moon. The night on which the moon is sighted is celebrated as Chand Raat in countries like Bangladesh . If the moon is not observed immediately after the 29th day of the previous lunar month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the holiday is celebrated the following day. Eid al-Fitr
7954-505: The north, musicians play Andalusian music accompanied by fast clapping. Eid is an important event for Muslims in Ethiopia , who form the largest Muslim community in East Africa. In Sudan , where 97% of the population is Muslim, preparations for Eid begin the last few days of Ramadan. For days, ka'ak (sugar powdered cookies), bettifour (dry baked goods including dainty biscuits, baked meringues and macaroons—whose name are derived from
8051-568: The occasion is known as Eid-e-Fitr (Persian: عید فطر ), several groups of experts representing the office of Ayatollah Khamenei go to the different zones of the country at the last days of Ramadan to determine the date of Eid. Iranian Muslims take part in the Eid al-Fitr prayer and pay the Zakat al-Fitr . The Eid al-Fitr prayer, and the following sermon, has been led by Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran , at Tehran 's Grand Mosalla mosque of Tehran ( Mossalla ). The celebration
8148-404: The office of al-Dai al-Mutlaq as the 51st Dai, He is credited with revitalising the community by restructuring its organisation on modern lines. He shifted the community headquarters from Surat to Mumbai, which had become a major centre of trade and commerce in India. His emphasis on acquiring higher education across disciplines saw many young Dawoodi Bohras go on to settle in different parts of
8245-535: The oldest universities in the world. Before the empire's decline, Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah , the 20th Fatimid imam, directed his grand emissary, Arwa bint Ahmad , the Sulayhid queen of Yemen, to establish the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq ( lit. ' unrestricted missionary ' ) to act as vicegerent for his son, the 21st Imam Al-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim and to lead the faithful. Arwa bint Ahmad appointed Zoeb bin Musa as
8342-622: The popular Nepalese dessert sewai (vermicelli pudding) to mark the occasion. It is commemorated throughout the country with large prayers, dinners and social celebrations. Celebration in the Maldives include cultural performances such as fire performances. Eid is known in Indonesia as Hari Raya Idul Fitri, or more popularly as Lebaran , and is a national holiday . People return to their home town or city (an exodus known as mudik ) to celebrate with their families and to ask forgiveness from parents, in-laws, and other elders. Festivities start
8439-482: The present-day state of Madhya Pradesh (two Dais, from 1737/1150 to 1779/1193); Burhanpur , Madhya Pradesh (one Dai, from 1779/1193 to 1785/1200); Surat in the present-day state of Gujarat (eight Dais, from 1785/1200 to 1933/1351) and Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra, where the current Dai resides. Starting in the early 19th century, some community members emigrated in search of better livelihoods. The first wave of Bohra traders to migrate to East Africa did so in
8536-526: The region, but one common thread in all celebrations is generosity and hospitality. It is a common Palestinian Jordanian tradition for families to gather at the patriarchal home after the Eid prayers. Before the special Eid meal is served, young children will line up in front of each adult family member, who dispense money as gifts to the children. Jordanians also hang fanous or "Eid lanterns". In Lebanon , many concerts take place during Eid al-Fitr by Lebanese and other Arab superstars. Musicians also perform on
8633-559: The region, but one common thread in all celebrations is generosity and hospitality. It is a common Saudi tradition for families to gather at the patriarchal home after the Eid prayers. Before the special Eid meal is served, young children will line up in front of each adult family member, who dispense money as gifts to the children. Omanis would typically eat foods such as shuwa (slow-cooked lamb) with coffee (see Omani cuisine ). In some places such as Ibri , folklore songs and traditional dancing are often performed. In Yemen, Bint al-sahn
8730-459: The ruku, each time raising hands to the ears and dropping them. For the fourth time, the congregation says Allahu Akbar and subsequently goes into the ruku. The rest of the prayer is completed regularly. This completes the Eid prayer. After the prayer, there is a khutbah. The prayer starts with the Niyyat followed by five Takbirs . During every Takbir of the first rakat , a special Dua
8827-406: The sighting of the moon. The Maghrib (sunset) prayer is then performed in congregation and the formal moon-sighting results are announced thereafter. Eid es-Seghir is the name of Eid al-Fitr among Moroccans . Many families have a tradition of buying new clothes for their children during the holiday. Common food choices for eid dinner include couscous , lamb or beef brochettes and others. In
8924-491: The traveling Bohras. A Bohra mausoleum typically has white exteriors with a golden finial at the apex of the dome. The interior is usually lit up in incandescent light and Quranic verses are inscribed on its walls. These mausoleums embody several meanings in the form of their structure and build. As an example, Raudat Tahera , an austere structure in Mumbai, has a range of intricacies its design. The inner height of Raudat Tahera
9021-485: The women. In rural Bengal, unmarried Bengali girls would draw butterflies on the pithas, which has long been recognised by the Bengalis as a symbol of marriage. Wealthy Muslims in Bangladesh also distribute Zakat alms to the poor people. People visit the house of relatives, neighbour, and friends and greet each other saying " Eid Mubarak " (Happy Eid). People visits Eid fairs to enjoy the occasion. The fairs are arranged on
9118-555: The world, resulting in thriving new communities. As Muslims, the Dawoodi Bohras believe in Tawhid , Islam's central monotheistic concept of a single, indivisible God ( Allah ). They recite the Shahada (Islamic holy creed): "There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, Ali is the guardian of Allah". Walayah – devotion to Allah, Muhammad , his family , and his descendants –
9215-417: The world. The majority reside in the India and Pakistan . A sizeable diaspora is spread across Europe, North America, the Middle East, and East Africa. The Bohras are primarily traders and businesspersons, while some are industrialists and skilled professionals. The word Bohra takes root in the Gujarati word vohrvu , in reference to their traditional occupation as traders. The prefix Dawoodi
9312-461: The year at various religious events. Burhanuddin's successor, Mufaddal Saifuddin , continues to uphold the tradition. It is customary among the Bohras to visit mausoleums, mosques, and other places of religious importance in Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, Iraq, and India. In most places, a community-administered complex ( mazaar ) provides accommodation, business centers, dining, and various recreational activities to
9409-550: Was the first Wali ( representative) in India. The seclusion of al-Tayyib led to the establishment of the office of al-Dai al-Mutlaq in Yemen. The Indian community which had pledged allegiance to the Fatimids continued to remain loyal to the Dais in Yemen. This resulted in a secession with the Hafizis, led by Al-Tayyib's uncle, Abd al-Majid. Twenty-three Dais operated from their mountain bases in Yemen for nearly four centuries, preserving
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