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65-487: The Conservatorio Municipal “José Iturbi” de Valencia is a music college in Valencia , Spain . The school has its roots in an 1869 initiative which provided organized musical education in the city of Valencia for the first time; with teachers providing instruction in their own homes rather than at a particular facility. These teachers eventually formed the school's first faculty when the conservatory opened its doors in 1879 as

130-563: A school of music , music academy , music faculty , college of music , music department (of a larger institution), conservatory , conservatorium or conservatoire ( / k ən ˈ s ɜːr v ə t w ɑːr / kən- SER -və-twar , French: [kɔ̃sɛʁvatwaʁ] ). Instruction consists of training in the performance of musical instruments , singing, musical composition , conducting, musicianship , as well as academic and research fields such as musicology , music history and music theory . Music instruction can be provided within

195-508: A Bachelor of Arts in Music or a Bachelor of Arts in Music Education. A number of previously independent conservatories have become affiliated to universities Country-specific pages Lists National and international organisations Diplomas Samuel Samuel's mother was Hannah and his father was Elkanah . Elkanah lived at Ramathaim in the district of Zuph . His genealogy

260-579: A Cathedral School in 909 AD to educate choristers, continues today to educate choristers and teaches instrumentalists. Saint Martial school , 10th to 12th century, was an important school of composition at the Abbey of Saint Martial , Limoges . It is known for the composition of tropes , sequences , and early organum . In this respect, it was an important precursor to the Notre Dame School . The Notre Dame school (late 12th and early 13th century) developed

325-495: A Saturday and children attend normal schools during the week. Non-governmental or private schools of music offer music education outside the general education system for students aged 4 to 20+ years. In general, students attend these schools weekend or evening. These schools are typically provided by individuals, charitable or commercial organizations. A conservatory of music may also be known in English as conservatoire (chiefly in

390-571: A career in the creative arts. Individual teaching is the strength of most components. Students have the opportunity to perform, conduct or have their music played on a regular basis, both informally and in public. This may be solo or as part of an orchestra, ensemble or band. Typically, conservatories focus on Western classical music. However, some schools focus on traditional instruments, such as Chinese instruments . Others may have departments for traditional music which includes both traditional and classical instruments, for example bagpipes alongside

455-517: A conservatory. Entry is typically between the ages of ages 8 and 18 and admission is through competitive audition. Schools may be public or independent; where schools are independent, pupils may be in receipt of governmental or private scholarships. Typically as students progress through the school the time spent on music increases and on academic subjects decrease. These schools usually teach only instrumentalists but may also include choristers. Some schools (like conservatories) are broader and may cover

520-446: A decision. When Saul and his servant were searching for his father 's lost donkeys, the servant suggested consulting the nearby Samuel. Samuel recognized Saul as the future king. Just before his retirement, Samuel gathered the people to an assembly at Gilgal , and delivered a farewell speech or coronation speech in which he emphasised how prophets and judges were more important than kings, that kings should be held to account, and that

585-414: A non-academic degree that is solely performance based, such as the (United States) A.D. or Artist Diploma; this may be offered at the undergraduate and/or graduate level. University music departments originally placed more emphasis on academic study of music, rather than performance. However, today, the division may not be so rigid, with many often placing greater emphasis on performance now than they did in

650-519: A speech of Samuel that portrays him as the judge sent by God to save Israel may have been composed by the Deuteronomists. In 1 Samuel 9:6–20, Samuel is seen as a local "seer". According to documentary scholarship, the Deuteronomistic historians preserved this view of Samuel while contributing him as "the first of prophets to articulate the failure of Israel to live up to its covenant with God." For

715-647: A very selective access to bursaries (see the Royal Academy of Music or the Royal College of Music in the UK). Specialist music schools exist in many countries and whose purpose is to identify, and assist, children with exceptional potential, to benefit from world-class specialist training as part of a broad and balanced education, which will enable them, if they choose, to proceed towards self-sustaining careers in music. These schools may be formally or informally attached to

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780-847: Is also found in a pedigree of the Kohathites (1 Chronicles 6:3–15) and in that of Heman the Ezrahite , apparently his grandson (1 Chronicles 6:18–33). According to the genealogical tables in Chronicles, Elkanah was a Levite —a fact not mentioned in the books of Samuel. The fact that Elkanah, a Levite, was denominated an Ephraimite is analogous to the designation of a Levite belonging to Judah (Judges 17:7, for example). According to 1 Samuel 1:1–28, Elkanah had two wives, Peninnah and Hannah. Peninnah had children; Hannah did not. Nonetheless, Elkanah favored Hannah. Jealous, Peninnah reproached Hannah for her lack of children, causing Hannah much heartache. Elkanah

845-471: Is described as having exercised the functions of a (biblical) judge, during an annual circuit from Ramah to Bethel to Gilgal (the Gilgal between Ebal and Gerizim ) to Mizpah and back to Ramah ( 1 Samuel 7:15-17 ), is foreshadowed by Deborah , who used to render judgments from a place beneath a palm between Ramah and Bethel. Source-critical scholarship often considers it to be a redaction aimed at harmonizing

910-450: Is described as having grieved copiously and having prematurely aged. His yahrzeit is observed on the 28th day of Iyar . For Christians , Samuel is considered to be a prophet, judge, and wise leader of Israel, and treated as an example of fulfilled commitments to God. On the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox , and Lutheran calendars, his feast day is August 20. He is commemorated as one of

975-453: Is in these very institutions that the so-called Scuola Musicale Napoletana was developed, thanks to the work of musicians and educators like Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725) and Francesco Durante (1684–1755), who was also Pergolesi's and Paisiello's teacher. The Palermo Conservatory was founded by the viceroy De Castro in 1617; the teaching of music was introduced there many decades later, with lessons in choral singing and violin. It

1040-643: Is not followed by kings and prophets, but some critical scholars look elsewhere seeking a harmonization of the issues. In the Book of Chronicles , Samuel is described as a Levite, rectifying this situation; however critical scholarship widely sees the Book of Chronicles as an attempt to redact the Book(s) of Samuel and of Kings to conform to later religious sensibilities. Since many of the Biblical law codes themselves are thought to postdate

1105-621: Is seen as a prophet and seer in the Islamic faith. The narrative of Samuel in Islam focuses specifically on his birth and the anointing of Talut . Other elements from his narrative are in accordance with the narratives of other Prophets of Israel , as exegesis recounts Samuel's preaching against idolatry . He is not mentioned by name in the Qur'an , but may be alluded to in Surah Al-Baqara 2:246 . In

1170-667: Is speculative. Even when history starts to be recorded, music is mentioned more frequently than music education. Within the biblical tradition, Hebrew litany was accompanied with rich music, but the Torah or Pentateuch was silent on the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. However, by I Samuel 10, Alfred Sendrey suggests that we find "a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation". This has led some scholars to believe that

1235-778: The Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester ; music academy , like the Sibelius Academy or the Royal Academy of Music , London; music faculty as the Don Wright Faculty of Music of the University of Western Ontario ; college of music , characterized by the Royal College of Music and the Berklee College of Music ; music department , like the Department of Music at the University of California, Santa Cruz ; or

1300-521: The fiddle . Alternatively, students can focus on jazz , world music or pop music. The time required to complete music degrees is generally not much different from degrees in other fields, i.e. 3–4 years for a Bachelor of Music degree, 1–2 years for a Master of Music degree, and 3–5 years for a Doctor of Musical Arts or Doctor of Music Degree. A PhD degree can be gained for areas such as musicology , music theory , music composition , music education , or music therapy . Some schools may offer

1365-461: The performing arts : music, drama, dance. Many music schools are located within existing schools. The pattern is quite diverse and may include: Specialist music units in Scotland, where students are drawn from an area wider than the host schools catchment. Students will receive specialist music tuition within the music school but are fully integrated within the host school for other lessons. Entry to

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1430-426: The "Conservatorio Municipal de Valencia". The school changed to its present name in 1979 in honor of the conductor and pianist José Iturbi . 39°27′42″N 0°21′08″W  /  39.4617°N 0.3522°W  / 39.4617; -0.3522 Music college A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music . Such an institution can also be known as

1495-621: The 19th century saw the network expanding to the Americas, Rio de Janeiro (1847), Boston (1853), Baltimore and Chicago (1868), Havana (1885), and Buenos Aires (1893). Establishments for advanced training in music were organized in the 1940s in several Asian and African countries, including Iraq, Lebanon, and Kenya. To this extent, projects like El Sistema are more in line with the tradition set in Italy (where tuition at conservatories remains still free) than in an English-speaking country, where students have

1560-737: The Amalekites' sheep and oxen, intending to sacrifice the livestock to the Lord. This was in violation of the Lord's command, as pronounced by Samuel, to "... utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass" (1 Samuel 15:3, KJV). Samuel confronted Saul for his disobedience and told him that God made him king, and God can unmake him king. Samuel then proceeded to execute Agag. Saul never saw Samuel alive again after this. Samuel then proceeded to Bethlehem and secretly anointed David as king. He would later provide sanctuary for David, when

1625-633: The Book(s) of Samuel (according to the Documentary Hypothesis ), this would suggest Chronicles is making its claim based on religious motivations. According to most modern scholarship, the Levitical genealogy of 1 Chronicles 4 is not historical. According to the documentary hypothesis of Biblical source criticism, which postulates that " Deuteronomistic historians " redacted the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings),

1690-503: The Book(s) of Samuel. The oldest is considered to be that marking Samuel as the local seer of Ramah, who willingly anointed Saul as king in secret, while the latter presents Samuel as a national figure, begrudgingly anointing Saul as king in front of a national assembly. This later source is generally known as the Republican source , since it denigrates the monarchy (particularly the actions of Saul) and favours religious figures, in contrast to

1755-499: The Deuteronomistic historians, Samuel would have been an extension of Moses and continuing Moses' function as a prophet, judge, and priest, which makes the nature of the historical Samuel uncertain. According to the Book of Jeremiah and one of the Psalms , Samuel had a high devotion to God. Classical Rabbinical literature adds that he was more than an equal to Moses , God speaking directly to Samuel, rather than Samuel having to attend

1820-454: The Deuteronomists idealized Samuel as a figure larger than life, like Joshua . For example, Samuel's father Elkanah is described as having originated from Zuph , specifically Ramathaim-Zophim , which was part of the tribal lands of Ephraim , while 1 Chronicles states that he was a Levite . Samuel is portrayed as a judge who leads the military, as the judges in the Book of Judges, and also who exercises judicial functions. In 1 Sam 12:6–17,

1885-509: The Hebrew Śāmū (שָׂמוּ) + ʾĒl, meaning "God has set" or "God has placed". This meaning relating to the idea of God setting/placing a child in the womb, alongside Hannah dedicating Samuel as a Nazirite to God. The Hebrew śāmū is also related to the Akkadian šâmū (𒊮𒈬), which shares the same meaning. From the explanation given in 1 Samuel 1:20 , however, it would seem to come from a contraction of

1950-407: The Hebrew שְׁאִלְתִּיו מֵאֵל ( Modern: Šəʾīltīv mēʾĒl, Tiberian: Šĭʾīltīw mēʾĒl ), meaning "I have asked/borrowed him from God". Further shortened to שָׁאוּל מֵאֵל ( Šāʾūl mēʾĒl, "asked/borrowed from God" ), then finally contracted to שְׁמוּאֵל ( Šəmūʾēl/Šămūʾēl ). This meaning also relating to Hannah dedicating Samuel as a Nazirite to God as well. Samuel worked under Eli in the service of

2015-789: The Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 30. In the Coptic Orthodox Church , the commemoration of the departure of Samuel the Prophet is celebrated on 9 Paoni . Herbert Lockyer , minister and author, and others have seen in Samuel's combined offices of prophet, priest, and ruler a foreshadowing of Christ. Samuel ( Arabic : صموئيل or شموئيل , romanized :  Šamūʾīl or Ṣamūʾīl )

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2080-684: The Islamic narrative, the Israelites after Moses wanted a king to rule over their country. Thus, God sent a prophet, Samuel, to anoint Talut as the first king for the Israelites. However, the Israelites mocked and reviled the newly appointed king, as he was not wealthy from birth (Q 2:247 ). But, assuming Talut to be Saul , in sharp contrast to the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an praises Saul greatly, and mentions that he

2145-457: The Lord told him that the wickedness of the sons of Eli had resulted in their dynasty being condemned to destruction. In the morning, Samuel was hesitant about reporting the message to Eli, but Eli asked him to honestly recount to him what he had been told by the Lord. Upon receiving the communication, Eli merely said that the Lord should do what seems right unto him. Samuel grew up and "all Israel from Dan to Beersheba " came to know that Samuel

2210-479: The Philistines. "[I]t may have been possible and necessary for Samuel to exercise authority in roles that would normally not converge in a single individual (priest, prophet, judge)." After 20 years of oppression, Samuel, who had gained national prominence as a prophet (1 Samuel 3:20), summoned the people to the hill of Mizpah , and led them against the Philistines. The Philistines, having marched to Mizpah to attack

2275-581: The UK ), conservatorium (in Australia ), academy or college . Some schools or conservatories are exclusively focused on music. Others have a wider focus, for example covering music, drama and dance. Conservatories are suitable for students who wish to develop their performance, conducting, or composition to a professional standard. Typically, they offer a high percentage of practical training combined with academic study and professional development for those considering

2340-458: The assumption that Samuel was still living when summoned, is discredited (Tosef., Soṭah, xi. 5). Still he was invoked during the first twelve months after his death, when, according to the Rabbis, the spirit still hovers near the body (Shab. 152b). In connection with the incidents of the story the Rabbis have developed the theory that the necromancer sees the spirit but is unable to hear his speech, while

2405-499: The body of the Accademia) to music education (in its role as a conservatory) to performance (with an active choir and symphony orchestra). The term conservatory has its origin in 16th-century Renaissance Italy, where orphanages ( conservatori ) were attached to hospitals. The orphans ( conservati 'saved') were given a musical education there, and the term gradually applied to music schools. These hospitals-conservatories were among

2470-462: The child was weaned, she left him in Eli's care, and from time to time she would come to visit her son. According to 1 Samuel 1:20, Hannah named Samuel to commemorate her prayer to God for a child. "... [She] called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the Lord" (KJV). From its appearance, the name Samuel ( Hebrew: שְׁמוּאֵל Šəmūʾēl , Tiberian: Šămūʾēl ) appears to be constructed from

2535-573: The compulsory general education system, or within specialized children's music schools such as the Purcell School . Elementary-school children can access music instruction also in after-school institutions such as music academies or music schools. In Venezuela El Sistema of youth orchestras provides free after-school instrumental instruction through music schools called núcleos . The term "music school" can also be applied to institutions of higher education under names such as school of music , such as

2600-576: The earliest repertory of polyphonic music to gain international circulation. First records on the Spanish Escolania de Montserrat , a boys' choir linked to a music school, date back to 1307. The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (National Academy of St Cecilia) is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, based in Italy. It is based at the Auditorium Parco della Musica in Rome , and

2665-426: The external threat from other tribes, such as the Philistines, the tribal leaders decided that there was a need for a more unified, central government, and demanded Samuel appoint a king so that they could be like other nations. Samuel interpreted this as a personal rejection, and at first was reluctant to oblige, until reassured by a divine revelation. He warned the people of the potential negative consequences of such

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2730-469: The first secular institutions equipped for practical training in music. By the 18th century, Italian conservatories were already playing a major role in the training of artists and composers. In the city of Naples , a conservatorio was strictly a secular place for teaching and learning specializing in music education. There were already four conservatories in Naples active in the 16th and 18th century: It

2795-546: The host school and musical ability is not an admission requirement. Schools which perform highly may specialize in an additional area for example sports or technology. Music schools also frequently operate from church facilities. Many conservatories or other tertiary-level institutions have pre-college divisions or junior departments for children of school age. Typically the curriculum includes individual lesson(s), orchestra, chamber music , theory , musicianship , composition and music technology . Classes are usually held on

2860-576: The jealous Saul first tried to have him killed. Samuel is described in the biblical narrative as being buried in Ramah . According to tradition, this burial place has been identified with Samuel's tomb in the West Bank village of Nabi Samwil . Some time after his death, Saul had the Witch of Endor conjure Samuel's spirit from Sheol in order to predict the result of an upcoming battle (1 Samuel 28:3–24). Samuel

2925-507: The newly amassed Israelite army, were soundly defeated and fled in terror. The retreating Philistines were slaughtered by the Israelites. The text then states that Samuel erected a large stone at the battle site as a memorial, and there ensued a long period of peace thereafter. Samuel initially appointed his two sons Joel and Abijah as his successors; however, just like Eli's sons, Samuel's proved unworthy for they accepted bribes and perverted judgement. The Israelites rejected them. Because of

2990-537: The other main source—the Monarchial source —which treats it favourably. The Monarchial source would have Saul appointed king by public acclamation, due to his military victories, and not by Samuel's cleromancy . Another difference between the sources is that the Republican source treats the ecstatic prophets as somewhat independent from Samuel (1 Samuel 9:1ff) rather than having been led by him. The passage in which Samuel

3055-509: The overdue Samuel to arrive. He prophesied that Saul's rule would see no dynastic succession. Samuel also directed Saul to "utterly destroy" the Amalekites in fulfilment of the commandment in Deuteronomy 25:17–19: During the campaign against the Amalekites, King Saul spared Agag , the king of the Amalekites, and the best of their livestock. Saul told Samuel that he had spared the choicest of

3120-466: The past. The specific balance of vocational training and academic study varies from one institution to another, and from one country to another. Some countries separately define their institutions between university status and vocational university status, whilst other countries do not define such a rigid division. In addition to offering degrees similar to those offered at conservatories, some universities offer non-professional music-related degrees such as

3185-412: The people should not fall into idol worship, or worship of Asherah or of Baal . Samuel promised that God would subject the people to foreign invaders should they disobey. 1 Kings 11:5, 33, and 2 Kings 23:13 note that the Israelites fell into Asherah worship later on. When Saul was preparing to fight the Philistines, Samuel denounced him for proceeding with the pre-battle sacrifice without waiting for

3250-559: The person at whose instance the spirit is called hears the voice but fails to see; bystanders neither hear nor see (Yalḳ., l.c.; Redaḳ and RaLBaG's commentaries). The outcry of the woman at the sight of Samuel was due to his rising in an unusual way—upright, not, as she expected, in a horizontal position (comp. LXX. ὄρθιον in verse 14). Some authors see the biblical Samuel as combining descriptions of two distinct roles: Source-critical scholarship suggests that these two roles come from different sources, which later were spliced together to form

3315-587: The prophet Samuel was the patriarch of a school which taught not only prophets and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians. The schola cantorum (papal choir) in Rome may be the first recorded music school in history, when Gregory the Great (540–604) made permanent an existing guild dating from the 4th century ( schola originally referred more to a guild rather than school). The school consisted of monks, secular clergy, and boys. Wells Cathedral School , England, founded as

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3380-587: The sanctuary's Ark for themselves . Upon hearing the news of the capture of the Ark of the Covenant, and the death of his sons, Eli collapsed and died. When the Philistines had been in possession of the Ark for seven months and had been visited with calamities and misfortunes, they decided to return the Ark to the Israelites. According to Bruce C. Birch, Samuel was a key figure in keeping the Israelites' religious heritage and identity alive during Israel's defeat and occupation by

3445-508: The shrine at Shiloh. One night, Samuel heard a voice calling his name. According to the first-century Jewish historian Josephus , Samuel was 12 years old. Samuel initially assumed it was coming from Eli and went to Eli to ask what he wanted. Eli, however, sent Samuel back to sleep. After this happened three times, Eli realised that the voice was the Lord's, and instructed Samuel on how to answer: If He calls you, then you must say, "Speak, Lord, for Your servant hears". Once Samuel responded,

3510-450: The specialist music unit or school is by competitive audition, which also effectively gives entry to the host school. Many public or independent schools contain music departments , some of which achieve high standards. These are sometimes referred to as Music schools. Music Colleges in England are schools that get additional private and governmental money to specialize in music. Entry is to

3575-527: The tabernacle to hear God. Samuel is also described by the Rabbis as having been extremely intelligent; he argued that it was legitimate for laymen to slaughter sacrifices, since the Halakha only insisted that the priests bring the blood , Eli, who was viewed negatively by many Classical Rabbis, is said to have reacted to this logic of Samuel by arguing that it was technically true, but Samuel should be put to death for making legal statements while Eli (his mentor)

3640-587: The term conservatory , exemplified by the Conservatoire de Paris and the New England Conservatory . In other parts of Europe, the equivalents of higher school of music or university of music may be used, such as the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln (Cologne University of Music). Although music in general and music education may have been in existence for thousands of years, the earliest history

3705-526: The two portrayals of Samuel. The Book(s) of Samuel variously describe Samuel as having carried out sacrifices at sanctuaries, and having constructed and sanctified altars . According to the Priestly Code / Deuteronomic Code only Aaronic priests/ Levites (depending on the underlying tradition) were permitted to perform these actions, and simply being a nazarite or prophet was insufficient. The books of Samuel and Kings offer numerous examples where this rule

3770-408: Was a devout man and would periodically take his family on pilgrimage to the holy site of Shiloh . On one occasion, Hannah went to the sanctuary and prayed for a child. In tears, she vowed that if she were granted a child, she would dedicate him to God as a nazirite . Eli , who was sitting at the foot of the doorpost in the sanctuary at Shiloh, saw her apparently mumbling to herself and thought she

3835-458: Was a trustworthy prophet of the Lord. Anglican theologian Donald Spence Jones comments that "the minds of all the people were thus gradually prepared when the right moment came to acknowledge Samuel as a God-sent chieftain". During Samuel's youth at Shiloh , the Philistines inflicted a decisive defeat against the Israelites at Eben-Ezer , placed the land under Philistine control, and took

3900-449: Was angered by his recalling, and told Saul that the Lord had left him. While the Witch of Endor remains anonymous in the Biblical account, the rabbinical Midrash maintains that she was Zephaniah, the mother of Abner (Yalḳ, Sam. 140, from Pirḳe R. El.). That a supernatural appearance is here described is inferred from the repeated emphasis laid on the statement that Samuel had died and had been buried (I Sam. xxv. 1, xxviii. 3), by which

3965-403: Was drunk, but was soon assured of both her motivation and sobriety. Eli was the priest of Shiloh , and one of the last Israelite Judges before the rule of kings in ancient Israel . He had assumed the leadership after Samson 's death. Eli blessed her and she returned home. Subsequently, Hannah became pregnant, later giving birth to Samuel, and praised God for his mercy and faithfulness. After

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4030-626: Was founded by the papal bull, Ratione congruit, issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. It was founded as a "congregation" or "confraternity" – a religious guild, so to speak – and over the centuries, has grown from a forum for local musicians and composers to an internationally acclaimed academy active in music scholarship (with 100 prominent music scholars forming

4095-562: Was gifted with great spiritual and physical strength. In the Qur'anic account, Samuel prophesies that the sign of Talut's kingship will be that the Ark of the Covenant will come back to the Israelites. `Abdu'l-Bahá , a central figure in the Bahá'í Faith , mentions Samuel as an example of a genuine Prophet of the House of Israel, alongside Ezekiel . Actors who have portrayed Samuel include Leonard Nimoy in

4160-561: Was present. Samuel is also treated by the Classical Rabbis as a much more sympathetic character than he appears at face value in the Bible; his annual circuit is explained as being due to his wish to spare people the task of having to journey to him; Samuel is said to have been very rich, taking his entire household with him on the circuit so that he didn't need to impose himself on anyone's hospitality; when Saul fell out of God's favour, Samuel

4225-709: Was the example set in Naples, where admission was by competitive examination and tuition was free, that was then copied, with modifications, in many European cities, including Paris (1795), Bologna (1804), Milan (1807), Warsaw (1810), Florence and Prague (1811), Vienna (1821), London (1822), the Hague (1826), Liège (1827); a bit later two conservatories were founded in Russia by Rubinstein brothers – Anton in Saint Petersburg (1862) and Nikolai in Moscow (1866). The second half of

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