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45-780: VSR may refer to: VSR-10 rifles by Tokyo Marui VSR V8 Trophy , a stock car racing series V&S Railway , Kansas, USA, reporting mark Voltage-sensitive relay in electronics Variable shunt reactor , high voltage stabilizer Very Special Relativity in physics Very short patch repair in DNA Victorian Scottish Regiment , Australia Virtual Super Resolution on AMD graphics cards Video Super Resolution on Nvidia graphics cards Vibratory Stress Relief in mechanical engineering Vincenzo Sospiri Racing , an Italian auto racing team Video super-resolution , video upscaling technique Topics referred to by

90-664: A Mabuchi RS-380 motor and initially sold via mail order, was one of the best-selling radio controlled models of the period and contributed greatly to the hobby's growth. Scale variations on the simple and strong Big Bear chassis included both regular and "Super Wheelie" versions of the Jeep CJ-7 Golden Eagle and Toyota FJ40 Land Cruiser, each lacking the oversized wheels and tires of the Big Bear and equipped instead with more scale-looking Goodyear offroad tires. A proposed third version which would have been Marui's ninth release

135-424: A boiling point that is somewhat below the target temperature (although boiling point can be adjusted by adjusting the pressure appropriately), a high heat of vaporization , a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form (which can also be adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high critical temperature . Working pressures should ideally be containable by copper tubing ,

180-547: A 0.12 gram BB. Some models may be select fire, and most models have an additional grip safety that must be held in order for the pistol to fire, with the exception of the Combat Delta models that use the gun's usual grip safety. The pistols feature a very weak blowback, and the slide usually only moves a third of the distance that it would on a typical GBB or real firearm. Tokyo Marui Gas blowback pistols are designed to use HFC134A refrigerant to fire BBs and also to blow back

225-650: A European non-profit initiative for natural refrigerants , was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and industry experts. In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone Regulations came into force which banned the use of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such as R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned

270-508: A certified reclaimer, which must be licensed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the material must be recovered and delivered to the reclaimer by EPA-certified technicians. Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated: The R- numbering system was developed by DuPont (which owned

315-554: A commonly available material. Extremely high pressures should be avoided. The ideal refrigerant would be: non-corrosive , non-toxic , non-flammable , with no ozone depletion and global warming potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low environmental impact. Newer refrigerants address the issue of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs make to climate change, but some do raise issues relating to toxicity and/or flammability. With increasing regulations, refrigerants with

360-443: A couple mm more accurate. A needle-like contraption called air brake protrudes from the piston. The air brake plugs the cylinder before piston impacts, trapping a small amount of air between the piston and cylinder. This reduces impact vibration and adds to VSR series' unique accuracy. Tokyo Marui makes several replicas that are powered by compressing a spring. For the shotgun and grenade launcher models, each shot fires three BBs at

405-452: A former East German refrigerator company to research alternative ozone- and climate-safe refrigerants in 1992. The company developed a hydrocarbon mixture of propane and isobutane , or pure isobutane, called "Greenfreeze", but as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to widespread adoption by other firms. Policy and political influence by corporate executives resisted change however, citing

450-430: A full-sized gearbox system. Tokyo Marui makes the following automatic electric pistols: Tokyo Marui makes LPAEG replicas scaled down for use by children from the age of 10. They are powered by 6 AA batteries and have lower power than their 1:1 scale counterparts. Tokyo Marui's electric blowback pistols (commonly referred to as EBBs) are powered by four AAA batteries and typically fire at 160 ft/s (49 m/s) with

495-628: A heating only DX cycle. Refrigerants can carry 10 times more energy per kg than water, and 50 times more than air. Refrigerants are controlled substances and classified by International safety regulations ISO 817/5149, AHRAE 34/15 & BS EN 378 due to high pressures (700–1,000 kPa (100–150 psi)), extreme temperatures (−50 °C [−58 °F] to over 100 °C [212 °F]), flammability (A1 class non-flammable, A2/A2L class flammable and A3 class extremely flammable/explosive) and toxicity (B1-low, B2-medium & B3-high). The regulations relate to situations when these refrigerants are released into

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540-441: A practice of using abbreviations HFC- for hydrofluorocarbons , CFC- for chlorofluorocarbons , and HCFC- for hydrochlorofluorocarbons has arisen, because of the regulatory differences among these groups. ASHRAE Standard 34, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants , assigns safety classifications to refrigerants based upon toxicity and flammability . Using safety information provided by producers, ASHRAE assigns

585-499: A short range hop-up effect. Tokyo Marui only recommends that a special .12 g silver projectile of theirs be used, and that it be loaded with a proprietary speedloader which holds 90 projectiles. Tokyo Marui was also at the forefront of the developing radio control hobby in the mid-1980s with a line of high-quality 1/10-scale electric buggies , monster trucks and even an unusual NASCAR Winston Cup stocker, all in kit form. This kit of Bill Elliott 's Coors Melling Ford Thunderbird

630-405: A time. The spring is compressed by racking the slide. Some have hop-up and some do not. Tokyo Marui makes a small series of semi-automatic guns that fire by compressing the spring and releasing it as the trigger is pulled. These are mostly marketed at children in various colors, but Tokyo Marui has released black and silver editions which come in more professional looking boxes. The barrels create

675-496: A very low global warming potential are expected to play a dominant role in the 21st century, in particular, R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from almost no market share in 2018, low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022. Coolant and refrigerants are found throughout the industrialized world, in homes, offices, and factories, in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, central air conditioning systems (HVAC), freezers, and dehumidifiers. When these units are serviced, there

720-479: Is a risk that refrigerant gas will be vented into the atmosphere either accidentally or intentionally, hence the creation of technician training and certification programs in order to ensure that the material is conserved and managed safely. Mistreatment of these gases has been shown to deplete the ozone layer and is suspected to contribute to global warming . With the exception of isobutane and propane (R600a, R441A and R290), ammonia and CO 2 under Section 608 of

765-581: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tokyo Marui The company had its own center for airsoft sport called Tokyo Marui BB Sports Field which was operated during 2009 and 2010. Their guns have appeared in numerous movies and it has merchandising arrangements with many games . Tokyo Marui was the first company to introduce airsoft guns powered solely by electric motor gearbox -driven spring-piston assembly in 1992, which they called "automatic electric gun" (AEG). This compact air pump system

810-446: The Freon trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon. ASHRAE has since set guidelines for the numbering system as follows: R-X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 For example, R-134a has 2 carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 4 fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that

855-603: The Type 89 and AK-74M rifles have had full metal externals. The internal gearboxes of these guns are primarily powered by rechargeable batteries . A standard, unmodified Tokyo Marui gearbox will fire 0.20 g airsoft pellets at 240 to 300 feet per second (73 to 91 m/s) — around 0.8 to 0.9 joules (0.59 to 0.66 ft⋅lb) of muzzle energy – depending on the model. These gearboxes may be modified for higher performance with aftermarket parts, but Japanese law limits their power output to 0.98 joules (0.72 ft⋅lb). Tokyo Marui makes

900-494: The ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation, and to the ozone holes over polar regions. This led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 which aimed to phase out CFCs and HCFC but did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as R-22 , and R-123 was accelerated and so were used in most U.S. homes in air conditioners and in chillers from

945-572: The 1980s as they have a dramatically lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still not zero which led to their eventual phase-out. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as R-134a , R-407A , R-407C , R-404A , R-410A (a 50/50 blend of R-125 / R-32 ) and R-507 were promoted as replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were not ozone-depleting but did have global warming potentials (GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO 2 with atmospheric lifetimes that can extend for decades. This in turn, starting from

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990-432: The 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of Hydrocarbon and HFO ( hydrofluoroolefin ) refrigerants R-32, R-290, R-600a, R-454B , R-1234yf , R-514A, R-744 (CO 2 ), R-1234ze(E) and R-1233zd(E), which have both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and CO 2 are sometimes called natural refrigerants because they can be found in nature. The environmental organization Greenpeace provided funding to

1035-620: The European Union started to phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100-year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO 2 ) such as the refrigerant HFC-134a (known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1526. In the same year the EPA decided in favour of the ozone- and climate-safe refrigerant for U.S. manufacture. A 2018 study by

1080-537: The U.S. It is estimated that almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants. In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 that some refrigerants are being used as recreational drugs , leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as inhalant abuse . From 2011

1125-575: The United States' Clean Air Act it is illegal to knowingly release any refrigerants into the atmosphere. Refrigerant reclamation is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of refrigeration loop such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas. In the United States , the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be processed by

1170-837: The atmosphere in the event of an accidental leak not while circulated. Refrigerants (controlled substances) must only be handled by qualified/certified engineers for the relevant classes (in the UK, C&G 2079 for A1-class and C&G 6187-2 for A2/A2L & A3-class refrigerants). Refrigerants (A1 class only) Due to their non-flammability, A1 class non-flammability, non-explosivity, and non-toxicity, non-explosivity they have been used in open systems (consumed when used) like fire extinguishers, inhalers, computer rooms fire extinguishing and insulation, etc.) since 1928. The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia , sulfur dioxide , methyl chloride , or propane , that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked. In 1928 Thomas Midgley Jr. created

1215-502: The company to scale back production to airsoft guns. Tokyo Marui has since returned to the RC car market, albeit the lucrative mini RC market with its 1:24 cars and also since 1994, builds remote driven Godzilla models. In 2007, Tokyo Marui released Z- scale model trains under the Pro-Z title including fully developed rail dioramas with several different trainsets. Recently, Tokyo Marui has entered

1260-432: The contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion and that of HFC refrigerants to climate change . Refrigerants are used in a direct expansion (DX- Direct Expansion) system (circulating system)to transfer energy from one environment to another, typically from inside a building to outside (or vice versa) commonly known as an air conditioner cooling only or cooling & heating reverse DX system or heat pump

1305-426: The electric scooter market. Tokyo Marui: Soft Air Gun-2004 All Line Up Catalog Refrigerant A refrigerant is a working fluid used in cooling, heating or reverse cooling and heating of air conditioning systems and heat pumps where they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated because of their toxicity and flammability and

1350-459: The first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon (R-12). The name is a trademark name owned by DuPont (now Chemours ) for any chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant. Following the discovery of better synthesis methods, CFCs such as R-11 , R-12 , R-123 and R-502 dominated the market. In the mid-1970s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to

1395-502: The flammability and explosive properties of the refrigerants, and DuPont together with other companies blocked them in the U.S. with the U.S. EPA. Beginning on 14 November 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency restricted the sale, possession and use of refrigerants to only licensed technicians, per rules under sections 608 and 609 of the Clean Air Act. In 1995, Germany made CFC refrigerators illegal. In 1996 Eurammon ,

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1440-457: The following AEGs: AK-47 Type 3 (Electric Blow Back) Automatic electric pistols (AEP) run on 7.2V rechargeable batteries. These pistols and compact submachine guns are often more reliable than gas-powered replicas in cold weather. However, due to their lower voltage supplies and miniature gearboxes, they usually generate lower muzzle speeds (about 0.25 - .5J per BB, 25–50 m/s for 0.2g BB) and slightly slower rates of fire than replicas using

1485-603: The following models: Tokyo Marui has combined remote control and airsoft by making a series of 1/24 scale remote controlled tanks that fire BBs. By remote control, a user may move the tank forwards and backwards, turn in place, rotate the turret, elevate the barrel, and fire. The range is only 25 m for 0.2g BBs. The tanks run on eight AA batteries. Tokyo Marui has also in an attempt to compete with Tamiya manufactured 1:24 scale model cars, Mini 4WD of their own RC cars as well as licensed by other companies including Kyosho and educational models. The early nineties recession would force

1530-429: The isomer is unbalanced by one atom, giving 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane . R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would have a molecular structure of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane. The same numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (e.g., "Propellant 12") for the same chemical used as a propellant for an aerosol spray , and with trade names for the compounds, such as " Freon 12". Recently,

1575-406: The nonprofit organization " Drawdown " put proper refrigerant management and disposal at the very top of the list of climate impact solutions, with an impact equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions. In 2019 it was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for about 10% of direct radiative forcing from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases. and in

1620-414: The same 430 mm long inner barrel. However, due to the vibration caused by the heavier piston's impact, Real Shock is the least accurate of the three, albeit only by less than an inch difference at 20 m distance. G-spec is shortened version with a silencer attached. Inner barrel is 303 mm long, but has a slightly tighter bore. Due to short inner barrel its accuracy is close to Real Shock, but

1665-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title VSR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSR&oldid=1145778853 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1710-684: The same year the UNEP published new voluntary guidelines, however many countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment . From early 2020 HFCs (including R-404A, R-134a and R-410A) are being superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and heat pumps are increasingly using R-32 . This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progressive devices use refrigerants with almost no climate impact, namely R-290 (propane), R-600a (isobutane) or R-1234yf (less flammable, in cars). In commercial refrigeration also CO 2 (R-744) can be used. A refrigerant needs to have:

1755-465: The shooter has to pull the bolt, cock the piston and load a BB into the chamber. All three versions of the VSR-10 share the same stock, same internals and same air chamber. The Pro-sniper version has a black stock, 430 mm long inner barrel and is the most accurate of the three versions. The Real Shock version has a metal weight in the piston to simulate recoil. Real Shock has a simulated wooden stock and

1800-600: The slide, mimicking the recoil of automatic hand guns. Refrigerant is sold in canisters similar to small propane canisters used in portable gas range. Propane based "Green" gas can be used, but could damage the replica due to higher pressure it exerts to mostly plastic parts used in gas blowback replicas, but many replicas have proven safe to use with propane or green gas. Desert Eagle Series: Detonics .45 Series: Glock Series: Hi-Capa / M1911 Series: Beretta M92 Series: SIG Sauer Series: Others: Also known as "Non-Blowback" pistols. Recently, Tokyo Marui has delved into

1845-546: The use of R22 as a "top-up" fluid for maintenance from 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2015 for recycled fluid. With growing interest in natural refrigerants as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations like Coca-Cola and Unilever , and later Pepsico and others, to create a corporate coalition called Refrigerants Naturally!. Four years later, Ben & Jerry's of Unilever and General Electric began to take steps to support production and use in

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1890-445: The world of Gas Blowback Machine Guns. These replicas work very similarly to Tokyo Marui's Gas Blowback Pistols, in that they use HFC134A refrigerant to blowback the bolt assembly to mimic the recoil of an automatic rifle or sub-machine gun when shooting the BBs. Tokyo Marui has made gas powered replicas of these machine guns: These are bolt-action "sniper" rifles. Before each shot is fired,

1935-421: Was built on a four-wheel drive buggy chassis; despite that full-scale NASCAR racers are rear-wheel drive . The body could be raised or lowered for either onroad or offroad use and two full sets of wheels and tires were included, pre-mounted sponge slick tires for onroad and knobby spiked rubber tires for offroad. The Big Bear Datsun , a 1/12-scale monster truck topped with a Datsun pickup truck body, powered by

1980-498: Was implemented in their first battery-powered automatic firing replica, the FAMAS F1 . Other airsoft guns were then introduced. The 3-gear AEG design developed by Tokyo Marui is still in use today, and has been copied numerous times through the years by many other airsoft manufacturers . Tokyo Marui's airsoft replicas were made primarily from ABS plastic bodies, but also used metal parts where needed. Their more recent models, such as

2025-533: Was that of a Mitsubishi Pajero , shelved due to licensing problems. Twelve models were released in all, numbered 1 through 13 since the aforementioned ninth model never made it to market. Strong competition by the end of the decade, especially from Tamiya and Kyosho , caused Marui to pull out of the hobby-grade R/C market. They returned to the R/C market in 2000 with a still-popular line of ready-to-run, 1/24-scale military tanks (see below). The company released and sold

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