Misplaced Pages

#506493

46-406: VSG may refer to: Laminated safety glass (German: Verbundsicherheitsglas), a type of glass that holds together when shattered. Variable surface glycoprotein , a protein coating the surface of some infectious microorganisms (e.g. Trypanosoma brucei ) and helping them to evade the host's immune system VDM Verlagsservicegesellschaft, a subsidiary of

92-425: A homogeneous mixture. The drug-filler-polymer mixture is then cast into a mold at −80 °C and freeze-dried until solid. These devices are used in drug delivery research to slowly release a compound. The polymer does not biodegrade within the body, but is quite inert and causes little or no reaction following implantation. EVA is one of the materials popularly known as expanded rubber or foam rubber . EVA foam

138-449: A patent, after hearing about a car accident where two women were severely injured by glass debris. In 1911, he formed the Société du Verre Triplex , which fabricated a glass-plastic composite to reduce injuries in car accidents . Production of Triplex glass was slow and painstaking, so it was expensive; it was not immediately widely adopted by automobile manufacturers, but laminated glass

184-415: A permanent transparent color for a laminated glass panel. A switchable interlayer can also be added to create a panel which can be clear when a small electric current is passed through the interlayer and opaque when the current is switched off. For LED glass, the layers are: For laminated glass, the post-breakage strength and safety are most important when analyzing its performance. The interaction between

230-839: A school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Video Store Girl, one of the pseudonyms of Valerie D'Orazio , a popular comic book editor and writer VSG Altglienicke Berlin , a German sports club VSG, the Visualization Sciences Group , developers of Open Inventor and Avizo , popular 3D visualization software packages. VSG, IATA airport designator of the Luhansk International Airport , Luhansk, Ukraine VSG, ICAO airline designator of AirClass Airways (formerly Visig Operaciones Aéreas), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Xylene Blue VSG, another name for

276-466: A separating device such as a rolling mill where the glass is fragmented and the larger cullet is mechanically detached from the inner film. The application of heat then melts the laminating plastic, usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB), enabling both the glass and the interior film to be recycled. The PVB recycling process is a simple procedure of melting and reshaping it. However, the recycled PVB will have structure variations and lower strength properties than

322-592: A special acoustic PVB compound is used. In 1902, the French corporation Le Carbone obtained a patent for coating glass objects with celluloid to render them less susceptible to cracking or breaking. Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by the French chemist Édouard Bénédictus (1878–1930), inspired by a laboratory accident: a glass flask had become coated with the plastic cellulose nitrate , and when dropped it shattered but did not break into pieces. In 1909 Bénédictus filed

368-496: A thermoset EVA is properly laminated, the glass can be presented frameless. There should be no water/moisture infiltration, very little discoloration, and no delamination due to the high level of bonding (crosslinking). Newer developments have increased the thermoplastic family for the lamination of glass. Beside PVB, other important thermoplastic glass lamination materials today are ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoset EVA, and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The adhesion of TPU

414-449: A type of laminated glass, is usually constructed using polycarbonate , thermoplastic materials , thermoset EVA , and layers of laminated glass. In automobiles, the laminated glass panel is around 6.5 mm (0.26 inches) thick, in comparison to airplane glass being three times as thick. In airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, there is often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm thick PVB between them. This

460-426: Is a thin sheet made of EVA, which is flexible, and is used by artists and craft makers to make artificial flowers. These foams are presented as raw sheets and they can be cut into the desired petal shape and then can be formed by ironing to assemble artificial flowers by putting these petals together. EVA is also used in coatings formulation of good-quality interior water-borne paints at 53% primary dispersant. EVA

506-433: Is also used as a clinginess-enhancing additive in plastic wraps . Craft-foam sheets are made of EVA and are popularly used for children's foam stickers. EVA is also used in biomedical engineering applications as a drug-delivery device. The polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent (such as dichloromethane ). Powdered drug and filler (typically an inert sugar) are added to the liquid solution and rapidly mixed to obtain

SECTION 10

#1732851226507

552-433: Is also used to make thermoplastic mouthguards that soften in boiling water for a user-specific fit. It is also used for conditioning and waterproofing fabrics and leather. EVA finds application in the making of nicotine transdermal patches , since the copolymer binds well with other agents to form gel-like substances. EVA is also sometimes used as a material for some plastic model kit parts. One common use of EVA foam rubber

598-527: Is an unsafe practice of cutting both sides separately, pouring a flammable liquid such as denatured alcohol into the crack, and igniting it to melt the interlayer to separate the pieces. The following safer methods were recommended by the UK Government's Health and Safety Executive in 2005: Cutting laminated glass requires a different scoring procedure since the glass has resistance to fracture. Laminated glass can be broken through breaks, which depends on

644-434: Is based on a high proportion of VA (greater than 60%) is referred to as ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber. EVA is an elastomeric polymer that produces materials which are "rubber-like" in softness and flexibility. The material has good clarity and gloss, low-temperature toughness , stress-crack resistance, hot-melt adhesive waterproof properties, and resistance to UV radiation . EVA has a distinctive vinegar-like odor and

690-640: Is competitive with rubber and vinyl polymer products in many electrical applications. EVA is made by mixing ethylene and vinyl acetate in a processor, which creates an unrefined mass of EVA. It is fed through rollers that flatten it into sheets, which are then put into a pressure oven. Ethylene-vinyl acetate is based on products from the production of petroleum and natural gas. Hydrolysis of EVA gives ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer (and acetic acid). Hot-melt adhesives (such as hot glue sticks) and top-of-the-line soccer cleats are usually made from EVA, generally with additives like wax and resin . EVA

736-439: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Laminated safety glass Laminated glass is used for architecture , glazing , automobile safety , photovoltaic , UV protection , and artistic expression. The most common use of laminated glass is automobile windshields and skylight glazing. In geographical areas requiring hurricane-resistant construction, laminated glass

782-478: Is difficult to break, which prevents intruders. Laminated glass can also reduce heating from the sun, allow building interiors to stay cool and reducing energy consumption. Depending on its thickness, laminated glass can reduce noise pollution coming from the exterior. In natural disasters such as hurricanes or earthquakes, laminated glass will remain intact and reduce potential injuries and deaths. Plastic interlayers in laminated glass make its cutting difficult. There

828-555: Is flammable. A safer alternative is to melt the PVB lamination layer with a heat gun. Once the interlayer is melted, the separation is cut using a single-edged razor blade or a tape measure blade. With the blade, one would stroke the score and cut the PVB until the glass is separated from the interlayer completely. According to the United States National Windshield Repair Association, laminated glass repair

874-570: Is generally considered non-toxic. The EVA copolymer which is based on a medium proportion of VA (approximately 4 to 30%) is referred to as thermoplastic ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and is a thermoplastic elastomer material. It is not vulcanized but has some of the properties of a rubber or of plasticized polyvinyl chloride particularly at the higher end of the range. Both filled and unfilled EVA materials have good low temperature properties and are tough. The materials with approximately 11% VA are used as hot-melt adhesives. The EVA copolymer which

920-406: Is in low frequency (woofer) speaker cone membrane support rings (replacing rubber) because of its good mechanical and acoustic properties. Open cell EVA foam is used to damp high frequency acoustical diffraction from tweeter speakers and is often put in the area around the high frequency speaker driver to give better directivity and sonic imaging. EVA may be used in custom-made dental devices with

966-558: Is not only high to glass, but also to polymeric interlayers. Laminated glass is also sometimes used in glass sculptures and is widely utilized in architectural applications. In addition, laminated glass has applications in making bulletproof glass , penetration-proof glass, stairs, rooftops, floors, canopies, and beams. Since 2004, metallized and electroconductive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) interlayers are used as substrate for light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laminated to or between glass. Colored interlayers can be added to provide

SECTION 20

#1732851226507

1012-502: Is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls , and windows . Laminated glass is also used to increase the sound insulation rating of a window, because it significantly improves sound attenuation compared to monolithic glass panes of the same thickness. The interlayer is typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), ionoplast polymers, cast in place (CIP) liquid resin, or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). An additional property of laminated glass for windows

1058-468: Is one of the makeups used for the Boeing 747 cockpit side windows. The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde forward pressure windshields had 7 plies, 4 glass and 3 PVB for a total thickness of 38 mm (1.5 inches). For increasing sound attenuation through laminated glass for extreme sound levels, using a mix of 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, and 6 mm glass thicknesses is more effective. Modern laminated glass

1104-412: Is possible for minor impact damage using a process that involves drilling into the fractured glass to reach the lamination layer. Special clear adhesive resin is injected under pressure and then cured with ultraviolet light. When done properly, the strength and clarity is sufficiently restored for most safety related purposes. The process is widely used to repair large industrial automotive windshields where

1150-415: Is produced by bonding two or more layers of ordinary annealed or tempered glass together with a plastic interlayer, usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (cross-linked EVA). The interlayer is meant to improve the mechanical properties such as impact strength, fracture toughness, and failure modes. The plastic interlayer is sandwiched by the glass, which

1196-414: Is that an adequate TPU, PVB or EVA interlayer can block nearly all ultraviolet radiation. A thermoset EVA, for example, can block up to 99.9% of all UV rays. The thermoset EVA offers a complete bonding ( cross-linking ) with the material whether it is glass, polycarbonate (PC), or other types of products. For sound insulation, if using EVA or TPU, no additional acoustic material is required; if using PVB,

1242-433: Is then passed through a series of rollers or vacuum bagging systems to expel any air pockets. The assembly then is heated for the initial melt, and the assembly is heated again under pressure in an autoclave (oven) to achieve the final bonded product (fully crosslinked in the case of the thermoset EVA). The tint at the top of some car windshields is in the PVB. To obtain a colored glass , colored PC films can be combined with

1288-419: Is used as padding in equipment for various sports such as ski boots , bicycle saddles, hockey pads, boxing and mixed-martial-arts gloves and helmets, wakeboard boots, waterski boots, fishing rods , and fishing-reel handles. It is typically used as a shock absorber in sports shoes , for example. (Some manufacturers of running shoes, such as Nike , market EVA-based compression-moulded foam used in

1334-449: Is used in orthotics, surfboard and skimboard traction pads, car mats, and for the manufacturing of some artificial flowers. EVA is used as a cold flow improver for diesel fuel. They are added at the 50-250 ppm level to diesel fuels to inhibit crystallization of waxes which could block fuel filters. EVA is a separator in HEPA filters . EVA can easily be cut from sheets and molded to shape. It

1380-456: The vinyl acetate (VA) content and the way the materials are used. The EVA copolymer which is based on a low proportion of VA (approximately up to 4%) may be referred to as vinyl acetate modified polyethylene. It is a copolymer and is processed as a thermoplastic material – just like low-density polyethylene . It has some of the properties of a low-density polyethylene but increased gloss (useful for film), softness and flexibility. The material

1426-596: The German publishing group VDM Publishing Venetian Most Serene Government , a Venetian political organization. Verilog Standards Group , the body that develops and maintains the Verilog HDL Vermont State Guard , the state defense force of Vermont Vertical sleeve gastrectomy , a bariatric surgical technique Victoria Scout Group, one of the two Scout Groups in Victoria Institution ,

VSG - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-531: The Safety Motor Screen Company to produce and sell his product. In 1927, the Canadian chemists Howard W. Matheson and Frederick W. Skirrow invented the plastic polyvinyl butyral (PVB). By 1936, United States companies had discovered that laminated "safety glass" consisting of a layer of PVB between two layers of glass would not discolor and was not easily penetrated during accidents. Within five years,

1518-468: The colorant brilliant blue FCF (E133) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title VSG . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSG&oldid=1107304372 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1564-583: The connectivity between the panel and interlayer. The failure of the interlayer can occur when the interlayer material is ductile (at room temperature), or brittle and stiff (when working below the glass transition temperature). The main benefits of laminated glass are: increased safety/security, reduced emissions, reduced noise pollution, and protection during natural disasters. Laminated glass increases safety for people during vehicle accidents since their windshield will stay intact, preventing glass fragments from injuring passengers. For security, laminated glass

1610-540: The damage does not interfere with the view of the driver. Waste disposal of laminated glass is no longer permitted in landfill in most European countries as the End of Life Vehicles Directive (ELV) is implemented. While the interlayer material cannot be easily recycled, research has been done to recycle the interlayer by mechanical processes and use them in other applications. A study by University of Surrey and Pilkington Glass proposes that waste laminated glass be placed into

1656-473: The distance between the edge of the glass and its score. The most common breaks for laminated glass are pressure break, tweak break, table break, tap break, and pliers break. Pressure breaks, intended for scores that are more than 12 inches from the edge, flips the glass over on a table surface with the score facing downwards. Pressure would be applied on either sides of the score until the glass panel breaks. Tweak break, meant for scores between 4 and 6 inches from

1702-411: The edge, involves using one's fingertips to propagate the break along the score line. Table break, recommended for glasses with at least 12 to 18 inches from the edge, uses the table edge to break the score. For scores close to the edge, tap break is recommended at the expense of a scalloping effect on the glass edge. For this type of break, drop jaw pliers or glass pliers are used to break the glass along

1748-419: The glass and its interlayer determines the failure of the panels. In testing the performance of laminated glass, the panel is subjected to impact loading and bending, where the interlayer material transfers shear stress to the glass. The stiffness in the interlayer will determine the overall bending stiffness of the laminated glass panel. Laminated glass fails due to the cohesive failure of the interlayer and/or

1794-716: The manufacture of photovoltaic modules . EVA slippers and sandals are popular, being lightweight, easy to form, odourless, glossy, and cheaper than natural rubber. In fishing rods, EVA is used to construct handles on the rod-butt end. EVA can be used as a substitute for cork in many applications. EVA copolymers are adhesives used in packaging, textile, bookbinding for bonding plastic films, metal surfaces, coated paper , and as redispersible powders in plasters and cement renders . In recent years, EVA foam has seen popular use in cosplay communities, largely in part due to its ease to work with, durability, and comfort in comparison to traditional plastic-based costumes. Flower-making foam

1840-405: The manufacture of running shoes as "Phylon". ) It is used for the manufacture of floats for commercial fishing gear such as purse seine ( seine fishing ) and gillnets . In addition, because of its buoyancy, EVA has made its way into non-traditional products such as floating eyewear. It is also used in the photovoltaics industry as an encapsulation material for crystalline silicon solar cells in

1886-712: The new safety glass had substantially replaced its predecessor. In the Road Traffic Act 1930 , the British Parliament required new cars to have safety-glass windshields, but did not specifically require laminated glass. By 1939, 600,000 square feet (56,000 m ) of safety glass manufactured by British Indestructo Glass, Ltd. of London was being used annually in vehicles produced at the Ford Motor Company works in Dagenham, England . The "Indestructo" safety glass

VSG - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-426: The original polymer. Also TPU is easy to recycle as all non crosslinked plastics. Ethylene-vinyl acetate Ethylene-vinyl acetate ( EVA ), also known as poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) ( PEVA ), is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate . The weight percent of vinyl acetate usually varies from 10 to 50%, with the remainder being ethylene. There are three different types of EVA copolymer, which differ in

1978-470: The score. For scores less than 1/2 to 1 inches from the edge, pliers break would use pliers to place a downwards pressure on the glass, breaking the score through an angle. After cutting the laminated glass panels, there are different ways to separate the interlayer. The most common methods are melting it and cutting it. Before, glaziers often used denatured alcohol to melt the polyvinyl butyral (PVB) layer, however, this method proved to be dangerous as alcohol

2024-530: The thermoset EVA material during the laminating process. Digital printing is now available for architectural applications by either printing directly to the glass and then laminating, or printing directly to the PVB as is the case with the trademarked Dupont SentryGlas Expressions process. Full CMYK images can be printed to the interlayer prior to the autoclave process, and present vivid translucent representations. This process has become popular in architectural, interior design , and signage industries. Once

2070-525: Was chosen because "it gives the most complete protection. In addition to being splinter-proof, it is crystal clear and permanently non-discolourable." This quote hints at issues that prevented wider use of laminated glass earlier. A typical laminated makeup is 2.5 mm glass, 0.38 mm interlayer, and 2.5 mm glass. This gives a final product that is referred to as 5.38 mm (0.212 inches) laminated glass. Strength can be increased with multiple laminates and thicker glass. Bullet-resistant glass ,

2116-679: Was widely used in the eyepieces of gas masks during World War I . In 1912, the process was licensed to the English Triplex Safety Glass Company. Subsequently, in the United States, both Libbey-Owens-Ford and Du Pont with Pittsburgh Plate Glass produced Triplex glass. Meanwhile, in 1905, John Crewe Wood, a solicitor in Swindon, Wiltshire, England, patented a laminated glass for use in windshields. The layers of glass were bonded together by Canada balsam . In 1906, he founded

#506493