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99-478: Established in 2003 as the Valenzuela City Science High School ( Mataas na Paaralang Pang-agham ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela ), it offers a special advanced curriculum with emphasis in the fields of mathematics and science to residents of Valenzuela City. The school also has a specialized range of subjects in technology, engineering, and language. The Science Oriented Experimental Class (SOEC)

198-450: A captive portal webpage for access. Organizations, enthusiasts, authorities and businesses , such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free or paid-use hotspots to attract customers, to provide services to promote business in selected areas. Routers often incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi-Fi access point, are frequently set up in homes and other buildings, to provide Internet access for

297-626: A Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi uses a large number of patents held by many different organizations. Australia, the United States and the Netherlands simultaneously claim the invention of Wi-Fi, and a consensus has not been reached globally. In 2009, the Australian CSIRO was awarded $ 200 million after a patent settlement with 14 technology companies, with a further $ 220 million awarded in 2012 after legal proceedings with 23 companies. In 2016,

396-650: A break of three week between terms 1 & 2 and between terms 3 & 4). In the year 2000, due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks. Most Australian universities have two semesters a year, but Bond University , Deakin University , CQUniversity , Griffith University , the University of New South Wales and the University of Canberra have three trimesters. Unusually, Macquarie University officially uses

495-447: A city-wide campaign to convert old phone booths into digital kiosks in 2014. The project, titled LinkNYC , has created a network of kiosks that serve as public Wi-Fi hotspots, high-definition screens and landlines . Installation of the screens began in late 2015. The city government plans to implement more than seven thousand kiosks over time, eventually making LinkNYC the largest and fastest public, government-operated Wi-Fi network in

594-456: A common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference. Historically, the equipment listed the versions of Wi-Fi supported using the name of the IEEE standards. In 2018,

693-407: A computer and an interface controller is called a station . Stations are identified by one or more MAC addresses . Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station. Ad hoc mode refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point. A service set is the set of all the devices associated with

792-539: A founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the term Wi-Fi was chosen from a list of ten names that Interbrand proposed. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo . The yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability . The name is often written as WiFi , Wifi , or wifi , but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The name Wi-Fi is not short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity', although

891-796: A full day of teaching from around 8:30 a.m. until around 4:30 p.m. On Wednesday mornings, some pupils may have supplementary classes. French pupils used to attend school on Saturdays, but the so-called "four-days week" has been implemented since September 2008, reducing the teaching year from 936 to 864 hours (above the European average of 800 hours, but below the UK minimum of 950 hours for state schools). Additional holidays include Veterans Day on November 11, May 8, Ascension Day, May Day on May 1, and Easter Monday. The school year in Germany begins between late July and early September, and ends from mid-June to July, with

990-468: A full tri-semester system, providing full courses during summer. There are a few school boards in Canada experimenting with year-round schooling. In elementary school, high school, as well as in universities, Chilean education is divided into two semesters. The first one starts early March and lasts until late June and the second starts in early August and finishes in mid-December; also, some universities offer

1089-641: A greater degree by common building materials than the 2.4 GHz bands and usually give a shorter range. As 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the protocols have become much more efficient in their bandwidth use. Additionally, they have gained the ability to aggregate channels together to gain still more throughput where the bandwidth for additional channels is available. 802.11n allows for double radio spectrum bandwidth (40 MHz) per channel compared to 802.11a or 802.11g (20 MHz). 802.11n can be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense communities. In

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1188-426: A particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination. Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier (SSID), which identifies the network. The SSID is configured within the devices that are part of the network. A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share

1287-410: A single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing . Channels are used half duplex and can be time-shared by multiple networks. Any packet sent by one computer is locally received by stations tuned to that channel, even if that information is intended for just one destination. Stations typically ignore information not addressed to them. The use of

1386-461: A spring semester (with June set aside for exams). Since 2004, some Danish universities and faculties divide the academic year into four quarters, each of which may consist of eight weeks and an exam week, and being separated from the next quarter by a one-week break. In Estonia , elementary and high schools begin on 1 September and end in the beginning of June. The school year is divided into trimesters (or quarters) that last about three months. Summer

1485-428: A summer break of similar length to that in the UK (only 6 weeks) but much shorter than in some other countries (with up to 3 months). The summer vacation starts in a different week by state (there are 16 federal states including Berlin , Hamburg and Bremen ). The school year includes five shorter breaks or holidays: Due to Germany's federal structure, all breaks may differ depending on the state . The exact dates for

1584-526: A summer period from early January to mid-February but just for exceptional courses. These semesters have breaks for public festivities, such as Easter, independence commemoration (from two days to two weeks in September depending on year and place) and some public holidays like labour day, among others. In the People's Republic of China , elementary, middle and high schools from the public education have two semesters,

1683-613: A team of scientists began working on wireless LAN technology. A prototype test bed for a wireless local area network (WLAN) was developed in 1992 by a team of researchers from the Radiophysics Division of the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in Australia, led by John O'Sullivan . A patent for Wi Fi was lodged by the CSIRO in 1992 The first version of

1782-533: A two-semester arrangement, also known as fall and spring semester, the first semester running from the day after Labour Day in September to January and the second running from February until the Thursday before the last Friday in June. The semesters are often divided into two terms each. Some schools in Canada run on a trimester system, the first running from September to January, the second from January to March or April, and

1881-430: A two-semester timetable. The first semester of the year is from September to late January or mid February. The second semester usually begins some two weeks after the end of the first and ends in late May or mid June. In the elementary and secondary schools and college, the academic year is divided in semesters. The autumn semester begins in mid-August and is suspended a few days before Christmas. The classes continue after

1980-615: A wider channel for higher throughput. Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC Part 15 rules and regulations. In this frequency band, equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones , USB 3.0 hubs, Bluetooth and other devices. Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond

2079-433: Is a portion of an academic year during which an educational institution holds classes . The schedules adopted vary widely. Specific synonyms are commonly used to denote the duration or a term. In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer. An academic year is the time during which an educational institution holds classes . An academic term

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2178-452: Is a portion of the academic year. The schedules adopted vary widely. Semester , trimester and quarter are all synonyms for an academic term (the last two being mainly confined to American English), which refer to terms of specific periods as described below: In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer. In Northern Hemisphere countries, this means that

2277-562: Is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance , which restricts the use of the term " Wi-Fi Certified " to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Non-compliant hardware is simply referred to as WLAN , and it may or may not work with " Wi-Fi Certified " devices. As of 2017, the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world. As of 2019, over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi-enabled devices are shipped globally each year. Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of

2376-554: Is about 20 m (66 ft) indoors, while some access points claim up to a 150 m (490 ft) range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square kilometers using many overlapping access points with roaming permitted between them. Over time, the speed and spectral efficiency of Wi-Fi have increased. As of 2019, some versions of Wi-Fi, running on suitable hardware at close range, can achieve speeds of 9.6 Gbit/s ( gigabit per second). A 1985 ruling by

2475-432: Is divided into a multitude of channels . In the standards, channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing within a band (except in the 60 GHz band, where they are 2.16 GHz apart), and the number refers to the centre frequency of the channel. Although channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing, transmitters generally occupy at least 20 MHz, and standards allow for neighbouring channels to be bonded together to form

2574-500: Is fashioned after the British system, and as such, it follows a scheduling with three terms per school year. The long school holiday period is 9 to 10 weeks from the end of June until the first week of September. In Brazil, due to the Law of Directives and Bases of Brazilian Education, the academic year must have 200 days, both at schools and at universities. The school year usually begins during

2673-407: Is maintained in all subject areas. According to City Ordinance No. 120, the top two students of each graduating elementary batch of Valenzuela City public schools are exempted from taking the exam and will be automatically admitted to the school, if they choose to accept the offer. Academic term#Basic education This is an accepted version of this page An academic term (or simply term )

2772-619: Is normally from July to the end of August. In Northern China, the winter break is longer and the summer break is shorter; the opposite applies in Southern China. There are some casual holiday breaks: In Costa Rica the school year runs for ten months. It starts in the first week of February and ends in the last week of November. There is a mid-term vacation of approximately 2 weeks in July, and most schools also observe "Easter Week" in March or April. In

2871-454: Is normally obtained by students after 3 years and masters after another 2 years of study. Still, there are some exceptions (e.g. medicine takes 6 years, no bachelor's degree). In schools in Denmark , the school year runs from August to June. In universities, the academic year runs from around September 1 to June 30, and is often divided into an autumn semester (with January set aside for exams) and

2970-476: Is split into four terms: Terms 4 & 1 (rolled over) and 2 & 3 are respectively usually deemed 'summer' and 'winter' respectively for purposes of sports participation and uniform standards. Australian states and territories vary their approach to Easter when determining the dates for the holiday at the end of Term 1. The exact dates vary from year to year, as well as between states, and for public and private school . In Tasmania until and including 2012,

3069-620: Is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as Super Wi-Fi , coined by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US. Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use

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3168-417: Is used in applications such as motion detection and gesture recognition . Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other data packets , blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio on various channels. As with all radio, this is done by the modulation and demodulation of carrier waves . Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses direct-sequence spread spectrum on

3267-406: Is usually counted as a term break, although the beginning of June is still part of the third trimester. Universities start on the first Monday of September and usually end in the middle of May or in the beginning of June; though in reality, exam periods may continue until the end of June (e.g. University of Tartu). In Ethiopia , almost all elementary, secondary, and college classes are conducted on

3366-542: The Eduroam international authentication infrastructure. In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004, Mysore (Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages. In 2005, St. Cloud, Florida and Sunnyvale, California , became

3465-546: The IEEE 802 protocol family and is designed to work seamlessly with its wired sibling, Ethernet . Compatible devices can network through wireless access points with each other as well as with wired devices and the Internet. Different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.11 protocol standards, with different radio technologies determining radio bands, maximum ranges, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses

3564-513: The ValMaSci SSLG or the VCSMS SSLG , is the student government of Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science. It is the highest governing body of the school, managed by students. The student government promotes transparency, support to learners, and activities for students to participate in. The school accommodates 18 accredited clubs, two of which were founded through DepEd Memorandums and

3663-853: The Wi-Fi Alliance introduced simplified Wi-Fi generational numbering to indicate equipment that supports Wi-Fi 4 ( 802.11n ), Wi-Fi 5 ( 802.11ac ) and Wi-Fi 6 ( 802.11ax ). These generations have a high degree of backward compatibility with previous versions. The alliance has stated that the generational level 4, 5, or 6 can be indicated in the user interface when connected, along with the signal strength. The most important standards affecting Wi‑Fi are: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n ( Wi-Fi 4 ), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11–2012, 802.11ac ( Wi-Fi 5 ), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, 802.11aq , 802.11ax ( Wi-Fi 6 ), 802.11ay . Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide local network and Internet access to devices that are within Wi-Fi range of one or more routers that are connected to

3762-455: The 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14). 802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the 5 GHz U-NII band , which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels. This is in contrast to the 2.4 GHz frequency band where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have longer range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to

3861-890: The 1st semester, a small vacation when the school is halted and at the end of the Second Semester, a 2-month vacation until the start of the new year. In universities, it is divided into 4 years. Education being a provincial responsibility, there is no Canadian national standard. In Canada, the school year for elementary and high school consists of 178 to 200 days, depending on the jurisdiction, but several days may be deducted from this total for professional development and administrative duties, resulting in approximately 187 teaching days per year for most jurisdictions. Elementary students receive approximately 950 hours of instruction and secondary students receive approximately 1000 hours per year. Generally in English Canada, secondary schools run on

3960-608: The 2.4 gigahertz (120 mm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (60 mm) SHF radio bands, with the 6 gigahertz SHF band used in newer generations of the standard; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Channels can be shared between networks, but, within range, only one transmitter can transmit on a channel at a time. Wi-Fi's radio bands work best for line-of-sight use. Many common obstructions, such as walls, pillars, home appliances, etc., may greatly reduce range, but this also helps minimize interference between different networks in crowded environments. The range of an access point

4059-449: The 3–4 weeks of examinations in January. After these examinations the universities have one week of vacation, the so-called 'semestrial vacation', while the colleges start the classes of the second semester at the end of January, immediately after the examinations, which week they reclaim with the 'spring break' at the end of February, which the universities do not have. The universities start

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4158-408: The 5 GHz band, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels are permitted with some restrictions, giving much faster connections. Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into 802.11 frames that are very similar to Ethernet frames at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as network addresses for routing over

4257-427: The 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with 802.11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most IEEE 802.11 products are sold. The major commercial breakthrough came with Apple Inc. adopting Wi-Fi for their iBook series of laptops in 1999. It

4356-562: The CSIRO's WLAN prototype test bed was chosen as Australia's contribution to the exhibition A History of the World in 100 Objects held in the National Museum of Australia . The name Wi-Fi , commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'." According to Phil Belanger,

4455-566: The Epiphany with the spring semester which finishes at the beginning of June. In primary and secondary schools, the school year begins the first Monday of September, unless September 1 is on Sunday. The school year is divided into three trimesters. The first from September to December, the second from January to March, and the third is from April to June. Breaks are scattered throughout the school year every 6, 7 or 8 weeks and last 2 weeks each: On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, pupils have

4554-611: The Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has been used successfully in wireless mesh networks in London. An international example is Fon . Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces. Wi-Fi hotspots may be set up either free of charge or commercially, often using

4653-578: The LAN. Wi-Fi's MAC and physical layer (PHY) specifications are defined by IEEE 802.11 for modulating and receiving one or more carrier waves to transmit the data in the infrared, and 2.4, 3.6 , 5, 6, or 60 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 ). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had many subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide

4752-532: The Philippines. To keep the building, its facilities, and other tangible concerns proper, the city government assigned personnel to function as building administrators. Classes at the new campus began on September 8, 2014. Luistro said, "My prayer is that Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science may produce the best and brightest scientists of the country." The Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science Supreme Secondary Learner Government, referred to as

4851-554: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of the ISM bands for unlicensed use for communications. These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as microwave ovens , and are thus subject to interference. In 1991 in Nieuwegein , the NCR Corporation and AT&T invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under

4950-489: The Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science, the applicant must be a bona fide resident of Valenzuela City; must not have a grade in any subject during his elementary school lower than 85; and must pass the admission exam. Applicants who have obtained at least 85% of the admission test are considered for admission. No students will be allowed to enroll in the next school year unless an average of at least 85%

5049-543: The Wi-Fi Alliance did use the advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created, and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc." in some publications. IEEE is a separate, but related, organization and their website has stated "WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity". The name Wi-Fi was partly chosen because it sounds similar to Hi-Fi , which consumers take to mean high fidelity or high quality . Interbrand hoped consumers would find

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5148-405: The academic year before Australia Day) and finish earliest on 8 December, while Tasmania will start latest on 8 February and finish latest on 21 December. There is typically a break of two weeks between each term, followed by a 1-2 month summer break after term 4 which ends just before Christmas. This occasionally varies in different jurisdictions/school systems (i.e. some independent schools have

5247-426: The academic year lasts from August, September, or October to May, June, or July. In Southern Hemisphere countries, the academic year aligns with the calendar year, lasting from February or March to November or December. The summer may or may not be part of the term system. In most of Australia, the primary and secondary school year lasts about 200 days, from late January or early February to early or mid-December, and

5346-605: The basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard. In addition to 802.11, the IEEE 802 protocol family has specific provisions for Wi-Fi. These are required because Ethernet's cable-based media are not usually shared, whereas with wireless all transmissions are received by all stations within

5445-470: The beginning and the end of school breaks are kept different state by state and changed every year. This is meant to keep holiday traffic as low as possible. The school year is divided into two parts (September to February & February to July). There is not necessarily any break between those two parts, but pupils get a semi-year school report (it only displays their current level and is not relevant for promotion). German universities run two semesters with

5544-481: The capability. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points. Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew , at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding existed. Many universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through

5643-569: The channel to be idle at the same time and thus begin transmission simultaneously. A collision happens when a station receives signals from multiple stations on a channel at the same time. This corrupts the transmitted data and can require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput, in some cases severely. The 802.11 standard provides several distinct radio frequency ranges for use in Wi-Fi communications: 900  MHz , 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz and 60 GHz bands . Each range

5742-515: The database. Signal fluctuations can cause errors, which can be reduced with noise-filtering techniques. For low precision, integrating Wi-Fi data with geographical and time information has been proposed. The Wi-Fi RTT capability introduced in IEEE 802.11mc allows for positioning based on round trip time measurement, an improvement over the RSSI method. The IEEE 802.11az standard promises further improvements in geolocation accuracy. Wi-Fi sensing

5841-614: The decongestion of schools within their area through the 'busing system,' by transferring students from one school to another." Rexlon Gatchalian, during the tour of the newly constructed building, said, "With something as grand as this, we want to stir an interest in mathematics and science among the youth in Valenzuela City." The four-story school building is a full Wi-Fi zone and contains 20 classrooms, which can hold 35 to 40 students each, and physics and robotics, speech, computer, chemistry, biology, and mathematics laboratories. Each of

5940-572: The elementary and high schools in the Czech Republic , the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 30 of the following year. It is divided into two semesters with breaks on public holidays such as St. Vaclav (September 28), Independence day (October 28, two days break), Velvet Revolution (November 17), Christmas (9–12 days break), Spring break (1 week break), Easter (three days break on Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter Monday) and finally Labour day (May 1) and Liberation day (May 8). After

6039-453: The end of school year on June 30, the Summer holidays follow until September 1 when a new school year starts. Sole exception to this is the final year at high schools, which ends with Graduation of students at the end of May. Universities have two mid-terms. The academic year starts usually in the second half of September or in the beginning of October. (It depends on university.) Bachelor's degree

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6138-414: The first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from MetroFi ). Minneapolis has generated $ 1.2 million in profit annually for its provider . In May 2010, the then London mayor Boris Johnson pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012. Several boroughs including Westminster and Islington already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point. New York City announced

6237-519: The first from September to January, and the second from February or March, depending on the date of Chinese New Year , to July. Most universities and colleges in China also uses the two-semesters system, while a small portion of Chinese universities, such as Shanghai University , are experimenting with the quarter system. From January to February or March is the Winter break or Lunar New Year break. Summer break

6336-718: The first week of February. There is a 2-week/4-week long winter break in July. The Brazilian school year ends the first week of December, summer in Brazil. Most schools use the 4 term system, called "unidades" or "bimestres" ( units , bimesters ), although there is a minority of schools that utilize a 3 term system instead, composed of trimesters ( trimestres ). In Brazilian universities academic terms are defined as periods or semesters ( período , semestre ). There are two semesters: February to June and August to December. The majority of academic degrees courses are 8 semesters (four years) long or 10 semesters (five years) long. In Bangladesh ,

6435-942: The kindergarten, elementary and schools follow the semester system. Most of the universities follow the semester system although for some particular subjects such as Law they follow a yearly system. Business schools of all public and private universities follow a semester or trimester system. Some of the universities using a two-semester system (using "Term 1" and "Term 2" designations) include: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology , Khulna University of Engineering and Technology , Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology , Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology , Shahjalal University of Science and Technology , Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology , Bangladesh Agricultural University , Khulna University , Jagannath University , Jessore University of Science and Technology , International Islamic University Chittagong and Sylhet Agricultural University . Some of

6534-530: The name WaveLAN . NCR's Vic Hayes , who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for ten years, along with Bell Labs engineer Bruce Tuch, approached the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to create a standard and were involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a specifications within the IEEE. They have both been subsequently inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame. In 1989 in Australia,

6633-452: The name catchy, and that they would assume this wireless protocol has high fidelity because of its name. Other technologies intended for fixed points, including Motorola Canopy , are usually called fixed wireless . Alternative wireless technologies include Zigbee , Z-Wave , Bluetooth and mobile phone standards . To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a wireless network interface controller . The combination of

6732-641: The national holiday on October 26 and All Souls Day on November 2, but those are unofficial holidays not observed by all schools in Austria. Christmas holidays start on December 24 and end on the first weekday after January 6. The first term ends in Vienna and Lower Austria on the first Friday of February, in Burgenland, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the second Friday of February and in Upper Austria and Styria on

6831-822: The new school site in Barangay Malinta was held on January 27, 2014. Rexlon Gatchalian, local government officials, the Valenzuela City Science High School faculty and students, and the Department of Education (DepEd) secretary Armin Luistro attended the ceremony. The mayor praised the school's NAT scores, which are the highest in Metro Manila, and the high passing rate for UPCAT . He said in another interview that "these classrooms will be available for use when classes open in June this year." The changing of

6930-566: The project, which was to be completed in 2015. Wi-Fi positioning systems use known positions of Wi-Fi hotspots to identify a device's location. It is used when GPS isn't suitable due to issues like signal interference or slow satellite acquisition. This includes assisted GPS , urban hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems. Wi-Fi positioning relies on measuring signal strength ( RSSI ) and fingerprinting. Parameters like SSID and MAC address are crucial for identifying access points. The accuracy depends on nearby access points in

7029-444: The provision of school supplies, and training for students, parents, and teachers. Rexlon Gatchalian explained, "This is a large-scale investment to shore up the local education system." Out of the ₱ 300 million budget allotted to the plan, ₱199 million was spent on the construction and outfit of the new school campus. He said that the soon-to-rise school is the "best education investment [the] city has ever made." The groundbreaking of

7128-419: The qualifying examination for the upcoming admission of first-year high school students at VCSHS. With 200 applicants administered, 108 students passed the admission tests (consisting of an intelligence quotient test, a proficiency test, and an interview). They enrolled at the new school with Brian E. Ilan as the first principal. On June 9, 2003, the first VCSHS Parents, Teachers, and Community Association (PTCA)

7227-542: The range that employ that radio channel. While Ethernet has essentially negligible error rates, wireless communication media are subject to significant interference. Therefore, the accurate transmission is not guaranteed so delivery is, therefore, a best-effort delivery mechanism. Because of this, for Wi-Fi, the Logical Link Control (LLC) specified by IEEE 802.2 employs Wi-Fi's media access control (MAC) protocols to manage retries without relying on higher levels of

7326-504: The receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A scheme known as carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) governs the way stations share channels. With CSMA/CA stations attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle, but then transmit their packet data in its entirety. CSMA/CA cannot completely prevent collisions, as two stations may sense

7425-552: The rest were founded by the school. Early in a school year, the student government conducts the event of “Club Hunting” where after class dismissal, students get a chance to wander around the school atrium, where clubs are stationed ao recruit club members. Alongside this, the student government conducts “Club Days” for clubs to station at the atrium to present fun interactaiv activities for students and club members. The clubs are required to conduct activities and meetings within members and officers to improve iamaraderie. To be admitted to

7524-400: The same channel also means that the data bandwidth is shared, so for example, available throughput to each device is halved when two stations are actively transmitting. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, stations come programmed with a globally unique 48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. On the reception of a transmission,

7623-511: The same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point. Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the BSSID . The IEEE does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The Wi-Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and backward compatibility , and to promote wireless local-area-network technology. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces

7722-477: The school name to Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science gained much dispute around the school community. Rexlon Gatchalian responded by saying, "The reason is because we do better in math compared to science." DepEd secretary Luistro said, "I'm okay with the name change, but I'm more concerned with the substantial changes in the curriculum, the quantity of its graduates, and how many of them will take math or science-related courses in college." The new name

7821-511: The school year ends before June 24, date of the St-Jean-Baptiste day celebration , a traditional holiday. Most universities and colleges usually run from early September until the end of April or early May. Often, this winter session is split into two terms running September to December and January to April. Various forms of summer studies may be offered May to August. Some, such as University of Waterloo and Simon Fraser University , run

7920-454: The school year was split into three terms, the first one being the longest and including an extended Easter holiday (which was also the practice of mainland Australia until the mid-1980s). However, in 2013 Tasmania introduced a four-term year, to conform to the rest of the country. The exact start and finish date of the academic year varies between jurisdictions; in 2023 Queensland will start earliest on 23 January (the only jurisdiction to begin

8019-417: The second semester in the beginning of February. Both universities and colleges have the 'Easter break', which again is used to study for the examinations in June. After Easter, the classes start again until the end of May, followed by four weeks of examinations in June, after which three months of vacation is given. The students who failed in passing some of the courses in their curriculum in January and June,

8118-412: The semester system, dividing the academic year in two equal parts of fourteen weeks of courses. Universities start the first semester in the third week of September, and no 'autumn break'. Colleges start one week earlier, in the second week of September, giving them right to the 'autumn break' of one week. After 13 weeks of courses the 'Christmas break' starts (around December 20), which is used to study for

8217-682: The semesters are for taking exams, doing internships, lab courses, and employment. Wi-Fi Wi-Fi ( / ˈ w aɪ f aɪ / ) is a family of wireless network protocols based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves . These are the most widely used computer networks, used globally in home and small office networks to link devices and to provide Internet access with wireless routers and wireless access points in public places such as coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, libraries, and airports. Wi-Fi

8316-445: The six laboratories is equipped with an interactive Smart Board , while the science (physics and robotics, chemistry, and biology) laboratories have two areas: one for lecture and another for experiments. Dubbed as the "crown jewel" of the city when it comes to education investments, the Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science is said to be envisioned as part of the most high-tech and advanced mathematics and science schools in

8415-409: The so-called 'first session', have to do the examinations again in the second session at the end of August. In Cambodia the school year kindergarten sectors in public schools consists of 10 months with a two-month vacation, while in primary, and secondary sectors, it is divided into two semesters and each semester is divided into 2 quarters. The first of November is the start of the academic term. After

8514-556: The start and end dates depending on the university. The Wintersemester (WiSe or WS), during which most students start university, often goes from 1 October until 31 March, with lectures starting around 15 October and lasting 14 weeks. There is usually a two-week break around Christmas and New Year (which is not counted in the 14 weeks). The Sommersemester (SoSe or SS) consequently usually goes from 1 April until 30 September with lectures starting some time after Easter and lasting 12 weeks. The two lecture-free periods of 12 to 14 weeks between

8613-445: The structure. Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a mobile broadband modem and a Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet. Many smartphones have a built-in mobile hotspot capability of this sort, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it. Standalone devices such as MiFi - and WiBro -branded devices provide

8712-552: The third Friday of February. There is a one-week break between the two terms. In the second term there are the Easter holidays, the Mayday Holiday on May 1 and the long weekends of Pentecost , Ascension and Corpus Christi . The school year ends in Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland on the last Friday of June, in Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the first Friday in July. The Barbadian school year

8811-503: The third from March or April until June. The trimester is more common in elementary and middle schools (Kindergarten – Grade 8) than in high schools (Grade 9 – Grade 12). Most of those characteristics differ in Québec , where education is, with the exception of a few school boards, given in French. By tradition, Quebec and Franco-Ontarian elementary and secondary schools arrange timetables to ensure

8910-470: The time, a recorded shortest graduation happened for the 15 students of SOEC passing the 4th year curriculum of ValSci. In early 2014, Valenzuela City Mayor Rexlon Gatchalian announced the construction of a new state-of-the-art campus under the name Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science. This is a part of the Education 360° Investment Program of the local government that included feeder programs,

9009-868: The universities following a trimester system (using "Spring", "Summer" and "Fall" designations) include: Northern University Bangladesh , American International University - Bangladesh , BRAC University , Daffodil International University , East West University , Fareast International University, North South University , Presidency University , Prime University , Stamford University , Military Institute of Science and Technology , University of Information Technology and Sciences , University of Development Alternative (UODA) , Bangladesh University of Business and Technology and United International University . In Belgium, kindergarten, elementary and secondary schools begin on September 1 and end on June 30. Schools also take breaks/holidays: Universities and colleges in Belgium use

9108-756: The use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the IEEE 802.11 standards from the IEEE. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving. Not every Wi-Fi device

9207-548: The word "session" and CQUniversity uses the word "term" in place of "semester". Many universities offer an optional short summer semester. The Austrian school year for primary and secondary schools is split into two terms, the first one starts on the first Monday in September in the states of Vienna , Lower Austria and Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in Upper Austria , Salzburg , Styria , Carinthia , Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Most schools have holidays between

9306-626: The world. The UK has planned a similar project across major cities of the country, with the project's first implementation in the London Borough of Camden . Officials in South Korea's capital Seoul were moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul was planning to grant leases to KT, LG Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies were supposed to invest $ 44 million in

9405-419: Was created, Valenzuela City Ordinance No. 37 s. 2003 was approved, establishing a science high school from the original SOEC. The school, under the name Valenzuela City Science High School, was to be funded by the local School Board of Valenzuela. On February 8, 2003, a memorandum was sent to all principals of public and private elementary schools in the city, requesting to inform graduating students to apply for

9504-575: Was formed. From the original six teachers, the institution added eight. Additional students made the VCSHS community larger as the years passed. At the beginning of the school year 2005–2006, VCSHS moved to its newly constructed building at A. Marcelo Street in Barangay Dalandanan . City Mayor Sherwin Gatchalian inaugurated the new house, and 4th year students entered VCSHS. According to the teachers at

9603-605: Was initiated in school year 1996–1997 "to shape and produce globally competitive and morally upright individuals who will serve as the foundation of [the] nation's great success." It was an education program organized by former Valenzuela City Mayor Jose Emmanuel Carlos . The class was housed at the Valenzuela National High School (VNHS), in Barangay Marulas, and it was composed of 40 academically outstanding students. On May 14, 2003, seven years after SOEC

9702-567: Was proposed by city councilor Lorena Natividad-Borja . It was signed by the mayor as City Ordinance No. 120, which includes the enhancement of the mathematics program in the new curriculum. The campus was completed in August 2014, six months after the groundbreaking ceremony, and was inaugurated on September 1, 2014. Luistro praised the city's education program by stating, "I am very much impressed by this city's investment in education. Aside from this new city school, Valenzuela City has found solutions for

9801-429: Was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as AirPort . This was in collaboration with the same group that helped create the standard: Vic Hayes , Bruce Tuch, Cees Links , Rich McGinn, and others from Lucent . In the year 2000, Radiata, a group of Australian scientists connected to the CSIRO, were the first to use the 802.11a standard on chips connected to

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