In a reciprocating engine , the cylinder is the space in which a piston travels.
61-528: A V10 engine is a ten- cylinder piston engine where two banks of five cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft . V10 engines are much less common than V8 and V12 engines . Several V10 diesel engines have been produced since 1965, and V10 petrol engines for road cars were first produced in 1991 with the release of the Dodge Viper . The V10 configuration does not have perfect engine balance , since an unbalanced rocking couple
122-413: A steam engine is made pressure-tight with end covers and a piston; a valve distributes the steam to the ends of the cylinder. Cylinders were cast in cast iron and later in steel. The cylinder casting can include other features such as valve ports and mounting feet. The cylinder is the space through which the piston travels, propelled by the energy generated from the combustion of the air/fuel mixture in
183-634: A twin-turbo V8 engine , and the Revuelto , a V12/ electric hybrid , as of 2024. In addition, the company produces V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing . Lamborghini Trattori , founded in 1948 by Ferruccio Lamborghini, is headquartered in Pieve di Cento , Italy, and continues to produce tractors . Since 1973, Lamborghini Trattori has been a separate entity from the Lamborghini's automobile division. Manufacturing magnate Italian Ferruccio Lamborghini founded
244-458: A Lamborghini alloy frame having adjustable steering head angle , Kawasaki GPz1000RX engine/transmission unit, Ceriani front forks and Marvic wheels. The bodywork was plastic and fully integrated with front fairing merged into fuel tank and seat cover ending in a rear tail-fairing. The motorcycles were designed by Lamborghini stylists and produced by French business Boxer Bikes. Lamborghini licenses its brand to manufacturers that produce
305-467: A Lamborghini Formula One motor was used in the Konrad KM-011 Group C sports car, but the car only lasted a few races before the project was cancelled. The same engine, re-badged a Chrysler , Lamborghini's then-parent company, was tested by McLaren towards the end of the 1993 season, with the intent of using it during the 1994 season . Although driver Ayrton Senna was reportedly impressed with
366-560: A V10, but as a turbo-diesel . A variant of the Volkswagen Phaeton was the first production sedan to contain a V10 of any kind. Examples of petrol V10 production engines include: One of the first known V10 engines designed for motor racing was a 3.5 L (214 cu in) prototype Formula One engine built by Alfa Romeo in 1986. Originally intended for the Ligier Formula One team, this partnership collapsed without
427-486: A V8 would produce insufficient power and a V12 would be too complicated or bulky. V10s have been used in select luxury cars, sports cars and commercial vehicles. An early V10 petrol engine was used in the 1987 Lamborghini P140 , however this prototype sports car did not reach production. Dodge developed an early V10, originally designing a version of its LA series small block for use in trucks. The Dodge engine saw its first production use in substantially revised form in
488-699: A car run by the Japan Lamborghini Owners Club garnered the first victory (in class) by an R-GT. A GT3 version of the Gallardo has been developed by Reiter Engineering . A Murciélago R-GT entered by All-Inkl.com racing, driven by Christophe Bouchut and Stefan Mücke, won the opening round of the FIA GT Championship held at Zhuhai International Circuit , achieving the first major international race victory for Lamborghini. ( key ) (results in bold indicate pole position) The world of bullfighting
549-507: A factory team, the company saw itself as a supplier, not a backer. The 1992 Larrousse—Lamborghini was largely uncompetitive but noteworthy in its tendency to spew oil from its exhaust system. Cars following closely behind the Larrousse were commonly coloured yellowish-brown by the end of the race. Lamborghini's best result was achieved with Larrousse at the 1990 Japanese Grand Prix , when Aguri Suzuki finished third on home soil. In late 1991,
610-557: A further change to the rules, V10s were banned for the 2006 season onwards in favor of 2.4 L V8s. In sports car racing, the first V10 engine was used by the Peugeot 905 in the two final races of the 1990 season . This was followed by the Judd GV10 engine being used by several teams during the 1991 season and the Toyota TS010 that debuted in the last race of the season. The Audi R15 TDI
671-594: A large V12 marine engine block for use in World Offshore Series Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately 8,171 cc (8.2 L) and outputs approximately 940 hp (700 kW). In the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a 1,000 cc (61.0 cu in) sports motorcycle. UK weekly newspaper Motor Cycle News reported in 1994—when featuring an example available through an Essex motorcycle retailer—that 24 examples were produced with
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#1732855659303732-422: A mid-engined vehicle and believed that Lamborghini's experience in that area would make Lamborghini an ideal choice of partner. Due to Lamborghini's shaky finances, Lamborghini fell behind schedule developing the car's structure and running gear. When Lamborghini failed to deliver working prototypes on time, BMW took the program in house, finishing development without Lamborghini. BMW contracted with Baur to produce
793-716: A more even temperature distribution; however, this design reduces the rigidity of the engine. Lamborghini Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. , usually referred to as Lamborghini or colloquially Lambo , ( Italian: [autoˈmɔːbili lamborˈɡiːni] ) is an Italian manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese . The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi . Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916–1993), an Italian manufacturing magnate , founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with Ferrari . The company
854-614: A true race car under Lamborghini's supervision were a few highly modified prototypes, including those built by factory test driver Bob Wallace , such as the Miura SV-based "Jota" and the Jarama S-based "Bob Wallace Special". In the mid-1970s, while Lamborghini was under the management of Georges-Henri Rossetti, Lamborghini entered into an agreement with BMW to develop, then manufacture 400 cars for BMW in order to meet Group 4 homologation requirements. BMW lacked experience developing
915-539: A variety of Lamborghini-branded consumer goods including scale models, clothing, accessories, bags, electronics and laptop computers. Lamborghini Motorsport Division Squadra Corse produces GT3 cars and cars for their Super Trofeo events based on the Gallardo and Huracán . Apart from them, the Squadra Corse builds cars upon customer request. These cars were built by Squadra Corse upon customer request. The Super Trofeo
976-472: Is a key part of Lamborghini's identity. In 1962, Ferruccio Lamborghini visited the Seville ranch of Don Eduardo Miura , a renowned breeder of Spanish fighting bulls . Lamborghini was so impressed by the majestic Miura animals that he decided to adopt a raging bull as the emblem for the automaker he would open shortly. After producing two cars with alphanumeric designations, Lamborghini once again turned to
1037-686: Is a series of Motorsport events held by Squadra corse using their Super Trofeo model vehicles (currently the Huracán Super Trofeo EVO) which are racing versions of the road-approved models ( Huracán and Gallardo models). The Super Trofeo events are held in three different series, in three continents: America, Asia and Europe. Many private race team participate each of these events. Every series consists of six rounds, each of which feature free practice sessions, qualifying and two races lasting 50 minutes each. There are four categories of drivers: Pro, Pro-Am, Am and Lamborghini Cup. The season ends in
1098-414: Is called a jug. For motorcycle engines, a "reverse cylinder engine" is where the intake ports are on the front side of each cylinder, and the exhaust ports are on the rear side of each cylinder. Cylinder liners (also known as sleeves) are thin metal cylinder-shaped parts which are inserted into the engine block to form the inner wall of the cylinder. Alternatively, an engine can be 'sleeveless', where
1159-934: Is caused by each cylinder bank functioning as a straight-five engine . Therefore, balance shafts are sometimes used to reduce the vibrations in a V10 engine. One of the first known V10 engines was used in the 1936 Busch-Sulzer ICRR 9201 prototype locomotive, of which three examples were produced in the United States . The 1965–1984 Leopard 1 armored tank was powered by the MTU MB 838 CaM 500 37.4 L (2,282 cu in) V10 diesel engine. Daimler-Benz produced three V10 diesel engine models (OM403, OM423 and OM443) for Mercedes-Benz NG and Neoplan buses in 1970s–1980s. Four Japanese commercial vehicle manufacturers ( Isuzu , Hino , Mitsubishi Fuso and Nissan Diesel ) produced V10 diesel engines for their heavy duty trucks and coaches in 1970s–2000s. The 1983–2023 Tatra 815 truck
1220-436: Is claimed to be just above 3 seconds, with a claimed top speed of 185 mph (298 km/h). As of 2011 , Lamborghini is structured as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Audi AG named Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. controls five principal subsidiaries: Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. , a manufacturer of motorcycles; Italdesign Giugiaro S.p.A. , a design and prototyping firm that provides services to
1281-549: Is not what we are here for. So we won't do the [new] Miura." At the 2008 Paris Motor Show , Lamborghini revealed the Estoque , a four-door sedan concept. Although there had been much speculation regarding the Estoque's eventual production, Lamborghini management has not made a decision regarding production of what might be the first four-door car to roll out of the Sant'Agata factory. At
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#17328556593031342-561: Is the Spanish word for sword , sometimes used to refer to the bullfighter himself. The Jarama's name carried a special double meaning; though it was intended to refer only to the historic bullfighting region in Spain, Ferruccio was concerned about confusion with the also historic Jarama motor racing track . After christening the Urraco after a bull breed, in 1974, Lamborghini broke from tradition, naming
1403-486: Is the first hybrid Lamborghini in the history of the company. Utilizing the Huracán's 5.2 litre V10 producing 607 hp (453 kW; 615 PS), along with one electric motor mounted on the transaxle and an additional two on the front axle, developing an additional 300 hp (224 kW; 304 PS). This puts the power at a combined figure of 907 hp (676 kW; 920 PS). The 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time
1464-556: The 2010 Paris Motor Show , Lamborghini unveiled the Sesto Elemento . The concept car is made almost entirely of carbon fibre making it extremely light, with a weight of 999 kg (2,202 lb). The Sesto Elemento shares the same V10 engine found in the Lamborghini Gallardo. Lamborghini hopes to signal a shift in the company's direction from making super cars focused on top speed to producing more agile, track focused cars with
1525-558: The Countach ( / ˈ k uː n t ɑː ʃ / KOON -tahsh ) not for a bull, but for contacc ( pronounced [kʊŋˈtɑtʃ] ), a Piedmontese expletive. Legend has it that Nuccio Bertone uttered the word in surprise when he first saw the Countach prototype, "Project 112". The LM002 (LM for Lamborghini Militaire) sport utility vehicle and the Silhouette (named after
1586-514: The Dodge Viper while the truck version of the engine was used starting in 1994 in the Dodge Ram . It discontinued in that application after 2003. However, 2003 also saw the introduction of the Dodge Ram SRT-10 , a performance model meant to rival Ford's successful V8 powered F-150 SVT Lightning . The Viper engine (a 90-degree engine with odd firing order to obviate the need for a balance shaft)
1647-561: The Italdesign -styled Cala from 1995, the Zagato -built Raptor from 1996. A retro-styled Lamborghini Miura concept car , the first creation of chief designer Walter de'Silva, was presented in 2006. President and CEO Stephan Winkelmann denied that the concept would be put into production, saying that the Miura concept was "a celebration of our history, but Lamborghini is about the future. Retro design
1708-622: The Urus SUV. This is the first SUV built by Lamborghini since the LM002. As part of the celebration of 50 years of Lamborghini, the company created the Egoista . Egoista is for one person's driving and only one Egoista is to be made. At the 2014 Paris Motor Show , Lamborghini unveiled the Asterion LPI910-4 hybrid concept car. Named after the half-man, half-bull hybrid ( Minotaur ) of Greek legend, it
1769-533: The Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the Great Recession , Lamborghini's sales dropped nearly 50%. In 2021, the CEO of Lamborghini said that by 2024 all its models will be hybrid. As of
1830-500: The 2018 model year, Lamborghini's automobile product range consists of three model lines, two of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars while the third one is a front engined, all-wheel drive SUV. Production of the new Revuelto began in mid-2023 and it will be delivered in late 2023 as a 2024 model. The car will be powered by a 6.5L naturally aspirated V12 and three magnetic motors for a combined power output of 1,001 hp (1,015 PS). The V10-powered Huracán line currently includes
1891-737: The Lamborghini Super Trofeo World Final. The Lamborghini GT3 is a series of Motorsport events held by The Squadra Corse using Huracán GT3 cars that comply with the FIA GT3 regulations. The racing event is open to any Huracán GT3 customer. Lamborghini currently uses Huracán GT3 Evo cars for these events and more than 60 private race teams participate these events. In contrast to his rival Enzo Ferrari , Ferruccio Lamborghini had decided early on that there would be no factory-supported racing of Lamborghinis, viewing motorsport as too expensive and too draining on company resources. This
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1952-802: The Mimrans' management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 high-performance off-road vehicle. The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987. After replacing the Countach with the Diablo and discontinuing the Jalpa and the LM002, Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to
2013-734: The Murciélago R-GT as a production racing car to compete in the FIA GT Championship , the Super GT Championship and the American Le Mans Series in 2004. The car's highest placing in any race that year was the opening round of the FIA GT Championship at Valencia , where the car entered by Reiter Engineering finished third from a fifth-place start. In 2006, during the opening round of the Super GT championship at Suzuka ,
2074-611: The Sesto Elemento. The concept car can reach 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) in 2.5 seconds and can reach a top speed of over 180 mph. At the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Aventador J—a roofless, windowless version of the Lamborghini Aventador . The Aventador J uses the same 700 hp engine and seven-speed transmission as the standard Aventador. At the 2012 Beijing Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled
2135-513: The Spanish fighting bull breed; and Reventón, the bull that defeated young Mexican torero Félix Guzmán in 1943. The Estoque concept of 2008 was named for the estoc , the sword traditionally used by matadors during bullfights. Throughout its history, Lamborghini has envisioned and presented a variety of concept cars , beginning in 1963 with the first Lamborghini prototype, the 350GTV . Other famous models include Bertone's 1967 Marzal , 1974 Bravo , and 1980 Athon , Chrysler's 1987 Portofino ,
2196-531: The Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand. In the late 2000s, during the Great Recession , Lamborghini's sales dropped nearly 50%. Lamborghini currently produces the V10-powered Huracán , the Urus SUV powered by
2257-426: The all-wheel-drive LP 610-4, the low cost rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 and the powerful track oriented LP 640-4 Performante, each in coupé and Spyder (convertible) versions. With the intention of doubling its sales volume by 2019, Lamborghini also added an SUV named Urus in its line-up which is powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine and utilises a front engine, all-wheel drive layout. Motori Marini Lamborghini produces
2318-413: The boring. Most engines use 'dry liners', where the liner is surrounded by the engine block and does not make contact with the coolant. However, cylinders with 'wet liners' are used in some water-cooled engines, especially French designs. The wet liners are formed separately from the main casting so that liquid coolant is free to flow around their outsides. The advantage of wet liners is better cooling and
2379-477: The bull breeder for inspiration. Don Eduardo was filled with pride when he learned that Ferruccio had named a car for his family and their line of bulls; the fourth Miura to be produced was unveiled to him at his ranch in Seville. The automaker would continue to draw upon the bullfighting connection in future years. The Islero was named for the Miura bull that killed the famed bullfighter Manolete in 1947. Espada
2440-511: The car finishing better than it started, sponsorship could once again not be found and the programme was cancelled. Lamborghini was an engine supplier in Formula One for the 1989 through 1993 Formula One seasons . It supplied engines to Larrousse (1989–1990, 1992–1993), Lotus (1990), Ligier (1991), Minardi (1992), and to the Modena team in 1991. While the latter is commonly referred to as
2501-671: The car, which BMW named the M1 , delivering the first vehicle in October 1978. In 1985, Lamborghini's British importer developed the Countach QVX , in conjunction with Spice Engineering , for the 1986 Group C championship season. One car was built, but lack of sponsorship caused it to miss the season. The QVX competed in only one race, the non-championship 1986 Southern Suns 500 km race at Kyalami in South Africa, driven by Tiff Needell . Despite
V10 engine - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-418: The combustion chamber. In an air-cooled engine , the walls of the cylinders are exposed to the airflow, to provide the primary method of cooling to the engine. Most air-cooled engines have cooling fins on the cylinders and each cylinder has a separate case in order to maximise the surface area available for cooling. In engines where the cylinders are removable from the engine block, a removable single cylinder
2623-542: The company in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined grand touring car to compete with offerings from established marques such as Ferrari . The company's first models, such as the 350 GT , were released in the mid-1960s. Lamborghini was noted for the 1966 Miura sports coupé , which used a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout. In 1963 , Ferruccio Lamborghini, already an established industrialist who manufactured tractors, boilers, and air conditioners, founded Lamborghini Automobili on May 7, 1963. The company
2684-400: The cylinder is formed from either a thin metallic liner (also called "sleeve") or a surface coating applied to the engine block. A piston is seated inside each cylinder by several metal piston rings , which also provide seals for compression and the lubricating oil. The piston rings do not actually touch the cylinder walls, instead they ride on a thin layer of lubricating oil. The cylinder in
2745-409: The cylinder liner is replaceable, in case it becomes worn or damaged. On engines without replaceable sleeves, the cylinder can sometimes be repaired by boring out the existing liner to produce a new smooth and round surface (although the diameter of the cylinder is slightly increased). Another repair technique is 'sleeving' the cylinder— boring it and then installing a sleeve in the extra space created by
2806-411: The cylinder walls are formed by the engine block with a wear-resistant coating, such as Nikasil or plasma-sprayed bores. During use, the cylinder liner is subject to wear from the rubbing action of the piston rings and piston skirt. This wear is minimized by the thin oil film which coats the cylinder walls and also by a layer of glaze which naturally forms as the engine is run-in. On some engines,
2867-472: The development of the P400 prototype, they designed it to be a road car with racing potential, one that could win on the track and also be driven on the road by enthusiasts. When Ferruccio discovered the project, he allowed them to go ahead, seeing it as a potential marketing device for the company, while insisting that it would not be raced. The P400 went on to become the Miura. The closest the company came to building
2928-456: The engine being used in any races. Alfa Romeo fitted the engine to two Alfa Romeo 164 Pro Car prototypes in 1988, however these cars also did not compete in any races. The most widespread use of V10 racing engines has been in Formula One. Following a ban on turbocharged engines after 1988, the first V10 Formula One cars were the 1989 McLaren MP4/5 and Williams FW12 . V10 engines were used by
2989-587: The engine's performance, McLaren pulled out of negotiations, choosing a Peugeot engine instead, and Chrysler ended the project. Two racing versions of the Diablo were built for the Diablo Supertrophy, a single-model racing series held annually from 1996 to 1999. In the first year, the model used in the series was the Diablo SVR, while the Diablo 6.0 GTR was used for the remaining three years. Lamborghini developed
3050-595: The entire Volkswagen Group; MML S.p.A. (Motori Marini Lamborghini), a manufacturer of marine engine blocks; and Volkswagen Group Italia S.p.A. (formerly Autogerma S.p.A.), which sells Audi and other Volkswagen Group vehicles in Italy. The Lamborghini headquarters and main production site is located in Sant'Agata Bolognese , Italy. With the launch of its Urus SUV , the production site expanded from 80,000 m (8.0 ha) to 160,000 m (16 ha). On 13 November 2020, Stephan Winkelmann , current President of Bugatti ,
3111-424: The majority of teams by the 1996 season , following reduction in displacement from 3.5 to 3.0 L (214 to 183 cu in). The V10 seemed the best compromise between the lower weight of a V8 and the higher power of a V12. Renault F1 used a flatter 110° angle in 2002 and 2003 , but reverted to a more conventional 72° following the change in rules which dictated that an engine must last two race weekends. In
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#17328556593033172-507: The popular racing category of the time) were other exceptions to the tradition. The Jalpa of 1982 was named for a bull breed; Diablo, for the Duke of Veragua 's ferocious bull famous for fighting an epic battle against El Chicorro in Madrid in 1869; Murciélago , the legendary bull whose life was spared by El Lagartijo for his performance in 1879; Gallardo, named for one of the five ancestral castes of
3233-406: The wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis . Ferruccio Lamborghini sold the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer and retired in 1974. The company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in its expansion. Under
3294-412: Was a Le Mans Prototype (LMP) racing car that used a turbocharged diesel V10 engine and competed in various endurance races in 2009 and 2010. The Audi R15 TDI set the current distance record for the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans . Until early 2021, Blue Bird Corporation offered its Vision school bus with two V10 engine options, both Ford Triton units. Cylinder (engine) The inner surface of
3355-564: Was available with a 15.8 L (964 cu in) V10 engine. The Volkswagen V10 TDI is a turbocharged V10 engine which was produced from 2002 to 2010 for use in the Volkswagen Phaeton luxury sedan and Volkswagen Touareg SUV. V10 engines are less common than V8 and V12 engines, a V12 is only slightly more complicated and runs more smoothly, while a V8 is less complex and more economical. Nevertheless, modern engineering has made it possible to use V10 engines for applications where
3416-411: Was headquartered in a purpose-built facility in Sant'Agata Bolognese . He surrounded himself with highly capable engineers and technicians: Giotto Bizzarrini designed the engine, Gian Paolo Dallara and Paolo Stanzani developed the chassis, and Franco Scaglione designed the bodywork. The first model, the 350 GTV, was not a success due to its futuristic style and remained a one-off prototype. The project
3477-401: Was improved during its production run, and produced as much as 477 kW (640 hp ; 649 PS ) in a standard state of tune from an 8.4 L version. The Viper engine was also used by Bristol in the two-seat Fighter coupe , and in other low-volume vehicles. Ford also developed a heavy-duty V10 version of their Triton engine to replace the 460 big block in truck applications. It
3538-1019: Was introduced in the E-Series/Econoline full-size van , and also saw duty in the F-Series Super Duty line and the Ford Excursion SUV, and was offered by Ford through the 2019 model year. For the Lexus LFA , the engineers selected a V10 engine over an equivalent displacement V8 because they could not get the V8 to rev as high as a V10, and over a V12 for its lower reciprocating mass, allowing for more rapid engine response. High-revving V10 power-plants were incorporated into supercars from Lamborghini and Porsche . BMW and Audi developed V10s for high performance cars such as BMW M5 , BMW M6 , Audi S6 , Audi RS6 , Audi S8 and Audi R8 , mostly based upon their executive cars . Volkswagen also developed
3599-522: Was noted for using a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout. Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis . The firm's ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978. American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to
3660-560: Was then handed over to the Milanese coachbuilder Touring, which created a more classic and sober design. The new car, named the 350 GT, was a fast and elegant two-seater grand tourer (according to Ferruccio's standards) and was the first series-produced car by Lamborghini. It achieved moderate sales success and was followed by the 400 GT (which benefited from an increased engine capacity) and the 400 GT 2+2, both presented in 1966. Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales fell in
3721-517: Was unusual for the time, as many sports car manufacturers sought to demonstrate speed, reliability, and technical superiority through motorsport participation. Enzo Ferrari in particular was known for considering his road car business mostly a source of funding for his participation in motor racing. Ferruccio's policy led to tensions between him and his engineers, many of whom were racing enthusiasts; some had previously worked at Ferrari. When Dallara, Stanzani, and Wallace began dedicating their spare time to
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