Swedish dialects are the various forms of the Swedish language , particularly those that differ considerably from Standard Swedish .
52-450: Swedish dialect [REDACTED] Map of Västergötland Västgötska is a Swedish dialect spoken in the western Swedish province of Västergötland . Specifically, Västgötska commonly refers to several variants of the more broadly defined Götamål spoken across Västergötland except for Gothenburg where the Gothenburg dialect is spoken. The dialect
104-761: A Swedish traditional dialect , in the literature merely called 'dialect', is a local variant that has not been heavily influenced by Standard Swedish and that can trace a separate development back to Old Norse . Many of the genuine rural dialects have very distinct phonetic and grammatical features, such as plural forms of verbs or archaic case inflections. These dialects can be nearly incomprehensible to most Swedes, and most of their speakers are also fluent in Standard Swedish. The different dialects are often so localized that they are limited to individual parishes and are referred to by Swedish linguists as sockenmål (lit. "parish speech"). They are generally separated into
156-521: A dominating figure in Swedish proletarian literature. Moa Martinson's novels focused on poor women farm laborers and factory workers. An autobiographical novel series beginning with Mor gifter sig ( My mother gets married , 1936) is widely read. Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson developed the Swedish autobiograpichal novel with works such as Johnson's novel series Romanen om Olof (1934–1937) and Martinson's Flowering Nettles (1935). Johnson also took
208-455: A somewhat cynical way, at times with Nietzschean overtones, disillusionment and pessimism. In 1901 he published Martin Birck's Youth . It was appreciated by many for its literary qualities, but an even greater aspect was its depiction of Stockholm , which is widely regarded as the best portrait of Stockholm ever written. His most highly regarded work was yet to come however: Doctor Glas (1905),
260-545: A stand against nazism in his novel trilogy Krilon (1941–1943) and wrote acclaimed historical novels . Martinson became known as one of Sweden's finest nature poets and in 1956 he published his poetic space epic Aniara . In 1974 Johnson and Martinson shared the Nobel Prize in Literature . A well-known proletarian writer was Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973). He usually wrote about the lives of ordinary people and in particular
312-532: A system with labourers called statare , who were paid in kind only, with product and housing, comparable with the Anglo-Saxon truck system . Among the few people with this background who made an intellectual career were the writers Ivar Lo-Johansson , Moa Martinson and Jan Fridegård . Their works were important to the abolition of the system. With works such as the novel Godnatt, jord ( Goodnight, earth , 1933) that portrayed statare, Ivar Lo-Johansson became
364-422: A tale of vengeance and passion, viewed by some as the best and most complete of all Swedish novels. Margaret Atwood , for example, has said of Doctor Glas : "It occurs on the cusp of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, but it opens doors the novel has been opening ever since". Söderberg's 1912 novel Den allvarsamma leken ( The Serious Game ) is also acknowledged as a classic in Swedish literature and
416-581: Is a case in point of how the older literature dissolved. It uses the same imagery as the Ramsund carving , but a Christian cross has been added and the images are combined in a way that completely distorts the internal logic of events. Whatever the reason may have been, the Gök stone illustrates how the pagan heroic mythos was going towards its dissolution, during the introduction of Christianity. Literature now looked to foreign texts to provide models. By 1200, Christianity
468-1685: Is characterized by the frequent omission of terminal consonants (usually /r/ or /s/), and frequent use of [ ø ] and [ ʊ ] vowels. External links [ edit ] Listen to Västergötland dialects References [ edit ] ^ Holmes, Philip; Sävenberg, Jennie; Serin, Gunilla (2016-07-15). Colloquial Swedish: The Complete Course for Beginners (in Swedish). Routledge. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-317-44207-3 . ^ Pamp, Bengt (1978). Svenska dialekter (in Swedish). Natur o. kultur. pp. 66–69. ISBN 978-91-27-00344-6 . v t e Swedish language National variants Standard Swedish Finland Swedish Estonian Swedish Ukrainian Swedish (Gammalsvenska) Dialects Gotländska mål Götamål Norrländska mål : Östsvenska mål: Ostrobothnian Sveamål Sydsvenska mål Åländska Stockholmska Rinkebysvenska Use Alphabet Å Ä Ö Orthography Braille Grammar Phonology ( sj -sound ) Dialect Alphabet History Proto-Indo-European Germanic parent language Proto-Germanic language Proto-Norse Old Norse Old Swedish Modern Swedish Contemporary Swedish Literature Early Reformation and Renaissance Enlightenment Romantic Realism Modernist poetry Children's Regulators Swedish Academy Swedish Language Council Institute for
520-676: Is still widely read. It has been called the only romance novel of any worth in Swedish literature and has been translated to at least fourteen different languages. Contemporary to Söderberg was Bo Bergman . Further development of the novel is associated with writers such as Gustaf Hellström , Sigfrid Siwertz , Elin Wägner and Hjalmar Bergman . Pär Lagerkvist was one of the first modernists in Sweden. His expressionistic poem Ångest ( Anguish , 1916) introduced modernist literature in Sweden. Lagerkvist also wrote prose and plays in works that addressed
572-616: Is the Rök runestone , carved during the Viking Age circa 800 AD. With the conversion of the land to Christianity around 1100 AD, Sweden entered the Middle Ages , during which monastic writers preferred to use Latin. Therefore, there are only a few texts in the Old Swedish from that period. Swedish literature only flourished after the Swedish literary language was developed in the 16th century , which
SECTION 10
#1732858880231624-554: Is the coalescence of the alveolar trill with following dental and alveolar consonants — also over word-boundaries — that transforms them into retroflex consonants that in some cases reduces the distinction between words (as for instance vana — varna , i.e. "habit" — "warn"). This feature is also found in East Norwegian , North Swedish and in some dialects of Scottish Gaelic . The following dialect groups are sometimes classified as "Swedish" in
676-562: The peasant population. Moberg's monumental work was published shortly after the Second World War: the four-volume The Emigrants series (1949–1959), about the Swedish emigration to North America . In this work, Moberg sentimentally depicted a 19th-century couple during their move to the New World; and the many struggles and difficulties they had to endure. Bourgeois literature in the 1930s
728-523: The 1520s left priests with a fraction of their previous political and economic power. Those Swedes who wanted higher education usually had to travel abroad to the universities of Rostock or Wittenberg . Apart from Christian Reformation literature there was one other significant ideological movement. This was Gothicismus , which glorified Sweden's ancient history. While contributions to Swedish culture were sparse, this period did at least provide an invaluable basis for future development. Most importantly,
780-399: The 1730s and 1740s, Dalin was unrivalled as the brightest star in the Swedish literary sky. He was the first to refine the language for practical purposes, in comparison with the laboured poetry of the 17th century, and he was the first author to be read and appreciated by the general public. In the 18th century, Latin rapidly declined in popularity in favour of the national language. One of
832-481: The 17th century, but it continued into the following century. Later, Anna Maria Lenngren 's (1754–1817) often satirical writings proved to have lasting influence, and it remains a point of debate to this day how exactly to interpret "Några ord till min k. Dotter, i fall jag hade någon" ('A few words for my beloved daughter, if I had had one') – are the exhortations to remain at home and not get involved in literature or politics serious or satirical? In European history,
884-418: The 1960s, Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö collaborated to produce a series of internationally acclaimed detective novels. The most successful writer of detective novels is Henning Mankell , whose works have been translated into 37 languages. In the spy fiction genre, the most successful writer is Jan Guillou . In recent decades, a handful of Swedish writers have established themselves internationally, such as
936-526: The English model. Swedish literature consolidated around 1750; this is considered the start of a linguistic period called Late Modern Swedish (1750 – circa 1880). The first great works of the age were those of Olov von Dalin (1708–1763), and in particular his weekly Then Swänska Argus , based on Joseph Addison 's The Spectator . Dalin gave a sketch of Swedish culture and history using language which had an unprecedented richness of sarcasm and irony . In
988-460: The Finnish national epic The Tales of Ensign Stål , and Tove Jansson . Most runestones had a practical, rather than a literary, purpose and are therefore mainly of interest to historians and philologists . Several runic inscriptions are also nonsensical by nature, being used for magical or incantatory purposes. The most notable literary exception is the Rök runestone from circa 800 AD. It contains
1040-745: The Languages of Finland Dictionaries Svenska Akademiens ordbok Svenska Akademiens ordlista Education Swedish as a foreign language Mandatory Swedish Swedish for immigrants Related topics Swenglish Svorsk Swedish Sign Language Suecophile Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Västgötska&oldid=1228545486 " Categories : Swedish dialects Västergötland Hidden categories: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Swedish dialects The linguistic definition of
1092-539: The Swedish Bible translation of 1541, the so-called Gustav Vasa Bible , gave Sweden a uniform language for the first time. Secondly, the introduction of the printing press resulted in literature being spread to groups it had previously been unable to reach. The period in Swedish history between 1630 and 1718 is known as the Swedish Empire . It partly corresponds to an independent literary period. The literature of
SECTION 20
#17328588802311144-526: The Swedish Empire era is regarded as the beginning of the Swedish literary tradition. Renaissance literature is considered to have been written between 1658 and 1732. It was in 1658 that Georg Stiernhielm published his Herculus , the first hexametrical poem in the Swedish language. When Sweden became a great power , a stronger middle class culture arose. Unlike the age of the Reformation, education
1196-541: The Swedish Empire period, it developed into a literary paradigm , the purpose of which was to foster the idea that Sweden was a natural great power. The 18th century has been described as the Swedish Golden Age in literature and science. During this period, Sweden produced authors and literature of a much higher standard than ever before. One key factor was the political period known as the Age of Liberty (1712–1772), and
1248-445: The broadest sense (North Scandinavian): Dalecarlian is intermediate in some respects between East and West Scandinavian . Scanian , a dialect of East Danish , is South Scandinavian, along with Danish , East Danish , and Jutish . Swedish literature Swedish literature ( Swedish : Svensk litteratur ) is the literature written in the Swedish language or by writers from Sweden. The first literary text from Sweden
1300-509: The current state of affairs. The newspaper played its part in turning literature in a more realistic direction, because of its more concise use of language. Several authorities would regard Carl Jonas Love Almqvist (1793–1866) as the most outstanding genius of the 19th century in Sweden. Beginning in 1838, he published a series of socially and politically radical stories attacking both marriage and clerical institutions. Several of his ideas are still interesting for modern readers, in particular
1352-523: The detective novelist Henning Mankell and thriller writer Stieg Larsson . Also well known outside of Sweden is the children's book writer Astrid Lindgren , author of works such as Pippi Longstocking and Emil of Maple Hills . There is also a strong tradition of Swedish as the literary language of the Finnish nobility ; after the separation in the start of the 19th century, Finland has produced Swedish-language writers such as Johan Ludvig Runeberg , who wrote
1404-629: The dialects in Härjedalen, Northwestern Jämtland and Northwestern Dalarna. Dialects often show similarities along traditional travelling routes such as the great rivers in Northern Sweden, which start in the mountains at the Norwegian border and then follow a South-Easterly path towards the Bothnian Sea . The grey area does not have any independently developed Swedish dialect. Here is a summary of some of
1456-536: The first Swedish freedom of the press act written in 1766 (see Constitution of Sweden ). It meant the ultimate breakthrough of secular literature. Naturally, the impulses that invigorated Swedish cultural life had their origin in the European Age of Enlightenment . The main influences came from Germany, England and France, and these were reflected in Swedish literature. The Swedish language became enriched by French words, and ideas of liberalization were based on
1508-444: The first authors to aim his books directly at the general public was the world-renowned botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). Later key figures included the poets Johan Henrik Kellgren (1751–1795) and Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795). The 18th century was also the century when female writers first gained widespread recognition. Sophia Elisabet Brenner (1659–1730), Sweden's first professional female writer, had started her career in
1560-401: The first to write fluent Swedish prose; Carl Michael Bellman (late 18th century), the first writer of burlesque ballads; and August Strindberg (late 19th century), a socio-realistic writer and playwright who won worldwide fame. In Sweden, the period starting in 1880 is known as realism because the writing had a strong focus on social realism . In the 1900s, one of the earliest novelists
1612-437: The great existential questions. In 1951 Lagerkvist was awarded The Nobel Prize in Literature . Another early modernist was Birger Sjöberg whose controversial expressionistic book of poems Kriser och kransar ( Crises and Wreaths ) appeared in 1926. The anxiety-ridden poems was an unexpected contrast to Sjöberg's earlier success with the idyllic and popular Fridas visor (1922). Both Lagerkvist and Sjöberg had an influence on
Västgötska - Misplaced Pages Continue
1664-432: The longest known inscription, and encompasses several different passages from sagas and legends, in various prosodic forms. Part of it is written in alliterative verse , or fornyrdislag . It is generally regarded as the beginning of Swedish literature. The Christianization of Sweden was one of the main events in the country's history, and it naturally had an equally profound impact on literature. The Gök runestone
1716-419: The main name was August Strindberg , but Ola Hansson , Selma Lagerlöf and Victoria Benedictsson also attained wider recognition. The breakthrough of realism in Sweden occurred in 1879. That year, August Strindberg (1845–1912) published The Red Room ( Röda Rummet ), a satirical novel that relentlessly attacked the political, the academic, the philosophical and the religious worlds. August Strindberg
1768-496: The modernist poets of the 1930s and 1940s. Karin Boye was influenced by modernism and psychoanalysis . Boye is one of the most widely read poets in Sweden and is also known for the dystopic novel Kallocain (1940). In 1929 Artur Lundkvist , Harry Martinson , Erik Asklund , Josef Kjellgren and Gustav Sandgren published the highly influential modernist poetry anthology Fem unga ( Five Young Men ). Swedish agriculture had
1820-695: The most important differences between the major groups. Note that this table does not hold for the distinct (dotted) or transitional (striped) areas. Götaland dialects are mostly used in Västergötland , Dalsland , northern Halland , northern Småland and Östergötland although they are also heard in Bohuslän , Värmland (a special case, in many ways), and Öland . Examples of Götaland dialect features are vowel reduction , vowel shortening in front of endings and loss of -r in suffixes (as in hästa' ( hästar = horses)). A characteristic of Svealand dialects
1872-465: The period circa 1805–1840 is known as Romanticism . It also made a strong impression on Sweden, due to German influences. During this relatively short period, there were so many great Swedish poets that the era is referred to as the Golden Age of Swedish poetry. The period started around 1810 when several periodicals were published which rejected the literature of the 18th century. An important society
1924-492: The professor of aesthetics and philosophy P.D.A. Atterbom . The period between 1835 and 1879 is known as the early liberal period in Swedish history. The views of the Romantics had come to be perceived by many as inflated and overburdened by formality. The first outspoken liberal newspaper in Sweden, Aftonbladet , was founded in 1830. It quickly became the leading newspaper in Sweden because of its liberal views and criticism of
1976-587: The result that only the Bible and a few other religious works were published. At the same time, Catholic monasteries were plundered and Catholic books were burnt. The king did not consider it important to reestablish higher education, so Uppsala University was left to decay. There were comparatively few groups of writers during this time. The burghers still had little influence, while the Church clerics had had their importance severely reduced. The Protestant Reformation of
2028-430: The rhyming chronicles, written in knittelvers . Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age Swedish Reformation literature is considered to have been written between 1526 and 1658. However, this period has not been highly regarded from a literary point of view. It is generally considered a step back in terms of literary development. The main reason was King Gustav Vasa 's wish to control and censor all publications, with
2080-558: The six major groups above. The areas west of the core for Norrland dialects, west of Svealand dialects and north of Götaland dialects are related to each of these, respectively, indicated by the colour of the dots. Samples from these areas: Jämtland, Föllinge socken (related to Norrland dialects), Dalarna, Älvdalens socken (related to Svealand dialects) and Värmland, Nordmarks härad, Töcksmarks socken (related to Götaland dialects). The dialects of this category have in common that they all show more or less strong Norwegian influences, especially
2132-399: The six traditional dialect groups, with common characteristics of prosody, grammar and vocabulary. The color represents the core area and the samples are from Svenska Dagbladet ' s dialect project. The areas with mixed colors as stripes are transitional areas. The parts in yellow with coloured dots represent various distinct dialect areas which are not easily defined as belonging to any of
Västgötska - Misplaced Pages Continue
2184-562: The work Det går an (1839) which reached the German bestseller list as late as 2004. Naturalism is one name for the literary period between 1880 and 1900. In Sweden, however, the period starting in 1880 is known as realism . This is partly because the 1880s had such a strong focus on social realism , and partly because the 1890s was a period of its own, the "90s poets". In the late 19th and early 20th century, Scandinavian literature made its first impression on world literature. From Sweden,
2236-427: Was Hjalmar Söderberg . The early 20th century continued to produce notable authors, such as Selma Lagerlöf ( Nobel laureate 1909) and Pär Lagerkvist (Nobel laureate 1951). A well-known proletarian writer who gained fame after World War I was Vilhelm Moberg ; between 1949 and 1959, he wrote the four-book series The Emigrants (Swedish: Utvandrarna ), often considered one of the best literary works from Sweden. In
2288-438: Was Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940); his literary debut came in 1887 with the collection of poetry Vallfart och vandringsår (Pilgrimage and Wander-Years). A few years later, Gustav Fröding made his debut. While controversial in his own time, Fröding has proven to be Sweden's most popular poet. The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1931. The novelist Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940)
2340-460: Was a writer world-famous for his dramas and prose, noted for his exceptional talent and complex intellect. He would continue to write several books and dramas until his death in Stockholm. He also was an accomplished painter and photographer. The Swedish 1890s is noted for its poetic neo-romanticism , a reaction to the socio-realistic literature of the 1880s. The first key literary figure to emerge
2392-422: Was arguably the brightest star of the 1890s, and her influence has lasted up to modern times. Two of her major works, which have been translated into several languages, are The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1906–1907) and Gösta Berlings saga (1891), but she also wrote several other highly regarded books. Lagerlöf was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1909, mainly for her storytelling abilities. It
2444-551: Was firmly established and a Medieval European culture appeared in Sweden. Only a selected few mastered the written language, but little was written down. The earliest works written in Swedish were provincial laws , first written down in the 13th century. Most education was provided by the Catholic Church , and therefore the literature from this period is mainly of a theological or clerical nature. The majority of other literature written consists of law texts. An exception to this are
2496-450: Was in the 1910s that a new literary period began with the ageing August Strindberg , who published several critical articles, contesting many conservative values. With the advent of social democracy and large-scale strikes, the winds were blowing in the direction of social reforms. In the 1910s, the dominant form of literary expression was now the novel. One of the earliest novelists was Hjalmar Söderberg (1869–1941). Söderberg wrote in
2548-509: Was largely due to the full translation of the Christian Bible into Swedish in 1541. This translation is the so-called Gustav Vasa Bible . With improved education and the freedom brought by secularisation , the 17th century saw several notable authors develop the Swedish language further. Some key figures include Georg Stiernhielm (17th century), who was the first to write classical poetry in Swedish; Johan Henric Kellgren (18th century),
2600-429: Was no longer solely a matter of ecclesiastical studies such as theology. During this era, there was a wealth of influences from the leading countries of the time, namely Germany, France, Holland and Italy. It was symptomatic that the man who came to be known as Sweden's first poet, Georg Stiernhielm, was more acquainted with Ancient philosophy than with Christian teachings. Gothicismus also gained in strength. During
2652-493: Was the Gothic Society (1811), and their periodical Iduna , a romanticised look back towards Gothicismus . One significant reason was that several poets for the first time worked towards a common direction. Four of the main romantic poets who made significant contributions to the movement were: the professor of history Erik Gustaf Geijer , the loner Erik Johan Stagnelius , the professor of Greek language Esaias Tegnér and
SECTION 50
#17328588802312704-468: Was written by Agnes von Krusenstjerna , Olle Hedberg and Fritiof Nilsson Piraten . Krusenstjernas portrayal of her class in the Von Pahlen -series (1930–1935) resulted in a furious debate. Notable poets of the era was Johannes Edfelt , Hjalmar Gullberg and Nils Ferlin . In the 1940s modernist literature known as fyrtiotalism was typically pessimistic with recurring themes like anguish and guilt and
#230769